Star cluster formation in cosmological simulations. I. Properties of young clusters

Li, Hui; Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Meng, Xi; Semenov, Vadim A.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/69

Title: Star cluster formation in cosmological simulations. I. Properties of young clusters

Journal Article · Tue Jan 03 00:00:00 EST 2017 · The Astrophysical Journal (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/69· OSTI ID:1365574

^[1]; Gnedin, Oleg Y. ^[1]; Gnedin, Nickolay Y. ^[2]; Meng, Xi ^[3];

^[4];

^[4]

Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL (United States)
Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States); Peking Univ., Beijing (China)
Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, IL (United States)

We present a new implementation of star formation in cosmological simulations by considering star clusters as a unit of star formation. Cluster particles grow in mass over several million years at the rate determined by local gas properties, with high time resolution. The particle growth is terminated by its own energy and momentum feedback on the interstellar medium. We test this implementation for Milky Way-sized galaxies at high redshift by comparing the properties of model clusters with observations of young star clusters. We find that the cluster initial mass function is best described by a Schechter function rather than a single power law. In agreement with observations, at low masses the logarithmic slope is $$\alpha \approx 1.8\mbox{–}2$$, while the cutoff at high mass scales with the star formation rate (SFR). A related trend is a positive correlation between the surface density of the SFR and fraction of stars contained in massive clusters. Both trends indicate that the formation of massive star clusters is preferred during bursts of star formation. These bursts are often associated with major-merger events. We also find that the median timescale for cluster formation ranges from 0.5 to 4 Myr and decreases systematically with increasing star formation efficiency. Local variations in the gas density and cluster accretion rate naturally lead to the scatter of the overall formation efficiency by an order of magnitude, even when the instantaneous efficiency is kept constant. As a result, comparison of the formation timescale with the observed age spread of young star clusters provides an additional important constraint on the modeling of star formation and feedback schemes.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-07CH11359

OSTI ID:: 1365574

Report Number(s):: arXiv:1608.03244; FERMILAB-PUB-16-688-A; 1602906

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal (Online), Vol. 834, Issue 1; ISSN 1538-4357

Publisher:: Institute of Physics (IOP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 77 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (119)

Probing the role of the galactic environment in the formation of stellar clusters, using M83 as a test bench Adamo, A.; Kruijssen, J. M. D.; Bastian, N. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 452, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1203	journal	July 2015
On the Interplay Between star Formation and Feedback in Galaxy Formation Simulations Agertz, Oscar; Kravtsov, Andrey V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 804, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/804/1/18	journal	April 2015
The Impact of Stellar Feedback on the Structure, Size, and Morphology of Galaxies in Milky-Way-Sized dark Matter Halos Agertz, Oscar; Kravtsov, Andrey V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 824, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/824/2/79	journal	June 2016
Toward a Complete Accounting of Energy and Momentum from Stellar Feedback in Galaxy Formation Simulations Agertz, Oscar; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Leitner, Samuel N. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 770, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/770/1/25	journal	May 2013
The formation of globular clusters in merging and interacting galaxies Ashman, Keith M.; Zepf, Stephen E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 384 https://doi.org/10.1086/170850	journal	January 1992
On the star formation rate - brightest cluster relation: estimating the peak star formation rate in post-merger galaxies Bastian, N. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 390, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13775.x	journal	October 2008
Modelling accretion in protobinary systems Bate, Matthew R.; Bonnell, Ian A.; Price, Nigel M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 277, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/277.2.362	journal	November 1995
THE AVERAGE STAR FORMATION HISTORIES OF GALAXIES IN DARK MATTER HALOS FROM z = 0-8 Behroozi, Peter S.; Wechsler, Risa H.; Conroy, Charlie The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 770, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/770/1/57	journal	May 2013
The Rockstar Phase-Space Temporal halo Finder and the Velocity Offsets of Cluster Cores Behroozi, Peter S.; Wechsler, Risa H.; Wu, Hao-Yi The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 762, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/762/2/109	journal	December 2012
Gravitationally Consistent halo Catalogs and Merger Trees for Precision Cosmology Behroozi, Peter S.; Wechsler, Risa H.; Wu, Hao-Yi The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 763, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/763/1/18	journal	December 2012
Using galaxy pairs to probe star formation during major halo mergers Behroozi, Peter S.; Zhu, Guangtun; Ferguson, Henry C. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 450, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv728	journal	April 2015
Simulations of disk Galaxies with Cosmic ray Driven Galactic Winds Booth, C. M.; Agertz, Oscar; Kravtsov, Andrey V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 777, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/777/1/L16	journal	October 2013
Galaxy formation and physical bias Cen, Renyue; Ostriker, Jeremiah P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 399 https://doi.org/10.1086/186620	journal	November 1992
Radiative feedback and the low efficiency of galaxy formation in low-mass haloes at high redshift Ceverino, Daniel; Klypin, Anatoly; Klimek, Elizabeth S. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 442, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu956	journal	June 2014
Star Formation Relations in Nearby Molecular Clouds Evans, Neal J.; Heiderman, Amanda; Vutisalchavakul, Nalin The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 782, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/782/2/114	journal	February 2014
Inefficient star formation through turbulence, magnetic fields and feedback Federrath, Christoph Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 450, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv941	journal	May 2015
Modeling Collapse and Accretion in Turbulent gas Clouds: Implementation and Comparison of sink Particles in amr and sph Federrath, Christoph; Banerjee, Robi; Clark, Paul C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 713, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/713/1/269	journal	March 2010
The star Formation rate of Turbulent Magnetized Clouds: Comparing Theory, Simulations, and Observations Federrath, Christoph; Klessen, Ralf S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 761, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/761/2/156	journal	December 2012
On the time Variability of the star Formation Efficiency Feldmann, R.; Gnedin, N. Y. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 727, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/727/1/L12	journal	December 2010
The luminosity function of young star clusters: implications for the maximum mass and luminosity of clusters Gieles, M.; Larsen, S. S.; Bastian, N. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 450, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20053589	journal	April 2006
Cosmic Reionization on Computers. i. Design and Calibration of Simulations Gnedin, Nickolay Y. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 793, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/793/1/29	journal	September 2014
Cosmic Reionization on Computers: the Faint end of the Galaxy Luminosity Function Gnedin, Nickolay Y. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 825, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/825/2/L17	journal	July 2016
Multi-dimensional cosmological radiative transfer with a Variable Eddington Tensor formalism Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Abel, Tom New Astronomy, Vol. 6, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1384-1076(01)00068-9	journal	October 2001
Environmental Dependence of the Kennicutt-Schmidt Relation in Galaxies Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Kravtsov, Andrey V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 728, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/2/88	journal	January 2011
Implementing the dc mode in Cosmological Simulations with Supercomoving Variables Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Rudd, Douglas H. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 194, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/194/2/46	journal	June 2011
Co-Evolution of Galactic Nuclei and Globular Cluster Systems Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Ostriker, Jeremiah P.; Tremaine, Scott The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 785, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/71	journal	March 2014
On the fraction of star clusters surviving the embedded phase Goddard, Q. E.; Bastian, N.; Kennicutt, R. C. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16511.x	journal	March 2010
Forming disc galaxies in CDM simulations Governato, F.; Willman, B.; Mayer, L. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 374, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11266.x	journal	February 2007
Cuspy no more: how outflows affect the central dark matter and baryon distribution in Λ cold dark matter galaxies: Galaxy cores in ΛCDM Governato, F.; Zolotov, A.; Pontzen, A. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 422, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20696.x	journal	March 2012
Rapid star formation and global gravitational collapse: Rapid star formation Hartmann, Lee; Ballesteros-Paredes, Javier; Heitsch, Fabian Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 420, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20131.x	journal	December 2011
Analytical Theory for the Initial mass Function. iii. time Dependence and star Formation rate Hennebelle, Patrick; Chabrier, Gilles The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 770, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/150	journal	June 2013
Studying the YMC population of M83: how long clusters remain embedded, their interaction with the ISM and implications for GC formation theories Hollyhead, K.; Bastian, N.; Adamo, A. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 449, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv331	journal	March 2015
Galaxies on FIRE (Feedback In Realistic Environments): stellar feedback explains cosmologically inefficient star formation Hopkins, Philip F.; Kereš, Dušan; Oñorbe, José Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 445, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu1738	journal	September 2014
Self-regulated star formation in galaxies via momentum input from massive stars: Self-regulated star formation in galaxies Hopkins, Philip F.; Quataert, Eliot; Murray, Norman Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 417, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19306.x	journal	September 2011
Adaptive mesh Refinement Simulations of Galaxy Formation: Exploring Numerical and Physical Parameters Hummels, Cameron B.; Bryan, Greg L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 749, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/749/2/140	journal	April 2012
Dissipational galaxy formation. II - Effects of star formation Katz, Neal The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 391 https://doi.org/10.1086/171366	journal	June 1992
Cosmological galaxy evolution with superbubble feedback – I. Realistic galaxies with moderate feedback Keller, B. W.; Wadsley, J.; Couchman, H. M. P. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 453, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1789	journal	September 2015
On the Origin of the Global Schmidt Law of Star Formation Kravtsov, Andrey V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 590, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/376674	journal	May 2003
Formation of Globular Clusters in Hierarchical Cosmology Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Gnedin, Oleg Y. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 623, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/428636	journal	April 2005
Adaptive Refinement Tree: A New High‐Resolution N ‐Body Code for Cosmological Simulations Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Klypin, Anatoly A.; Khokhlov, Alexei M. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 111, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/313015	journal	July 1997
A supersonic turbulence origin of Larson's laws Kritsuk, A. G.; Lee, C. T.; Norman, M. L. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 436, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt1805	journal	October 2013
On the variation of the initial mass function Kroupa, P. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 322, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04022.x	journal	April 2001
Globular cluster formation in the context of galaxy formation and evolution Diederik Kruijssen, J. M. Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 31, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/31/24/244006	journal	December 2014
Globular clusters as the relics of regular star formation in ‘normal’ high-redshift galaxies Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 454, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2026	journal	October 2015
A Universal, Local star Formation law in Galactic Clouds, Nearby Galaxies, High-Redshift Disks, and Starbursts Krumholz, Mark R.; Dekel, Avishai; McKee, Christopher F. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 745, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/745/1/69	journal	December 2011
A General Theory of Turbulence‐regulated Star Formation, from Spirals to Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies Krumholz, Mark R.; McKee, Christopher F. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 630, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/431734	journal	September 2005
Embedded Clusters in Molecular Clouds Lada, Charles J.; Lada, Elizabeth A. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 41, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.41.011802.094844	journal	September 2003
On the star Formation Rates in Molecular Clouds Lada, Charles J.; Lombardi, Marco; Alves, João F. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 724, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/724/1/687	journal	November 2010
The Luminosity Function of Star Clusters in Spiral Galaxies Larsen, Søren S. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 124, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1086/342381	journal	September 2002
Turbulence and star formation in molecular clouds Larson, R. B. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 194, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/194.4.809	journal	April 1981
Time-Varying Dynamical star Formation rate Lee, Eve J.; Chang, Philip; Murray, Norman The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 800, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/800/1/49	journal	February 2015
Modeling the Formation of Globular Cluster Systems in the Virgo Cluster Li, Hui; Gnedin, Oleg Y. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 796, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/796/1/10	journal	October 2014
Control of star formation by supersonic turbulence Mac Low, Mordecai-Mark; Klessen, Ralf S. Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 76, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.76.125	journal	January 2004
Theory of Star Formation McKee, Christopher F.; Ostriker, Eve C. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 45, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110602	journal	September 2007
Modeling the Metallicity Distribution of Globular Clusters Muratov, Alexander L.; Gnedin, Oleg Y. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 718, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/718/2/1266	journal	July 2010
Star Formation Efficiencies and Lifetimes of Giant Molecular Clouds in the Milky way Murray, Norman The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 729, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/729/2/133	journal	February 2011
Star Formation in Self-Gravitating Turbulent Fluids Murray, Norman; Chang, Philip The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 804, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/804/1/44	journal	April 2015
Simulations of dissipative galaxy formation in hierarchically clustering universes - I: Tests of the code Navarro, J. F.; White, S. D. M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 265, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/265.2.271	journal	November 1993
The First Billion Years project: the escape fraction of ionizing photons in the epoch of reionization Paardekooper, Jan-Pieter; Khochfar, Sadegh; Dalla Vecchia, Claudio Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 451, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1114	journal	June 2015
The star Formation rate of Supersonic Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence Padoan, Paolo; Nordlund, Åke The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 730, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/730/1/40	journal	March 2011
A Simple law of star Formation Padoan, Paolo; Haugbølle, Troels; Nordlund, Åke The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 759, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/759/2/L27	journal	October 2012
Planck 2013 results. XV. CMB power spectra and likelihood Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Armitage-Caplan, C. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 571 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321573	journal	October 2014
Planck 2015 results : XIII. Cosmological parameters Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Arnaud, M. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 594 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525830	journal	September 2016
Young Massive Star Clusters Portegies Zwart, Simon F.; McMillan, Stephen L. W.; Gieles, Mark Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 48, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130834	journal	August 2010
Dark matter cores all the way down Read, J. I.; Agertz, O.; Collins, M. L. M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 459, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw713	journal	March 2016
A parsec-resolution simulation of the Antennae galaxies: formation of star clusters during the merger Renaud, Florent; Bournaud, Frédéric; Duc, Pierre-Alain Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 446, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2208	journal	November 2014
Effects of Baryons and Dissipation on the Matter Power Spectrum Rudd, Douglas H.; Zentner, Andrew R.; Kravtsov, Andrey V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 672, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/523836	journal	January 2008
Cosmic ray driven outflows in global galaxy disc models Salem, Munier; Bryan, Greg L. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 437, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt2121	journal	November 2013
Effects of supernova feedback on the formation of galaxy discs Scannapieco, Cecilia; Tissera, Patricia B.; White, Simon D. M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 389, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13678.x	journal	September 2008
Cosmological fluid mechanics with adaptively refined large eddy simulations Schmidt, W.; Almgren, A. S.; Braun, H. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 440, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu501	journal	April 2014
Nonuniversal star Formation Efficiency in Turbulent ism Semenov, Vadim A.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Gnedin, Nickolay Y. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 826, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/200	journal	July 2016
Physical Models of Galaxy Formation in a Cosmological Framework Somerville, Rachel S.; Davé, Romeel Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 53, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-140951	journal	August 2015
The large-scale structure of the Universe Springel, Volker; Frenk, Carlos S.; White, Simon D. M. Nature, Vol. 440, Issue 7088 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04805	journal	April 2006
Star formation and feedback in smoothed particle hydrodynamic simulations – I. Isolated galaxies Stinson, Greg; Seth, Anil; Katz, Neal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 373, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11097.x	journal	November 2006
Making Galaxies In a Cosmological Context: the need for early stellar feedback Stinson, G. S.; Brook, C.; Macciò, A. V. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 428, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sts028	journal	October 2012
The star Cluster Mass–Galactocentric Radius Relation: Implications for Cluster Formation Sun, Weijia; Grijs, Richard de; Fan, Zhou The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 816, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/816/1/9	journal	December 2015
ATLASGAL – towards a complete sample of massive star forming clumps★ Urquhart, J. S.; Moore, T. J. T.; Csengeri, T. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 443, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu1207	journal	July 2014
CHANDRA CLUSTER COSMOLOGY PROJECT III: COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETER CONSTRAINTS Vikhlinin, A.; Kravtsov, A. V.; Burenin, R. A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 692, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1060	journal	February 2009
Reconciling Dwarf Galaxies with Λcdm Cosmology: Simulating a Realistic Population of Satellites Around a Milky Way–Mass Galaxy Wetzel, Andrew R.; Hopkins, Philip F.; Kim, Ji-hoon The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 827, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/827/2/L23	journal	August 2016
Planck 2015 results : XXIII. The thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect-cosmic infrared background correlation Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Arnaud, M. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 594 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527418	journal	September 2016
The large-scale structure of the universe Shandarin, S. F.; Doroshkevich, A. G.; Zel'dovich, Ya B. Soviet Physics Uspekhi, Vol. 26, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1070/pu1983v026n01abeh004305	journal	January 1983
Forming disc galaxies in ΛCDM simulations Governato, Fabio; Willman, Beth; Mayer, L. ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000413812	text	January 2007
Planck 2015 results : X. Diffuse component separation: Foreground maps Adam, R.; Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 594 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525967	journal	September 2016
Rapid star formation and global gravitational collapse Lee, Hartmann,; Javier, Ballesteros-Paredes,; Fabian, Heitsch, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries https://doi.org/10.17615/y1xn-xf57	text	January 2012
The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe Silk, Joseph; Szalay, Alexander S.; Zel'dovich, Yakov B. Scientific American, Vol. 249, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1083-72	journal	October 1983
Planck 2015 results : XXVI. The Second Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Argüeso, F. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 594 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526914	journal	September 2016
Chandra Cluster Cosmology Project III: Cosmological Parameter Constraints Vikhlinin, A.; Kravtsov, A. V.; Burenin, R. A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.0812.2720	text	January 2008
Modeling Collapse and Accretion in Turbulent Gas Clouds: Implementation and Comparison of Sink Particles in AMR and SPH Federrath, Christoph; Banerjee, Robi; Clark, Paul C. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1001.4456	text	January 2010
Modeling the Metallicity Distribution of Globular Clusters Muratov, Alexander L.; Gnedin, Oleg Y. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1002.1325	text	January 2010
Young massive star clusters Zwart, Simon Portegies; McMillan, Steve; Gieles, Mark arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1002.1961	text	January 2010
On the Fraction of Star Clusters Surviving the Embedded Phase Goddard, Q. E.; Bastian, N.; Kennicutt, R. C. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1002.2894	text	January 2010
Environmental Dependence of the Kennicutt-Schmidt Relation in Galaxies Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Kravtsov, Andrey V. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1004.0003	text	January 2010
On the Star Formation Rates in Molecular Clouds Lada, Charles J.; Lombardi, Marco; Alves, João F. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1009.2985	text	January 2010
On the time variability of the star formation efficiency Feldmann, R.; Gnedin, N. Y. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1009.5674	text	January 2010
Implementing the DC Mode in Cosmological Simulations with Supercomoving Variables Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Rudd, Douglas H. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1104.1428	text	January 2011
The Average Star Formation Histories of Galaxies in Dark Matter Halos from z=0-8 Behroozi, Peter S.; Wechsler, Risa H.; Conroy, Charlie arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1207.6105	text	January 2012
A Simple Law of Star Formation Padoan, Paolo; Haugboelle, Troels; Nordlund, AAke arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1208.3758	text	January 2012
The Star Formation Rate of Turbulent Magnetized Clouds: Comparing Theory, Simulations, and Observations Federrath, Christoph; Klessen, Ralf S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1209.2856	text	January 2012
Analytical theory for the initial mass function: III time dependence and star formation rate Hennebelle, Patrick; Chabrier, Gilles arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1304.6637	text	January 2013
A supersonic turbulence origin of Larson's laws Kritsuk, Alexei G.; Lee, Christoph T.; Norman, Michael L. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1309.5926	text	January 2013
Galaxies on FIRE (Feedback In Realistic Environments): Stellar Feedback Explains Cosmologically Inefficient Star Formation Hopkins, Philip F.; Keres, Dusan; Onorbe, Jose arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1311.2073	text	January 2013
Cosmic Reionization On Computers I. Design and Calibration of Simulations Gnedin, Nickolay Y. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1403.4245	text	January 2014
Modeling the Formation of Globular Cluster Systems in the Virgo Cluster Li, Hui; Gnedin, Oleg Y. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1405.0763	text	January 2014
Globular cluster formation in the context of galaxy formation and evolution Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1407.2953	text	January 2014
Using Galaxy Pairs to Probe Star Formation During Major Halo Mergers Behroozi, Peter S.; Zhu, Guangtun; Ferguson, Henry C. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1502.01342	text	January 2015
Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters Collaboration, Planck; Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1502.01589	text	January 2015
Studying the YMC population of M83: how long clusters remain embedded, their interaction with the ISM and implications for GC formation theories Hollyhead, Katherine; Bastian, Nate; Adamo, Angela arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1502.03823	text	January 2015
Inefficient star formation through turbulence, magnetic fields and feedback Federrath, Christoph arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1504.03690	text	January 2015
Cosmological Galaxy Evolution with Superbubble Feedback I: Realistic Galaxies with Moderate Feedback Keller, B. W.; Wadsley, J.; Couchman, H. M. P. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1505.06268	text	January 2015
Probing the role of the galactic environment in the formation of stellar clusters; using M83 as a test bench Adamo, Angela; Kruijssen, Diederik; Bastian, Nate arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1505.07475	text	January 2015
Dark matter cores all the way down Read, J. I.; Agertz, O.; Collins, M. L. M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1508.04143	text	January 2015
The star cluster mass--galactocentric radius relation: Implications for cluster formation Sun, Weijia; de Grijs, Richard; Fan, Zhou arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1511.04490	text	January 2015
Non-universal star formation efficiency in turbulent ISM Semenov, Vadim A.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Gnedin, Nickolay Y. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1512.03101	text	January 2015
On the variation of the Initial Mass Function Kroupa, Pavel arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0009005	text	January 2000
Multi--dimensional Cosmological Radiative Transfer with a Variable Eddington Tensor Formalism Gnedin, Nickolay Y.; Abel, Tom arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0106278	text	January 2001
On the Origin of the Global Schmidt Law of Star Formation Kravtsov, Andrey V. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0303240	text	January 2003
The luminosity function of young star clusters: implications for the maximum mass and luminosity of clusters Gieles, Mark; Larsen, Soeren; Bastian, Nate arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0512297	text	January 2005
Effects of Baryons and Dissipation on the Matter Power Spectrum Rudd, Douglas H.; Zentner, Andrew R.; Kravtsov, Andrey V. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0703741	text	January 2007
Modelling Accretion in Protobinary Systems Bate, M. R.; Bonnell, I. A.; Price, N. M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9510149	text	January 1995

Cited By (48)

Cosmological simulations of galaxy formation Vogelsberger, Mark; Marinacci, Federico; Torrey, Paul Nature Reviews Physics, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-019-0127-2	journal	January 2020
Study of gravitational fields and globular cluster systems of early-type galaxies Bílek, M.; Samurović, S.; Renaud, F. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 625 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834675	journal	May 2019
Supermassive black holes in the early universe Smith, Aaron; Bromm, Volker Contemporary Physics, Vol. 60, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1080/00107514.2019.1615715	journal	April 2019
Formation of globular cluster candidates in merging proto-galaxies at high redshift: a view from the FIRE cosmological simulations Kim, Ji-hoon; Ma, Xiangcheng; Grudić, Michael Y. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 474, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2994	journal	November 2017
The E-MOSAICS project: simulating the formation and co-evolution of galaxies and their star cluster populations Pfeffer, Joel; Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik; Crain, Robert A. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 475, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx3124	journal	December 2017
Concurrent formation of supermassive stars and globular clusters: implications for early self-enrichment Gieles, Mark; Charbonnel, Corinne; Krause, Martin G. H. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 478, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1059	journal	April 2018
Slow cooling in low-metallicity clouds: an origin of globular cluster bimodality? Fernandez, Ricardo; Bryan, Greg L. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 479, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1361	journal	May 2018
The origin of the ‘blue tilt’ of globular cluster populations in the E-MOSAICS simulations Usher, Christopher; Pfeffer, Joel; Bastian, Nate Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 480, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1895	journal	July 2018
Formation of globular cluster systems: from dwarf galaxies to giants Choksi, Nick; Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Li, Hui Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 480, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1952	journal	July 2018
Globular clusters formed within dark haloes I: present-day abundance, distribution, and kinematics Creasey, Peter; Sales, Laura V.; Peng, Eric W. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 482, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2701	journal	October 2018
Young massive clusters in the interacting LIRG Arp 299: evidence for the dependence of star cluster formation and evolution on environment Randriamanakoto, Z.; Väisänen, P.; Ryder, S. D. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 482, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2837	journal	October 2018
Massive star cluster formation under the microscope at z = 6 Vanzella, E.; Calura, F.; Meneghetti, M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 483, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty3311	journal	December 2018
Star cluster formation in cosmological simulations – III. Dynamical and chemical evolution Li, Hui; Gnedin, Oleg Y. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1114	journal	April 2019
Formation histories of stars, clusters, and globular clusters in the E-MOSAICS simulations Reina-Campos, Marta; Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik; Pfeffer, Joel L. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1236	journal	May 2019
A systematic analysis of star cluster disruption by tidal shocks – I. Controlled N-body simulations and a new theoretical model Webb, Jeremy J.; Reina-Campos, Marta; Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1264	journal	May 2019
Disruption of giant molecular clouds and formation of bound star clusters under the influence of momentum stellar feedback Li, Hui; Vogelsberger, Mark; Marinacci, Federico Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1271	journal	May 2019
The evolution of the UV luminosity function of globular clusters in the E-MOSAICS simulations Pfeffer, Joel; Bastian, Nate; Crain, Robert A. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1592	journal	June 2019
Is there a fundamental upper limit to the mass of a star cluster? Norris, Mark A.; van de Ven, Glenn; Kannappan, Sheila J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2096	journal	July 2019
Origins of scaling relations of globular cluster systems Choksi, Nick; Gnedin, Oleg Y. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2097	journal	July 2019
Young star cluster populations in the E-MOSAICS simulations Pfeffer, Joel; Bastian, Nate; Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 490, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2721	journal	October 2019
Global simulations of galactic discs: violent feedback from clustered supernovae during bursts of star formation Martizzi, Davide Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 492, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3419	journal	December 2019
Structure and stability of high-redshift galaxies in cosmological simulations Meng, Xi; Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Li, Hui Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz925	journal	March 2019
Globular cluster formation and evolution in the context of cosmological galaxy assembly: open questions Forbes, Duncan A.; Bastian, Nate; Gieles, Mark Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 474, Issue 2210 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2017.0616	journal	February 2018
Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey with The Hubble Space Telescope : Stellar Cluster Catalogs and First Insights Into Cluster Formation and Evolution in NGC 628 Adamo, A.; Ryon, J. E.; Messa, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 841, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa7132	journal	June 2017
Dissolved Massive Metal-rich Globular Clusters Can Cause the Range of UV Upturn Strengths Found among Early-type Galaxies Goudfrooij, Paul The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 857, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab553	journal	April 2018
Globular Clusters in a Cosmological N -body Simulation Carlberg, Raymond G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 861, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac88a	journal	July 2018
Resolved Star Formation Efficiency in the Antennae Galaxies Matthews, Allison M.; Johnson, Kelsey E.; Whitmore, Bradley C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac958	journal	August 2018
Star Cluster Formation in Cosmological Simulations. II. Effects of Star Formation Efficiency and Stellar Feedback Li, Hui; Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Gnedin, Nickolay Y. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 861, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac9b8	journal	July 2018
Cold Filamentary Accretion and the Formation of Metal-poor Globular Clusters and Halo Stars Mandelker, Nir; Dokkum, Pieter G. van; Brodie, Jean P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 861, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaca98	journal	July 2018
Nuclear Star Clusters in Cosmological Simulations Brown, Gillen; Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Li, Hui The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 864, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aad595	journal	September 2018
Two Thresholds for Globular Cluster Formation and the Common Occurrence of Massive Clusters in the Early Universe Elmegreen, Bruce G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaed45	journal	December 2018
The SLUGGS survey: measuring globular cluster ages using both photometry and spectroscopy Usher, Christopher; Brodie, Jean P.; Forbes, Duncan A. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 490, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2596	journal	September 2019
The E-MOSAICS project: tracing galaxy formation and assembly with the age–metallicity distribution of globular clusters Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik; Pfeffer, Joel L.; Crain, Robert A. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz968	journal	April 2019
Supermassive black holes in the early Universe Melia, F.; McClintock, T. M. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 471, Issue 2184 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0449	journal	December 2015
Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury. XVIII. The High-mass Truncation of the Star Cluster Mass Function Johnson, L. Clifton; Seth, Anil C.; Dalcanton, Julianne J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 839, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa6a1f	journal	April 2017
Supermassive black holes in the early universe Dietrich, M.; Hamann, F. Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, Vol. 2004, Issue IAUS222 https://doi.org/10.1017/s1743921304003084	journal	March 2004
Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey with The Hubble Space Telescope. Stellar cluster catalogues and first insights into cluster formation and evolution in NGC 628 Adamo, A.; Ryon, J. E.; Messa, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1705.01588	text	January 2017
Globular Clusters in a Cosmological N-body Simulation Carlberg, Raymond G. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1706.01938	text	January 2017
Star Cluster Formation in Cosmological Simulations. II. Effects of Star Formation Efficiency and Stellar Feedback Li, Hui; Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Gnedin, Nickolay Y. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1712.01219	text	January 2017
Globular Cluster Formation and Evolution in the Context of Cosmological Galaxy Assembly: Open Questions Forbes, Duncan A.; Bastian, Nate; Gieles, Mark arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1801.05818	text	January 2018
Dissolved Massive Metal-Rich Globular Clusters Can Cause the Range of UV Upturn Strengths Found among Early-type Galaxies Goudfrooij, Paul arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1804.00668	text	January 2018
Nuclear Star Clusters in Cosmological Simulations Brown, Gillen; Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Li, Hui arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1804.09819	text	January 2018
Massive Star cluster formation under the microscope at z=6 Vanzella, E.; Calura, F.; Meneghetti, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1809.02617	text	January 2018
Young massive clusters in the interacting LIRG Arp 299: evidence for the dependence of star cluster formation and evolution on environment Randriamanakoto, Zara; Väisänen, Petri; Ryder, Stuart D. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1810.09897	text	January 2018
Star cluster formation in cosmological simulations. III. Dynamical and chemical evolution Li, Hui; Gnedin, Oleg Y. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1810.11036	text	January 2018
Disruption of giant molecular clouds and formation of bound star clusters under the influence of momentum stellar feedback Li, Hui; Vogelsberger, Mark; Marinacci, Federico arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.11987	text	January 2019
Origins of scaling relations of globular cluster systems Choksi, Nick; Gnedin, Oleg Y. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.05199	text	January 2019
The evolution of the UV luminosity function of globular clusters in the E-MOSAICS simulations Pfeffer, Joel; Bastian, Nate; Crain, Robert A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.01755	text	January 2019

Similar Records

Star cluster formation in cosmological simulations. I. Properties of young clusters

Journal Article · Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2017 · Astrophysical Journal · OSTI ID:1365574

Li, Hui; Gnedin, Oleg Y.; Meng, Xi; +2 more

The formation and dynamical evolution of young star clusters

Journal Article · Wed Jan 20 00:00:00 EST 2016 · Astrophysical Journal · OSTI ID:1365574

Fujii, M. S.

PANCHROMATIC HUBBLE ANDROMEDA TREASURY. XVI. STAR CLUSTER FORMATION EFFICIENCY AND THE CLUSTERED FRACTION OF YOUNG STARS

Journal Article · Wed Aug 10 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Astrophysical Journal · OSTI ID:1365574

Johnson, L. Clifton; Sandstrom, Karin; Seth, Anil C.; +9 more

Related Subjects

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS
cosmological: theory
galaxies: formation
galaxies: star clusters: general

Title: Star cluster formation in cosmological simulations. I. Properties of young clusters

Citation Formats

References (119)

Cited By (48)

Similar Records

Related Subjects