Fermi-LAT observations of the diffuse γ-ray emission: Implications for cosmic rays and the interstellar medium

Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Atwood, W. B.; Baldini, L.; Ballet, J.; Barbiellini, G.; Bastieri, D.; Bechtol, K.; Bellazzini, R.; Berenji, B.; Blandford, R. D.; Bloom, E. D.; Bonamente, E.; Borgland, A. W.; Brandt, T. J.; Bregeon, J.; Brigida, M.; Bruel, P.; Buehler, R.; Buson, S.; Caliandro, G. A.; Cameron, R. A.; Caraveo, P. A.; Cavazzuti, E.; Cecchi, C.; Charles, E.; Chekhtman, A.; Chiang, J.; Ciprini, S.; Claus, R.; Cohen-Tanugi, J.; Conrad, J.; Cutini, S.; de Angelis, A.; de Palma, F.; Dermer, C. D.; Digel, S. W.; do Couto e Silva, E.; Drell, P. S.; Drlica-Wagner, A.; Falletti, L.; Favuzzi, C.; Fegan, S. J.; Ferrara, E. C.; Focke, W. B.; Fortin, P.; Fukazawa, Y.; Funk, S.; Fusco, P.; Gaggero, D.; Gargano, F.; Germani, S.; Giglietto, N.; Giordano, F.; Giroletti, M.; Glanzman, T.; Godfrey, G.; Grove, J. E.; Guiriec, S.; Gustafsson, M.; Hadasch, D.; Hanabata, Y.; Harding, A. K.; Hayashida, M.; Hays, E.; Horan, D.; Hou, X.; Hughes, R. E.; Jóhannesson, G.; Johnson, A. S.; Johnson, R. P.; Kamae, T.; Katagiri, H.; Kataoka, J.; Knödlseder, J.; Kuss, M.; Lande, J.; Latronico, L.; Lee, S. -H.; Lemoine-Goumard, M.; Longo, F.; Loparco, F.; Lott, B.; Lovellette, M. N.; Lubrano, P.; Mazziotta, M. N.; McEnery, J. E.; Michelson, P. F.; Mitthumsiri, W.; Mizuno, T.; Monte, C.; Monzani, M. E.; Morselli, A.; Moskalenko, I. V.; Murgia, S.; Naumann-Godo, M.; Norris, J. P.; Nuss, E.; Ohsugi, T.; Okumura, A.; Omodei, N.; Orlando, E.; Ormes, J. F.; Paneque, D.; Panetta, J. H.; Parent, D.; Pesce-Rollins, M.; Pierbattista, M.; Piron, F.; Pivato, G.; Porter, T. A.; Rainò, S.; Rando, R.; Razzano, M.; Razzaque, S.; Reimer, A.; Reimer, O.; Sadrozinski, H. F. -W.; Sgrò, C.; Siskind, E. J.; Spandre, G.; Spinelli, P.; Strong, A. W.; Suson, D. J.; Takahashi, H.; Tanaka, T.; Thayer, J. G.; Thayer, J. B.; Thompson, D. J.; Tibaldo, L.; Tinivella, M.; Torres, D. F.; Tosti, G.; Troja, E.; Usher, T. L.; Vandenbroucke, J.; Vasileiou, V.; Vianello, G.; Vitale, V.; Waite, A. P.; Wang, P.; Winer, B. L.; Wood, K. S.; Wood, M.; Yang, Z.; Ziegler, M.; Zimmer, S.

doi:10.1088/0004-637X/750/1/3

Title: Fermi-LAT observations of the diffuse γ-ray emission: Implications for cosmic rays and the interstellar medium

Journal Article · Mon Apr 09 00:00:00 EDT 2012 · The Astrophysical Journal

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/750/1/3· OSTI ID:1356739

Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Atwood, W. B.; Baldini, L.; Ballet, J.; Barbiellini, G.; Bastieri, D.; Bechtol, K.; Bellazzini, R.; Berenji, B.; Blandford, R. D.; Bloom, E. D.; Bonamente, E.; Borgland, A. W.; Brandt, T. J.; Bregeon, J.; Brigida, M.; Bruel, P.; Buehler, R.; Buson, S. more »

The γ-ray sky >100 MeV is dominated by the diffuse emissions from interactions of cosmic rays with the interstellar gas and radiation fields of the Milky Way. Our observations of these diffuse emissions provide a tool to study cosmic-ray origin and propagation, and the interstellar medium. We present measurements from the first 21 months of the Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) mission and compare with models of the diffuse γ-ray emission generated using the GALPROP code. The models are fitted to cosmic-ray data and incorporate astrophysical input for the distribution of cosmic-ray sources, interstellar gas, and radiation fields. In order to assess uncertainties associated with the astrophysical input, a grid of models is created by varying within observational limits the distribution of cosmic-ray sources, the size of the cosmic-ray confinement volume (halo), and the distribution of interstellar gas. An all-sky maximum-likelihood fit is used to determine the X CO factor, the ratio between integrated CO-line intensity and H2 column density, the fluxes and spectra of the γ-ray point sources from the first Fermi-LAT catalog, and the intensity and spectrum of the isotropic background including residual cosmic rays that were misclassified as γ-rays, all of which have some dependency on the assumed diffuse emission model. The models are compared on the basis of their maximum-likelihood ratios as well as spectra, longitude, and latitude profiles. Here, we provide residual maps for the data following subtraction of the diffuse emission models. The models are consistent with the data at high and intermediate latitudes but underpredict the data in the inner Galaxy for energies above a few GeV. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed, including the contribution by undetected point-source populations and spectral variations of cosmic rays throughout the Galaxy. In the outer Galaxy, we find that the data prefer models with a flatter distribution of cosmic-ray sources, a larger cosmic-ray halo, or greater gas density than is usually assumed. Our results in the outer Galaxy are consistent with other Fermi-LAT studies of this region that used different analysis methods than employed in this paper.

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Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Contributing Organization:: Fermi LAT Collaboration

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515

OSTI ID:: 1356739

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 750, Issue 1; ISSN 0004-637X

Publisher:: Institute of Physics (IOP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 487 works

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MAGIC detection of very high energy γ-ray emission from the low-luminosity blazar 1ES 1741+196 Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 468, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx472	journal	February 2017
Fermi Large Area Telescope Fourth Source Catalog Abdollahi, S. IOP https://doi.org/10.13016/m2hfkt-y90r	collection	January 2020
Galactic bulge preferred over dark matter for the Galactic centre gamma-ray excess Macias, Oscar; Gordon, Chris; Crocker, Roland M. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg https://doi.org/10.3204/pubdb-2018-02026	text	January 2018
Search for Sources of Astrophysical Neutrinos Using Seven Years of IceCube Cascade Events Aartsen, M. G.; Ackermann, M.; Adams, J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 886, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab4ae2	journal	November 2019
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Background model systematics for the Fermi GeV excess Calore, Francesca; Cholis, Ilias; Weniger, Christoph Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2015, Issue 03 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2015/03/038	journal	March 2015
Dynamical constraints on the dark matter distribution in the Milky Way Pato, Miguel; Iocco, Fabio; Bertone, Gianfranco Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2015, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2015/12/001	journal	December 2015
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The galactic isotropic γ-ray background and implications for dark matter Campbell, Sheldon S.; Kwa, Anna; Kaplinghat, Manoj Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 479, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1483	journal	June 2018
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An extremely low gas-to-dust ratio in the dust-lane lenticular galaxy NGC 5485 Baes, Maarten; Allaert, Flor; Sarzi, Marc arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1407.7278	text	January 2014
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Gamma-ray sky points to radial gradients in cosmic-ray transport Gaggero, Daniele; Urbano, Alfredo; Valli, Mauro arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1411.7623	text	January 2014
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Strong Optimized Conservative Fermi-LAT Constraints on Dark Matter Models from the Inclusive Photon Spectrum Massari, Andrea; Izaguirre, Eder; Essig, Rouven arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1503.07169	text	January 2015
Dynamical constraints on the dark matter distribution in the Milky Way Pato, Miguel; Iocco, Fabio; Bertone, Gianfranco arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1504.06324	text	January 2015
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Cosmological constraints on dark matter annihilation and decay: Cross-correlation analysis of the extragalactic $γ$-ray background and cosmic shear Shirasaki, Masato; Macias, Oscar; Horiuchi, Shunsaku arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1607.02187	text	January 2016
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Galactic Bulge Preferred Over Dark Matter for the Galactic Center Gamma-Ray Excess Macias, Oscar; Gordon, Chris; Crocker, Roland M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1611.06644	text	January 2016
MAGIC detection of very high energy gamma-ray emission from the low-luminosity blazar 1ES 1741+196 Collaboration, Magic; Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1702.06795	text	January 2017
Extragalactic Gamma-ray Background from Star-forming Galaxies: Will Empirical Scalings Suffice? Komis, I.; Pavlidou, V.; Zezas, A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1711.11046	text	January 2017
HelMod in the works: from direct observations to the local interstellar spectrum of cosmic-ray electrons Boschini, M. J.; Della Torre, S.; Gervasi, M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1801.04059	text	January 2018
The Three-Dimensional Spatial Distribution of Interstellar Gas in the Milky Way: Implications for Cosmic Rays and High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emissions Johannesson, Gudlaugur; Porter, Troy A.; Moskalenko, Igor V. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1802.08646	text	January 2018
On the progressive hardening of the cosmic-ray proton spectrum in the inner Galaxy Pothast, Mart; Gaggero, Daniele; Storm, Emma arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1807.04554	text	January 2018
Cosmic ray feedback in the FIRE simulations: constraining cosmic ray propagation with GeV gamma ray emission Chan, T. K.; Keres, D.; Hopkins, P. F. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1812.10496	text	January 2018
Gamma Ray polarimetry; a new window for the non-thermal Universe Ilie, Cosmin arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.02824	text	January 2019
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