In situ nanomechanical testing of twinned metals in a transmission electron microscope

Li, Nan; Wang, Jiangwei; Mao, Scott; Wang, Haiyan

doi:10.1557/mrs.2016.66

In situ nanomechanical testing of twinned metals in a transmission electron microscope

Journal Article · Fri Apr 01 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · MRS Bulletin

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2016.66· OSTI ID:1343705

^[1]; Wang, Jiangwei ^[2]; Mao, Scott ^[3]; Wang, Haiyan ^[4]

Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Zhejiang Univ. (China)
Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (United States)
Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States)

This paper focuses on in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) characterization to explore twins in face-centered-cubic and body-centered-cubic monolithic metals, and their impact on the overall mechanical performance. Taking advantage of simultaneous nanomechanical deformation and nanoscale imaging using versatile in situ TEM tools, direct correlation of these unique microscopic defects with macroscopic mechanical performance becomes possible. This article summarizes recent evidence to support the mechanisms related to strengthening and plasticity in metals, including nanotwinned Cu, Ni, Al, Au, and others in bulk, thin film, and nanowire forms.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-06NA25396

OSTI ID:: 1343705

Report Number(s):: LA-UR--16-24252

Journal Information:: MRS Bulletin, Journal Name: MRS Bulletin Journal Issue: 04 Vol. 41; ISSN applab; ISSN 0883-7694

Publisher:: Materials Research SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (89)

Two Types of Martensitic Phase Transformations in Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys by In-Situ Nanoindentation Studies Liu, Y.; Karaman, I.; Wang, H. Advanced Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201400217	journal	March 2014
Dislocation structures ahead of advancing cracks Dewald, D. K.; Lee, T. C.; Robertson, I. M. Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 21, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02646985	journal	September 1990
Diode-like asymmetric transmission of circularly polarized waves Liu, Dao-Ya; Yao, Li-Fang; Zhai, Xiao-Min Applied Physics A, Vol. 116, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-014-8519-8	journal	May 2014
In-Situ TEM Observation of Twinning and Detwinning During Cyclic Loading in Mg Morrow, Benjamin M.; McCabe, Rodney J.; Cerreta, Ellen K. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 45, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-1765-0	journal	April 2013
Eight routes to improve the tensile ductility of bulk nanostructured metals and alloys Ma, E. JOM, Vol. 58, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-006-0215-5	journal	April 2006
The effect of twin plane spacing on the deformation of copper containing a high density of growth twins Shan, Z. W.; Lu, L.; Minor, A. M. JOM, Vol. 60, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-008-0122-z	journal	September 2008
Deformation twinning Christian, J. W.; Mahajan, S. Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 39, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6425(94)00007-7	journal	January 1995
In-situ TEM tensile testing of DC magnetron sputtered and pulsed laser deposited Ni thin films Hugo, R. C.; Kung, H.; Weertman, J. R. Acta Materialia, Vol. 51, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00599-2	journal	April 2003
Dislocation–dislocation and dislocation–twin reactions in nanocrystalline Al by molecular dynamics simulation Yamakov, V.; Wolf, D.; Phillpot, S. R. Acta Materialia, Vol. 51, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(03)00232-5	journal	August 2003
Stacking defects in the 9R phase at an incoherent twin boundary in copper Medlin, D. L.; Campbell, G. H.; Carter, C. B. Acta Materialia, Vol. 46, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(98)00164-5	journal	September 1998
In situ nanoindentation in the TEM Warren, Oden L.; Shan, Zhiwei; Asif, S. A. Syed Materials Today, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(07)70051-2	journal	April 2007
Enhanced hardening in Cu/330 stainless steel multilayers by nanoscale twinning Zhang, X.; Misra, A.; Wang, H. Acta Materialia, Vol. 52, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2003.10.033	journal	February 2004
The influence of twins on the mechanical properties of nc-Al Frøseth, A.; Van Swygenhoven, H.; Derlet, P. M. Acta Materialia, Vol. 52, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2004.01.017	journal	May 2004
Direct observation of deformation-induced grain growth during the nanoindentation of ultrafine-grained Al at room temperature Jin, M.; Minor, A. M.; Stach, E. A. Acta Materialia, Vol. 52, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2004.07.044	journal	October 2004
Strength, strain-rate sensitivity and ductility of copper with nanoscale twins Dao, M.; Lu, L.; Shen, Y. F. Acta Materialia, Vol. 54, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2006.06.062	journal	December 2006
Twinning–detwinning behavior during the strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue testing of a wrought magnesium alloy, ZK60A Wu, L.; Jain, A.; Brown, D. W. Acta Materialia, Vol. 56, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2007.10.030	journal	February 2008
Interactions between non-screw lattice dislocations and coherent twin boundaries in face-centered cubic metals Jin, Z. -H.; Gumbsch, P.; Albe, K. Acta Materialia, Vol. 56, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2007.11.020	journal	March 2008
In situ TEM observations of fast grain-boundary motion in stressed nanocrystalline aluminum films Legros, Marc; Gianola, Daniel S.; Hemker, Kevin J. Acta Materialia, Vol. 56, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2008.03.032	journal	August 2008
Detwinning mechanisms for growth twins in face-centered cubic metals Wang, J.; Li, N.; Anderoglu, O. Acta Materialia, Vol. 58, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2009.12.013	journal	April 2010
Dislocation–twin interactions in nanocrystalline fcc metals Zhu, Y. T.; Wu, X. L.; Liao, X. Z. Acta Materialia, Vol. 59, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.10.028	journal	January 2011
Mechanical properties of highly textured Cu/Ni multilayers Liu, Y.; Bufford, D.; Wang, H. Acta Materialia, Vol. 59, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.11.057	journal	March 2011
Detwinning, damage and crack initiation during cyclic loading of Cu samples containing aligned nanotwins Shute, C. J.; Myers, B. D.; Xie, S. Acta Materialia, Vol. 59, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.04.002	journal	June 2011
Twinning dislocation multiplication at a coherent twin boundary Li, N.; Wang, J.; Misra, A. Acta Materialia, Vol. 59, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2011.06.007	journal	September 2011
Indentation of nanotwinned fcc metals: Implications for nanotwin stability Bezares, Jiddu; Jiao, Shuyin; Liu, Yue Acta Materialia, Vol. 60, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.03.020	journal	June 2012
In situ mechanical TEM: Seeing and measuring under stress with electrons Legros, Marc Comptes Rendus Physique, Vol. 15, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2014.02.002	journal	February 2014
Plastic flow stability of nanotwinned Cu foils Anderoglu, O.; Misra, A.; Wang, J. International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 26, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2009.11.003	journal	June 2010
The interaction mechanism of screw dislocations with coherent twin boundaries in different face-centred cubic metals Jin, Z. -H.; Gumbsch, P.; Ma, E. Scripta Materialia, Vol. 54, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.11.072	journal	March 2006
Influence of slip transmission on the migration of incoherent twin boundaries in epitaxial nanotwinned Cu Li, N.; Wang, J.; Huang, J. Y. Scripta Materialia, Vol. 64, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.09.031	journal	January 2011
Visualization of grain boundary/dislocation interactions using tomographic reconstructions Kacher, J. P.; Liu, G. S.; Robertson, I. M. Scripta Materialia, Vol. 64, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.12.020	journal	April 2011
Superior thermal stability of coherent twin boundaries in nanotwinned metals Zhang, X.; Misra, A. Scripta Materialia, Vol. 66, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.01.026	journal	June 2012
Twin stability in highly nanotwinned Cu under compression, torsion and tension Hodge, A. M.; Furnish, T. A.; Shute, C. J. Scripta Materialia, Vol. 66, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.01.027	journal	June 2012
Twin boundary: Stronger or weaker interface to resist fatigue cracking? Zhang, P.; Zhang, Z. J.; Li, L. L. Scripta Materialia, Vol. 66, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2012.01.028	journal	June 2012
Direct Observations of Confined Layer Slip in Cu/Nb Multilayers Li, Nan; Wang, Jian; Misra, Amit Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 18, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1017/S143192761200133X	journal	October 2012
Exploiting a direct detection camera for in-situ microscopy Stach, E. A.; Zakharov, D.; Rivas, R. D. Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 19, Issue S2 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927613003954	journal	August 2013
Nano-scale Strain Mapping Using Advanced STEM with a Direct Electron Detector Ozdol, V. B.; Gammer, C.; Sarahan, M. C. Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 20, Issue S3 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927614006953	journal	August 2014
Experimental Quantification of Resolved Shear Stresses for Dislocation Motion in TiN Li, N.; Misra, A.; Shao, S. Nano Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00791	journal	June 2015
In Situ Nanomechanics of GaN Nanowires Huang, Jian Yu; Zheng, He; Mao, S. X. Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl200002x	journal	April 2011
Source Truncation and Exhaustion: Insights from Quantitative in situ TEM Tensile Testing Kiener, D.; Minor, A. M. Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl201890s	journal	September 2011
The Nanostructured Origin of Deformation Twinning Yu, Qian; Qi, Liang; Chen, Kai Nano Letters, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl203937t	journal	January 2012
In Situ Study of Defect Migration Kinetics and Self-Healing of Twin Boundaries in Heavy Ion Irradiated Nanotwinned Metals Li, J.; Yu, K. Y.; Chen, Y. Nano Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl504677z	journal	April 2015
Strong crystal size effect on deformation twinning Yu, Qian; Shan, Zhi-Wei; Li, Ju Nature, Vol. 463, Issue 7279 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08692	journal	January 2010
Dislocation nucleation governed softening and maximum strength in nano-twinned metals Li, Xiaoyan; Wei, Yujie; Lu, Lei Nature, Vol. 464, Issue 7290 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08929	journal	April 2010
A new regime for mechanical annealing and strong sample-size strengthening in body centred cubic molybdenum Huang, Ling; Li, Qing-Jie; Shan, Zhi-Wei Nature Communications, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1557	journal	September 2011
Removal of stacking-fault tetrahedra by twin boundaries in nanotwinned metals Yu, K. Y.; Bufford, D.; Sun, C. Nature Communications, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2382	journal	January 2013
Near-ideal theoretical strength in gold nanowires containing angstrom scale twins Wang, Jiangwei; Sansoz, Frederic; Huang, Jianyu Nature Communications, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2768	journal	April 2013
Reversible cyclic deformation mechanism of gold nanowires by twinning–detwinning transition evidenced from in situ TEM Lee, Subin; Im, Jiseong; Yoo, Youngdong Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4033	journal	January 2014
Deformation-induced structural transition in body-centred cubic molybdenum Wang, S. J.; Wang, H.; Du, K. Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4433	journal	March 2014
In situ nanoindentation study on plasticity and work hardening in aluminium with incoherent twin boundaries Bufford, D.; Liu, Y.; Wang, J. Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5864	journal	September 2014
Damage-tolerant nanotwinned metals with nanovoids under radiation environments Chen, Y.; Yu, K. Y.; Liu, Y. Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8036	journal	April 2015
Mechanical annealing and source-limited deformation in submicrometre-diameter Ni crystals Shan, Z. W.; Mishra, Raja K.; Syed Asif, S. A. Nature Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2085	journal	December 2007
In situ observation of dislocation nucleation and escape in a submicrometre aluminium single crystal Oh, Sang Ho; Legros, Marc; Kiener, Daniel Nature Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2370	journal	January 2009
Defective twin boundaries in nanotwinned metals Wang, Y. Morris; Sansoz, Frederic; LaGrange, Thomas Nature Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3646	journal	May 2013
Liquid-like pseudoelasticity of sub-10-nm crystalline silver particles Sun, Jun; He, Longbing; Lo, Yu-Chieh Nature Materials, Vol. 13, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4105	journal	October 2014
In situ atomic-scale observation of twinning-dominated deformation in nanoscale body-centred cubic tungsten Wang, Jiangwei; Zeng, Zhi; Weinberger, Christopher R. Nature Materials, Vol. 14, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4228	journal	March 2015
Measuring surface dislocation nucleation in defect-scarce nanostructures Chen, Lisa Y.; He, Mo-rigen; Shin, Jungho Nature Materials, Vol. 14, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4288	journal	May 2015
Deformation mechanisms in nanotwinned metal nanopillars Jang, Dongchan; Li, Xiaoyan; Gao, Huajian Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 7, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2012.116	journal	July 2012
Direct observation of Lomer-Cottrell Locks during strain hardening in nanocrystalline nickel by in situ TEM Lee, Joon Hwan; Holland, Troy B.; Mukherjee, Amiya K. Scientific Reports, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01061	journal	January 2013
Intrinsically higher fatigue cracking resistance of the penetrable and movable incoherent twin boundary Li, L. L.; Zhang, P.; Zhang, Z. J. Scientific Reports, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep03744	journal	January 2014
High-strength sputter-deposited Cu foils with preferred orientation of nanoscale growth twins Zhang, X.; Wang, H.; Chen, X. H. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 88, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2198482	journal	April 2006
Novel deformation mechanism of twinned nanowires Wang, Jian; Huang, Hanchen Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 88, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2204760	journal	May 2006
Thermal stability of sputtered Cu films with nanoscale growth twins Anderoglu, O.; Misra, A.; Wang, H. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 103, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2913322	journal	May 2008
Epitaxial nanotwinned Cu films with high strength and high conductivity Anderoglu, O.; Misra, A.; Wang, H. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 93, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2969409	journal	August 2008
Dislocation structures of Σ3 {112} twin boundaries in face centered cubic metals Wang, J.; Anderoglu, O.; Hirth, J. P. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 95, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3176979	journal	July 2009
Incoherent twin boundary migration induced by ion irradiation in Cu Li, N.; Wang, J.; Wang, Y. Q. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 113, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4774242	journal	January 2013
Plasticity and ultra-low stress induced twin boundary migration in nanotwinned Cu by in situ nanoindentation studies Liu, Y.; Jian, J.; Chen, Y. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 104, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4882242	journal	June 2014
Strain mapping at nanometer resolution using advanced nano-beam electron diffraction Ozdol, V. B.; Gammer, C.; Jin, X. G. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 106, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4922994	journal	June 2015
The future of electron microscopy Zhu, Yimei; Dürr, Hermann Physics Today, Vol. 68, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.2747	journal	April 2015
Interfacial plasticity governs strain rate sensitivity and ductility in nanostructured metals Zhu, T.; Li, J.; Samanta, A. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 104, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611097104	journal	February 2007
Reducing deformation anisotropy to achieve ultrahigh strength and ductility in Mg at the nanoscale Yu, Q.; Qi, L.; Mishra, R. K. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 110, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1306371110	journal	July 2013
Cyclic deformation leads to defect healing and strengthening of small-volume metal crystals Wang, Zhang-Jie; Li, Qing-Jie; Cui, Yi-Nan Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518200112	journal	October 2015
Multiple-step martensitic transformations in Ni-rich NiTi alloys--an in-situ transmission electron microscopy investigation Dlouhy, Antonin; Khalil-Allafi, Jafar; Eggeler, Gunther Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 83, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/0141861021000034531	journal	January 2003
TEM in situ deformation study of the interaction of lattice dislocations with grain boundaries in metals Lee, T. C.; Robertson, I. M.; Birnbaum, H. K. Philosophical Magazine A, Vol. 62, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/01418619008244340	journal	July 1990
Climb and glide of a /3〈111〉 dislocations in an aluminium Σ = 3 boundary Medlin, D. L.; Carter, C. B.; Angelo, J. E. Philosophical Magazine A, Vol. 75, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/01418619708207199	journal	March 1997
*In situ* observation of twin boundary migration in copper with nanoscale twins during tensile deformation Wang, Y. B.; Sui, M. L.; Ma, E. Philosophical Magazine Letters, Vol. 87, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1080/09500830701591493	journal	December 2007
Formation Mechanisms of High-density Growth Twins in Aluminum with High Stacking-Fault Energy Bufford, D.; Liu, Y.; Zhu, Y. Materials Research Letters, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2012.761654	journal	February 2013
Repetitive Ultra-low Stress Induced Nanocrystallization in Amorphous Cu‒Zr‒Al Alloy Evidenced by in situ Nanoindentation Liu, Y.; Jian, J.; Lee, J. H. Materials Research Letters, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2014.911778	journal	May 2014
Shear response of Σ 3 { 112 } twin boundaries in face-centered-cubic metals Wang, J.; Misra, A.; Hirth, J. P. Physical Review B, Vol. 83, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.83.064106	journal	February 2011
Geometric Origin of Hexagonal Close Packing at a Grain Boundary in Gold Lucadamo, G. Science, Vol. 300, Issue 5623 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1083890	journal	May 2003
Ultrahigh Strength and High Electrical Conductivity in Copper Lu, L. Science, Vol. 304, Issue 5669 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1092905	journal	April 2004
Grain Boundary-Mediated Plasticity in Nanocrystalline Nickel Shan, Z. Science, Vol. 305, Issue 5684 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1098741	journal	July 2004
Strengthening Materials by Engineering Coherent Internal Boundaries at the Nanoscale Lu, K.; Lu, L.; Suresh, S. Science, Vol. 324, Issue 5925 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1159610	journal	April 2009
Imaging of Transient Structures Using Nanosecond in Situ TEM Kim, Judy S.; LaGrange, Thomas; Reed, Bryan W. Science, Vol. 321, Issue 5895 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1161517	journal	September 2008
Revealing the Maximum Strength in Nanotwinned Copper Lu, L.; Chen, X.; Huang, X. Science, Vol. 323, Issue 5914 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1167641	journal	January 2009
Experimental Observations of Stress-Driven Grain Boundary Migration Rupert, T. J.; Gianola, D. S.; Gan, Y. Science, Vol. 326, Issue 5960 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1178226	journal	December 2009
Dislocation–grain boundary interactions in martensitic steel observed through in situ nanoindentation in a transmission electron microscope Ohmura, T.; Minor, A. M.; Stach, E. A. Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 19, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2004.0474	journal	December 2004
Thermal stability of twins and strengthening mechanisms in differently oriented epitaxial nanotwinned Ag films Bufford, Daniel; Wang, Haiyan; Zhang, Xinghang Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 28, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2013.50	journal	May 2013
Frontiers of in situ electron microscopy Zheng, Haimei; Meng, Ying Shirley; Zhu, Yimei MRS Bulletin, Vol. 40, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2014.305	journal	January 2015
In situ TEM nanomechanics Yu, Q.; Legros, M.; Minor, A. M. MRS Bulletin, Vol. 40, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2014.306	journal	January 2015
Visualizing the Behavior of Dislocations—Seeing is Believing Robertson, Ian M.; Ferreira, Paulo J.; Dehm, Gerhard MRS Bulletin, Vol. 33, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.25	journal	February 2008

Cited By (5)

Heating Rate Dependence of the Mechanisms of Copper Pumping in Through-Silicon Vias Yang, Hanry; Lee, Tae-Kyu; Meinshausen, Lutz Journal of Electronic Materials, Vol. 48, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-018-6805-5	journal	November 2018
‘Unzipping’ of twin lamella in nanotwinned nickel nanowires under flexural bending Wang, Binjun; Zhang, Hongti; Lou, Jun Materials Research Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2017.1383317	journal	October 2017
Insights into fundamental deformation processes from advanced in situ transmission electron microscopy Spiecker, Erdmann; Oh, Sang Ho; Shan, Zhi-Wei MRS Bulletin, Vol. 44, Issue 06 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2019.129	journal	June 2019
‘Unzipping’ of twin lamella in nanotwinned nickel nanowires under flexural bending Wang, Binjun; Zhang, Hongti; Lou, Jun Figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5518954	text	January 2017
‘Unzipping’ of twin lamella in nanotwinned nickel nanowires under flexural bending Wang, Binjun; Zhang, Hongti; Lou, Jun Figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5518954.v1	text	January 2017