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Title: New Insights into Perfluorinated Sulfonic-Acid Ionomers

Journal Article · · Chemical Reviews
ORCiD logo [1];  [1]
  1. Energy Conversion Group, Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, MS70-108B, Berkeley, California 94720, United States

In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers’ complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradation phenomena, and PFSA thin films are presented. Throughout, the impact of PFSA chemistry and side-chain is also discussed to present a broader perspective.

Research Organization:
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Fuel Cell Technologies Office; USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technologies Office
Grant/Contract Number:
AC02-05CH11231
OSTI ID:
1341223
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1393613
Journal Information:
Chemical Reviews, Journal Name: Chemical Reviews Vol. 117 Journal Issue: 3; ISSN 0009-2665
Publisher:
American Chemical SocietyCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 1136 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

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A unified morphological description of Nafion membranes from SAXS and mesoscale simulations journal January 2011
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An NMR study of methanol diffusion in polymer electrolyte fuel cell membranes journal March 2005
A Mechanistic Model for Pinhole Growth in Fuel-Cell Membranes during Cyclic Loads journal January 2014
The effect of spatial confinement of Nafion® in porous membranes on macroscopic properties of the membrane journal August 2008
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Origin of Toughness in Dispersion-Cast Nafion Membranes journal March 2015
Resistor-Network Modeling of Ionic Conduction in Polymer Electrolytes journal October 2015
Evidence for a crystallite-rich skin on perfluorosulfonate ionomer membranes journal January 2013
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Variational Models of Pore Networks in Ionomer Membranes: The Role of Electrostatics journal March 2013
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Through-Plane Proton Transport Resistance of Membrane and Ohmic Resistance Distribution in Fuel Cells
  • Jiang, Ruichun; Mittelsteadt, Cortney K.; Gittleman, Craig S.
  • Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 156, Issue 12, p. B1440-B1446 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3240877
journal January 2009
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Crystallinity in perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers and related polymers journal March 1982
Linear Hygrothermal Viscoelastic Characterization of Nafion NRE 211 Proton Exchange Membrane journal August 2012
Protonic conduction and 1H self-diffusion in nafion film studied by ac conductivity and pulsed field gradient NMR techniques journal August 1989
Thickness dependence of water permeation through proton exchange membranes journal November 2010
Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications journal September 2006
Atomistic Simulation of Nafion Membrane. 2. Dynamics of Water Molecules and Hydronium Ions journal November 2007
Structure of the Ionomer Film in Catalyst Layers of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells journal November 2013
Characterization of perfluorosulfonic acid membranes by conductivity measurements and small-angle x-ray scattering journal June 1994
PEMFC Catalyst Layers: The Role of Micropores and Mesopores on Water Sorption and Fuel Cell Activity journal May 2011
Experimental Determination of Electro-Osmotic Drag Coefficient in Nafion Membrane for Fuel Cells journal January 2006
Effects of contaminant on thermal properties in perfluorinated sulfonic acid membranes journal November 2010
Proton Dynamics of Nafion and Nafion/SiO 2 Composites by Solid State NMR and Pulse Field Gradient NMR journal March 2007
Water dynamics in ionomer membranes by field-cycling NMR relaxometry journal May 2007
Towards the understanding of proton conduction mechanism in PEMFC catalyst layer: Conductivity of adsorbed Nafion films journal August 2011
A “H 2 O donating/methanol accepting” platform for preparation of highly selective Nafion-based proton exchange membranes journal January 2015
Structure-Morphology-Property Relationships of Non-Perfluorinated Proton-Conducting Membranes journal September 2010
Micromechanics model based on the nanostructure of PFSA membranes journal November 2008
Molecular dynamics simulation study of glass transition in hydrated Nafion journal May 2014
Understanding the Ionomer Structure and the Proton Conduction Mechanism in PEFC Catalyst Layer: Adsorbed Nafion on Model Substrate journal October 2011
Small-angle x-ray scattering study of perfluorinated ionomer membranes. 2. Models for ionic scattering maximum journal January 1982
The effects of the hydrophobic environment on proton mobility in perfluorosulfonic acid systems: an ab initio molecular dynamics study journal January 2010
Nafion ® Membranes: Molecular Diffusion, Proton Conductivity and Proton Conduction Mechanism journal January 1992
Characterization of the thermolysis products of Nafion membrane: A potential source of perfluorinated compounds in the environment journal May 2015
Elastic theory for ionic clustering in perfluorinated ionomers journal January 1982
Sorption phenomena in nafion membranes journal December 1979
Acidity and catalytic activity of Nafion-H journal March 1986
Thin film MRI—high resolution depth imaging with a local surface coil and spin echo SPI journal July 2004
Modeling and Experimental Diagnostics in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells journal January 1993
Behavior of water in perfluorinated ionomer membranes containing various monovalent cations journal April 1992
Mesoscale simulation of morphology in hydrated perfluorosulfonic acid membranes journal April 2006
Analysis of Proton Transport in Pseudo Catalyst Layers journal January 2009
NMR and Pulsed Field Gradient NMR Approach of Water Sorption Properties in Nafion at Low Temperature journal April 2009
Role of water states on water uptake and proton transport in Nafion using molecular simulations and bimodal network journal May 2011
Influences of Annealing on the Perfluorosulfonate Ion-Exchanged Membranes Prepared by Melt Extrusion journal August 2014
Densities and expansion coefficients of nafion polymers journal December 1979
A comparison of physical properties and fuel cell performance of Nafion and zirconium phosphate/Nafion composite membranes journal July 2004
Study of the nanoscopic deformation of an annealed nafion film by using atomic force microscopy and a patterned substrate journal May 2008
Small-angle scattering studies of nafion membranes journal January 1981
Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Membrane and Membrane Electrode Assembly Degradation Correlating Accelerated Stress Testing and Lifetime Testing journal August 2013
Sorption in Proton-Exchange Membranes journal January 2003
Influence of the composition of isopropyl alcohol/water mixture solvents in catalyst ink solutions on proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance journal March 2013
Cation and Water Diffusion in Nafion Ion Exchange Membranes: Influence of Polymer Structure journal January 1981
Origin of α and β relaxations of Nafion journal May 2014
Investigation of H+ motion in NAFION film by pulsed 1H NMR and A.C. conductivity measurements journal December 1983
Advanced Redox-Flow Batteries: A Perspective journal September 2015
Surface Structure of Nafion in Vapor and Liquid journal March 2010
Atomic force microscopy studies of conductive nanostructures in solid polymer electrolytes journal November 2013
Investigation of the Connectivity of Hydrophilic Domains in Nafion Using Electrochemical Pore-Directed Nanolithography journal October 2005
Solubility and transport behavior of water and alcohols in Nafion™ journal January 2001
Cerium Migration through Hydrogen Fuel Cells during Accelerated Stress Testing journal January 2014
A Mechanistic Study of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membrane Water Permeance Degradation in Air journal September 2015
Substrate effect on the swelling and water sorption of Nafion nanomembranes journal February 2013
An experimental investigation of humidity and temperature effects on the mechanical properties of perfluorosulfonic acid membrane journal June 2006
Effect of interface on surface morphology and proton conduction of polymer electrolyte thin films journal January 2013
Rod like micellar structures in perfluorinated ionomer solutions journal January 1988
Modeling and high-resolution-imaging studies of water-content profiles in a polymer-electrolyte-fuel-cell membrane-electrode assembly journal November 2008
Hydration of Ionomers and Schroeder’s Paradox in Nafion journal January 2009
Electrically stimulated gradients in water and counterion concentrations within electroactive polymer actuators journal January 2010
Experimental Determination of the Transport Number of Water in Nafion 117 Membrane journal January 1992
Utilization of prompt-? neutron activation analysis in the evaluation of Nafion membranes journal June 2003
Composite Nafion/Sulfated Zirconia Membranes: Effect of the Filler Surface Properties on Proton Transport Characteristics journal December 2009
Ion-exchange selectivity and metal ion separations with a perfluorinated cation-exchange polymer journal June 1979
Evaluation of the microstructure of dry and hydrated perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers: microscopy and simulations journal January 2013
Approaches and Recent Development of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells Operating above 100 °C journal December 2003
Simulation study of sulfonate cluster swelling in ionomers journal December 2009
Modeling gas permeation through membranes by kinetic Monte Carlo: Applications to H 2 , O 2 , and N 2 in hydrated Nafion ® journal January 2011
Influence of PEMFC gas flow configuration on performance and water distribution studied by SANS: Evidence of the effect of gravity journal February 2011
Advanced Mesostructured Hybrid Silica−Nafion Membranes for High-Performance PEM Fuel Cell journal February 2008
Two Fuel Cell Cars In Every Garage? journal September 2005
Transport properties of Nafion®/cyclodextrin membranes journal March 2001
Effect of Superacidic Side Chain Structures on High Conductivity Aromatic Polymer Fuel Cell Membranes journal September 2015
Rodlike Colloidal Structure of Short Pendant Chain Perfluorinated Ionomer Solutions journal April 1998
Temperature dependence of the water distribution inside a Nafion membrane in an operating polymer electrolyte fuel cell. A micro-Raman study journal December 2011
Determination of water diffusion coefficients in perfluorosulfonate ionomeric membranes journal July 1991
Effective Testing Matrix for Studying Membrane Durability in PEM Fuel Cells: Part 2. Mechanical Durability and Combined Mechanical and Chemical Durability conference January 2006
Understanding the fingerprint region in the infra-red spectra of perfluorinated ionomer membranes and corresponding model compounds: Experiments and theoretical calculations journal October 2011
Effective Testing Matrix for Studying Membrane Durability in PEM Fuel Cells: Part I. Chemical Durability conference January 2006
Confinement Effects on Watery Domains in Hydrated Block Copolymer Electrolyte Membranes journal October 2010
Time-dependent mechanical behavior of proton exchange membrane fuel cell electrodes journal January 2014
Progress Toward Accurate Through-Plane Membrane Resistance and Conductivity Measurement journal September 2009
Nanocomposite membranes of Nafion and Fe3O4-anchored and Nafion-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes exhibiting high proton conductivity and low methanol permeability for direct methanol fuel cells journal January 2013
Low water uptake content and low water/methanol transport in CP/Nafion hybrid membrane with high non-hydrogen bonding journal September 2005
Determination of a Micron-Scale Restricted Structure in a Perfluorinated Membrane from Time-Dependent Self-Diffusion Measurements journal November 2008
Acceleration of Chemical Degradation of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Ionomer Membrane by Mechanical Stress: Experimental Evidence conference January 2010
Thermal Stability of Nafion® in Simulated Fuel Cell Environments journal January 1996
An experimental study of Schroeder's paradox in Nafion and Dowex polymer electrolytes journal November 2006
Small-Angle Scattering Study of Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer Solutions journal March 1997
Signal Enhanced FTIR Analysis of Alignment in NAFION Thin Films at SiO 2 and Au Interfaces journal December 2015
Water sorption–desorption in Nafion® membranes at low temperature, probed by micro X-ray diffraction journal October 2007
Effect of perfluorosulfonic acid membrane equivalent weight on degradation under accelerated stress conditions journal June 2013
Dual cohesive energy densities of perfluorosulphonic acid (Nafion) membrane journal April 1980
Composite Fuel Cell Membranes from Dual-Nanofiber Electrospun Mats journal September 2011
Constitutive response and mechanical properties of PFSA membranes in liquid water journal January 2010
Structure and Acoustic Properties of Hydrated Nafion Membranes journal July 2009
Water sorption, desorption and transport in Nafion membranes journal September 2007
Optically Transparent Porous Medium for Nondestructive Studies of Microbial Biofilm Architecture and Transport Dynamics journal August 2005
Performance Evaluation of a Regenerative Hydrogen-Bromine Fuel Cell journal January 2012
NMR Investigation of the Dynamics of Confined Water in Nafion-Based Electrolyte Membranes at Subfreezing Temperatures journal September 2009
Effects of Polymer Morphology on Proton Solvation and Transport in Proton-Exchange Membranes journal August 2012
Nafion®/(organically modified silicate) nanocomposites via polymer in situ sol-gel reactions: Mechanical tensile properties: Nafion®/(Organically Modified Silicate) journal August 2002
High-Pressure Electrical Conductivity and NMR Studies in Variable Equivalent Weight NAFION Membranes journal January 1996
A Hydrogen-Bromine Cell for Energy Storage Applications journal January 1980
Influence of the cationic form of an ion-exchange membrane in the permeability and solubility of methanol/water mixtures journal June 2015
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Water Permeation across Nafion Membrane Interfaces journal July 2014
Annealing effect of perfluorosulfonated ionomer membranes on proton conductivity and methanol permeability journal January 2007
Ethanol/water mixture permeation through a Nafion® based membrane electrode assembly journal September 2007
Conductance of Nafion 117 membranes as a function of temperature and water content journal April 1995
An Experimental Study of the Effects of Operational History on Activity Changes in a PEMFC journal January 2013
Effects of Ion Exchange on the Free Volume and Oxygen Permeation in Nafion for Fuel Cells journal February 2009
Analysis of Oxygen Transport Resistance of Nafion Thin Film on Pt Electrode journal March 2013
Carbon Nanotubes Based Nafion Composite Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications journal February 2010
Adsorption of Gases in Multimolecular Layers journal February 1938
Novel Organic−Inorganic Hybrids with Increased Water Retention for Elevated Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Application journal October 2008
The effect of relative humidity on the gas permeability and swelling in PFSI membranes journal April 2012
Sorption and diffusion behaviors of water in Nation 117 membranes with different counter ions journal September 2002
Application of a micro/macro-homogenization procedure to the investigation of the mechanical behavior of ionomer membranes for fuel cells journal September 2014
Oxygen and hydrogen permeation properties and water uptake of Nafion® 117 membrane and recast film for PEM fuel cell journal January 1997
Swelling and permeability of Nafion®117 in water–methanol solutions: An experimental and modelling investigation journal July 2011
Viscosity of Nafion Oligomers as a Function of Hydration and Counterion Type: A Molecular Dynamics Study journal November 2014
Mechanical properties of catalyst coated membranes for fuel cells journal July 2013
Zirconium phosphate Nafion® composites — a microstructure-based explanation of mechanical and conductivity properties journal October 2006
Selective hydration of the ‘short-side-chain’ perfluorosulfonic acid membrane. An ONIOM study journal April 2007
The nature of proton transport in fully hydrated Nafion® journal February 2002
Effect of compression on PFSA-ionomer morphology and predicted conductivity changes journal December 2012
Characterizing the fracture resistance of proton exchange membranes journal October 2008
Perfluorosulfonated membrane (Nafion): FT-IR study of the state of water with increasing humidity journal January 1999
Dispersion of Rod-like Particles of Nafion in Salt-Free Water/1-Propanol and Water/Ethanol Solutions journal December 2014
Determination of O 2 Mass Transport at the Pt | PFSA Ionomer Interface under Reduced Relative Humidity journal December 2015
Ion‐Transporting Composite Membranes: III . Selectivity and Rate of Ion Transport in Nafion‐Impregnated Gore‐Tex Membranes Prepared by a High‐Temperature Solution Casting Method journal October 1990
Electroosmotic drag in polymer electrolyte membranes: an electrophoretic NMR study journal October 1999
An overview of electro-osmosis in fuel cell polymer electrolytes journal May 2006
Non-Fickian Diffusion of Water in Nafion journal May 2010
The Effect of Na[sup +] Impurities on the Conductivity and Water Uptake of Nafion 115 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Membranes journal January 2010
Resolving the Contradiction between Anomalously High Water Uptake and Low Conductivity of Nanothin Nafion films on SiO 2 Substrate journal October 2015
A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Transport Properties of Water in a Perfluorosulfonic Acid Proton Exchange Membrane Doped with the Heteropoly Acids, H 3 PW 12 O 40 or H 4 SiW 12 O 40 journal December 2013
Block Copolymers for Fuel Cells journal January 2011
Effect of multiwalled carbon nanotube loading on the properties of Nafion® membranes journal October 2014
An original laboratory X-ray diffraction method for in situ investigations on the water dynamics in a fuel cell proton exchange membrane journal September 2008
New Multi Acid Side-Chain Ionomers for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells conference January 2010
Gas Permeation in SPE Method journal January 1985
The effect of membrane thickness on the conductivity of Nafion journal March 2006
Nafion Structural Phenomena at Platinum and Carbon Interfaces journal December 2009
Thermal stability and decomposition of nafion® membranes with different cations journal January 2004
Anisotropic Proton Conduction in Aligned Block Copolymer Electrolyte Membranes at Equilibrium with Humid Air journal January 2010
Supercritical fluid CO 2 processing and counter ion substitution of nafion® membranes journal November 2012
The effects of thermal annealing on commercial Nafion® membranes journal July 2007
The effect of molecular weight on cation mobility in polymer electrolytes journal March 1993
Mechanisms of Ion and Water Transport in Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer Membranes for Fuel Cells journal October 2004
Proton Transport Property in Supported Nafion Nanothin Films by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy journal January 2014
CO2 permeability in Nafion® EW1100 at elevated temperature journal April 2007
Chemical and morphological properties of solution-cast perfluorosulfonate ionomers journal September 1988
Composite membranes for fuel-cell applications journal January 1992
Water and methanol transport in Nafion membranes with different cationic forms journal September 2006
Understanding Impacts of Catalyst-Layer Thickness on Fuel-Cell Performance via Mathematical Modeling journal January 2016
Measurement of water content distribution in catalyst coated membranes under water permeation conditions by magnetic resonance imaging journal May 2011
FTIR-ATR Study of Water Distribution in a Short-Side-Chain PFSI Membrane journal February 2012
Chemical and Ionic Conductivity Degradation of Ultra-Thin Ionomer Film by X-ray Beam Exposure journal January 2013
Interaction of poly(methyl methacrylate) and nafions journal February 1991
Flexible, Polymer-Supported, Si Wire Array Photoelectrodes journal June 2010
Proton conduction of Nafion® 117 membrane between 140 K and room temperature journal October 1994
Water Uptake of Fuel-Cell Catalyst Layers journal January 2012
In-situ Measurement of Crystalline Lattice Strains in Polytetrafluoroethylene journal August 2007
Subsecond Morphological Changes in Nafion during Water Uptake Detected by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering journal November 2011
Electrical relaxation in in situ dried acid-form nafion journal February 1994
Aromatic Ionomers with Highly Acidic Sulfonate Groups: Acidity, Hydration, and Proton Conductivity journal November 2011
Humidity-Dependent Structure of Surface Water on Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer Thin Film Studied by Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy journal February 2010
Time-Dependent Mass Transport for O2 Reduction at the Pt   Perfluorosulfonic Acid Ionomer Interface journal October 2014
Effects of water freezing on the mechanical properties of nafion membranes journal August 2012
Transport and equilibrium properties of Nafion® membranes with H+ and Na+ ions journal January 1998
Free volume and permeabilities of O2 and H2 in Nafion membranes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells journal June 2008
In-Depth Profiling of Degradation Processes in a Fuel Cell: 2D Spectral-Spatial FTIR Spectra of Nafion Membranes journal January 2012
Nafion degradation in PEFCs from end plate iron contamination journal May 2003
Backbone Dynamics of the Nafion Ionomer Studied by19F-13C Solid-State NMR journal October 2007
Elucidating Water Transport Mechanisms in Nafion Thin Films journal September 2014
Water States in Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry journal December 2008
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nafion Oligomer Solvation in Equimolar Methanol−Water Mixture journal August 2001
Effect of Molecular Weight on Hydrated Morphologies of the Short-Side-Chain Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membrane journal May 2009
Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Nafion Composite Membrane for Fuel Cell Applications journal January 2006
Beyond Nafion: Charged Macromolecules Tailored for Performance as Ionic Polymer Transducers journal November 2008
Morphology and properties of Nafion membranes prepared by solution casting journal March 2009
Water diffusion measurement in fuel-cell SPE membrane by NMR journal February 2005
Influence of hygrothermal aging on the gas and water transport properties of Nafion® membranes journal February 2014
Quantifying the Structural Changes of Perfluorosulfonated Acid Ionomer upon Reaction with Hydroxyl Radicals journal May 2013
Zeolite-based composite membranes for high temperature direct methanol fuel cells journal February 2005
Novel technique for measuring oxygen crossover through the membrane in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells journal July 2013
Thermodynamic considerations on the stability of water in Nafion journal July 2007
Quasielastic Neutron Scattering Study of Water Dynamics in Hydrated Nafion Membranes journal January 2007
Scientific Aspects of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability and Degradation journal October 2007
A Study of Capillary Porous Structure and Sorption Properties of Nafion Proton-Exchange Membranes Swollen in Water journal January 1998
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Microstructure and Molecular Mobilities in Swollen Nafion Membranes journal October 2001
Pervaporation separation of dimethyl carbonate/methanol mixtures with regenerated perfluoro-ion-exchange membranes in chlor-alkali industry journal February 2013
PEMFC contamination model: Foreign cation exchange with ionomer protons journal August 2011
Small-angle neutron scattering investigation of structural changes in nafion membranes induced by swelling with various solvents journal January 2002
Transport of methanol and water through Nafion membranes journal May 2004
Atomistic Simulation of Nafion Membrane:  I. Effect of Hydration on Membrane Nanostructure journal July 2007
Prediction of anisotropic transport in Nafion containing catalyst layers journal January 2010
Patterning with block copolymer thin films journal February 2005
Spatial and temporal mapping of water content across Nafion membranes under wetting and drying conditions journal October 2008
The Influence of Electric Field on Crossover in Redox-Flow Batteries journal July 2015
Composite membranes based on Nafion® and plasma treated clay charges: Elaboration and water sorption investigations journal March 2011
Characterization of electrosprayed Nafion films journal April 2004
Modeling, simulation, and design criteria for photoelectrochemical water-splitting systems journal January 2012
Unprecedented Structural Sensitivity toward Average Terrace Width: Nafion Adsorption at Pt{ hkl } Electrodes journal August 2011
Water crystallization inside fuel cell membranes probed by X-ray scattering journal March 2011
Interpretation of small-angle x-ray and neutron scattering data for perfluorosulfonated ionomer membranes journal August 1986
Vibrational and thermal characterization of Nafion® membranes substituted by alkaline earth cations journal July 2004
Advanced grazing-incidence techniques for modern soft-matter materials analysis journal January 2015
Free volume and percolation in S-SEBS and fluorocarbon proton conducting membranes journal December 2002
Pore Size Distribution and Water Uptake in Hydrocarbon and Perfluorinated Proton‐Exchange Membranes as Studied by NMR Cryoporometry journal July 2008
PFG-NMR approach to determining the water transport mechanism in polymer electrolyte membranes conditioned at different temperatures journal March 2010
Characterization of the Solvation and Transport of the Hydrated Proton in the Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membrane Nafion journal September 2006
Modeling Transport in Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells journal October 2004
Relationship between ionic conductivity of perfluorinated ionomeric membranes and nonaqueous solvent properties journal March 2001
Nanophase Structure and Diffusion in Swollen Perfluorosulfonate Ionomer:  An NMR Approach journal June 2003
Langmuir–Blodgett films of different ionomeric polymers deposited on electrode surfaces journal September 2004
Effective diffusivity in partially-saturated carbon-fiber gas diffusion layers: Effect of through-plane saturation distribution journal July 2015
XPS Analysis of Polymer Membrane Degradation in PEMFCs journal January 2009
Phase Behavior and Microdomain Structure in Perfluorosulfonated Ionomers via Self-Consistent Mean Field Theory journal May 2002
Properties of Nafion® NR-211 membranes for PEMFCs journal July 2010
Nafion–Zirconium Phosphate Nanocomposite Membranes with High Filler Loadings: Conductivity and Mechanical Properties journal July 2008
Processing and Pretreatment Effects on Vanadium Transport in Nafion Membranes journal October 2015
Comparison of two accelerated Nafion™ degradation experiments journal January 2008
Using Indentation to Quantify Transport Properties of Nanophase-Segregated Polymer Thin Films journal July 2015
Electro-osmosis in Nafion 117, Polystyrene Sulfonic Acid, and Polybenzimidazole journal January 2005
Nanostructure/Swelling Relationships of Bulk and Thin-Film PFSA Ionomers journal May 2016
Ionic Conductivity of an Extruded Nafion 1100 EW Series of Membranes journal January 2002
Nature of Water Transport and Electro-Osmosis in Nafion: Insights from First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Simulations under an Electric Field journal September 2008
Effects of Synchrotron Radiation on Fuel Cell Materials journal January 2012
Methanol-Water Solution Transport in Nafion Membranes with Different Cationic Forms journal March 2011
Thickness dependence of thermally induced changes in surface and bulk properties of Nafion ® nanofilms journal March 2016
In-Situ Measurement of Electroosmotic Drag Coefficient in Nafion Membrane for the PEMFC journal November 2011
Welding of Nafion® – The influence of time, temperature and pressure journal December 2014
Mechanical properties of Nafion™ electrolyte membranes under hydrated conditions journal November 2005
Characterizing Through-Plane and In-Plane Ionic Conductivity of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes conference January 2011
Thermodynamics of water sorption by perfluorosulphonate (Nafion-117) and polystyrene–divinylbenzene sulphonate (Dowex 50W) ion-exchange resins at 298 ± 1 K
  • Pushpa, K. K.; Nandan, Deoki; Iyer, R. M.
  • Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 1: Physical Chemistry in Condensed Phases, Vol. 84, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/f19888402047
journal January 1988
Pore-Water Morphological Transitions in Polymer Electrolyte of a Fuel Cell journal January 2009
Steady-State Diffusion Coefficients for Water in Nafion in the Absence of Inert Gas journal January 2012
On the development of proton conducting materials for technological applications journal May 1997
Characteristics of water transport in relation to microscopic structure in Nafion membranes journal January 1996
Hydration behavior of perfluorinated and hydrocarbon-type proton exchange membranes: Relationship between morphology and proton conduction journal January 2009
Stretched Recast Nafion for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells journal January 2007
Proton Solvation and Transport in Realistic Proton Exchange Membrane Morphologies journal February 2016
Proton conductivity along interface in thin cast film of Nafion® journal February 2002
Possible presence of hydrophilic SO 3 H nanoclusters on the surface of dry ultrathin Nafion® films: a positron annihilation study journal January 2013
Interpretation of the Small-Angle X-ray Scattering from Swollen and Oriented Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes journal May 2000
Gas-Crossover and Membrane-Pinhole Effects in Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells journal January 2008
Neutron Imaging of Water Transport in Polymer-Electrolyte Membranes and Membrane-Electrode Assemblies journal August 2013
Gas permeation in perflurosulfonated membranes: Influence of temperature and relative humidity journal September 2013
Transient behavior of water transport in the membrane of a PEM fuel cell journal May 2004
Morphology of Supported Polymer Electrolyte Ultrathin Films: A Numerical Study journal December 2014
Proton Exchange Membrane Performance Characterization in VRFB conference January 2012
Small-angle x-ray scattering study of perfluorinated ionomer membranes. 1. Origin of two scattering maxima journal September 1981
Properties and Fuel Cell Performance of a Nanofiber Composite Membrane with 660 Equivalent Weight Perfluorosulfonic Acid journal January 2013
Morphology of Hydrated As-Cast Nafion Revealed through Cryo Electron Tomography journal December 2014
Visualising Liquid Water in PEM Fuel Cells Using Neutron Imaging journal October 2009
Does thermal treatment merely make a H 2 O-saturated Nafion membrane lose its absorbed water at high temperature? journal January 2015
Low Temperature Membrane Properties journal July 2006
Solvent effects during multicomponent ion uptake into a Nafion cation-exchange membrane journal September 2009
State of water and ionic conductivity of solid polymer electrolyte membranes in relation to polymer actuators journal June 2001
Development of Thin, Reinforced PEMFC Membranes through Understanding of Structure-Property-Performance Relationships journal March 2013
Channel orientation anisotropy in perfluorosulfonic acid/SiO2 composite proton exchange membranes: Water self-diffusion study using NMR journal September 2011
A theoretical study of membrane constraint in polymer-electrolyte fuel cells journal January 2004
Self-diffusion coefficients of water in Nafion-117 membrane with multivalent counterions journal November 2006
Local Probe and Conduction Distribution of Proton Exchange Membranes journal June 2007
Broadband dielectric spectroscopic studies of molecular motions in a Nafion® membrane vs. annealing time and temperature journal April 2012
Measurement of Water Transport Properties Through Membrane-Electrode Assemblies journal January 2007
On the swelling properties of proton conducting membranes for direct methanol fuel cells journal April 2007
TEOM: A novel technique for investigating sorption in proton-exchange membranes journal June 2005
Effects of hydrothermal/thermal treatments on the water-uptake of Nafion membranes and relations with changes of conformation, counter-elastic force and tensile modulus of the matrix journal April 2008
Sorption and transport of methanol and ethanol in H+-nafion journal March 2012
Water sorption in Nafion® membranes analyzed with an improved dual-mode sorption model—Structure/property relationships journal July 2013
Thermodynamics of solvation of ions. Part 5.—Gibbs free energy of hydration at 298.15 K journal January 1991
Sorption and permeation of solutions of chloride salts, water and methanol in a Nafion membrane journal September 2006
Water orientation and ion solvation effects during multicomponent salt partitioning in a Nafion cation exchange membrane journal January 1994
In Situ High-Resolution Neutron Radiography of Cross-Sectional Liquid Water Profiles in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells journal January 2008
Mathematical Modelling of Cation Contamination in a Proton-exchange Membrane journal December 2008
Permeability of water in poly(perfluorosulfonic) acid membrane with different counterions journal May 2007
Nanocharacterization and Nanofabrication of a Nafion Thin Film in Liquids by Atomic Force Microscopy journal March 2006
Kinetic Simulation of the Chemical Stabilization Mechanism in Fuel Cell Membranes Using Cerium and Manganese Redox Couples journal January 2011
Force field generation and molecular dynamics simulations of Li+–Nafion journal March 2010
Water Uptake of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes from Liquid Water and Water Vapor journal January 1994
Characteristics of Microscopic Proton Current Flow Distributions in Fresh and Aged Nafion Membranes journal April 2010
Structure and transport properties of solution-cast Nafion® membranes subjected to hygrothermal aging journal May 2013
Oxygen permeation studies on alternative proton exchange membranes designed for elevated temperature operation journal June 2003
Degradation Study of MEA for PEMFCs under Low Humidity Conditions journal January 2004
Electrochemical/Mechanical Coupling in Ion-Conducting Soft Matter journal October 2015
Oriented Morphology and Anisotropic Transport in Uniaxially Stretched Perfluorosulfonate Ionomer Membranes journal July 2011
Effect of Water on the Low Temperature Conductivity of Polymer Electrolytes journal March 2006
Modified Nafion®-based membranes for use in direct methanol fuel cells journal September 2002
Water Uptake and Swelling Hysteresis in a Nafion Thin Film Measured with Neutron Reflectometry journal May 2015
Ordered Diblock Copolymer Films on Random Copolymer Brushes journal November 1997
Proton Solvation and Transport in Hydrated Nafion journal May 2011
Measurement of the Young's modulus of Nafion membranes by Brillouin light scattering journal December 2010
Water sorption and ionic diffusion in short side chain perfluorosulfonate ionomer membranes journal April 1992
Thermodynamic properties of a small droplet of water around an ion in a compressible matrix journal November 1983
Electro-osmosis and Water Uptake in Polymer Electrolytes in Equilibrium with Water Vapor at Low Temperatures journal January 2009
Effect of Recast Temperature on Diffusion and Dissolution of Oxygen and Morphological Properties in Recast Nafion journal January 2004
Interplay between Mechanical, Electrical, and Thermal Relaxations in Nanocomposite Proton Conducting Membranes Based on Nafion and a [(ZrO 2 )·(Ta 2 O 5 ) 0.119 ] Core–Shell Nanofiller journal November 2012
Poroelectroelastic theory of water sorption and swelling in polymer electrolyte membranes journal January 2011
PEM Fuel Cell Operation at −20°C. journal January 2008
Temperature Dependence of Ion and Water Transport in Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes for Fuel Cells journal March 2005
Durable and high performance Nafion membrane prepared through high-temperature annealing methodology journal September 2010
Predicting water uptake in poly(perfluorosulfonic acids) using force field simulation methods journal January 2010
The Effect of Heteropoly Acids on Stability of PFSA PEMs under Fuel Cell Operation journal January 2007
Self-Diffusion of Ions in Nafion-117 Membrane Having Mixed Ionic Composition journal January 2012
Electrochemical atomic force microscopy study of proton conductivity in a Nafion membrane journal January 2007
A statistical mechanical model for the calculation of the permittivity of water in hydrated polymer electrolyte membrane pores journal October 2001
Alcohol and Proton Transport in Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes for Fuel Cells journal December 2006
Diffusion and Sorption of Methanol and Water in Nafion Using Time-Resolved Fourier Transform Infrared−Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy journal November 2007
Proton friction and diffusion coefficients in hydrated polymer electrolyte membranes: Computations with a non-equilibrium statistical mechanical model journal October 2001
The Importance of Ion Selectivity of Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Membrane for the Performance of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells journal December 2015
Atomistic simulation and molecular dynamics of model systems for perfluorinated ionomer membranes journal January 1999
Mass transport of electrolytes in membranes. 2. Determination of sodium chloride equilibrium and transport parameters for Nafion journal May 1984
Excess Proton Solvation and Delocalization in a Hydrophilic Pocket of the Proton Conducting Polymer Membrane Nafion journal March 2005
Multilamellar Interface Structures in Nafion journal July 2009
Solution-cast Nafion® ionomer membranes: preparation and characterization journal August 2004
Simultaneous Transport of Water and Organic Molecules through Polyelectrolyte Membranes journal July 2004
The effect of humidity on the degradation of Nafion® membrane journal September 2009
Antiplasticization and Water Uptake of Nafion Thin Films journal January 2012
Temperature-Dependent Dynamics of Water Confined in Nafion Membranes journal July 2006
Observation of Interface Between Pt Electrode and Nafion Membrane journal January 2003
Procedure for preparing solution-cast perfluorosulfonate ionomer films and membranes journal October 1986
Surface Observation of Solvent-Impregnated Nafion Membrane with Atomic Force Microscopy journal August 2004
Ion transport and clustering in nafion perfluorinated membranes journal February 1983
Parallel cylindrical water nanochannels in Nafion fuel-cell membranes journal December 2007
Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Model journal January 1991
Buckling deformation of polymer electrolyte membrane and membrane electrode assembly under humidity cycles journal May 2012
Reduction of water loading effects in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry by a Nafion membrane dryer device journal January 1998
Characterization of Surface Ionic Activity of Proton Conductive Membranes by Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy journal February 2006
Molecular modeling of the proton density distribution in a water-filled slab-like nanopore bounded by Pt oxide and ionomer journal March 2016
N.m.r. relaxation in Nafion—the low temperature regime journal May 1999
The Grotthuss mechanism journal October 1995
Towards a Consistent Interpretation of Electro-osmotic Drag in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes journal March 2016
Formation and Structure of Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer Thin Film on a Graphite Surface journal September 2009
Thermodynamics and Proton Transport in Nafion journal January 2005
Effect of Bulk and Surface Treatments on the Surface Ionic Activity of Nafion Membranes journal January 2007
Water uptake and salt transport through Nafion cation-exchange membranes with different thicknesses journal April 2012
Viscoelastic properties of Nafion at elevated temperature and humidity: Stress Relaxation of Nafion journal November 2008
Water transport in liquid and vapour equilibrated Nafion™ membranes journal August 2009
Evidence of Elongated Polymeric Aggregates in Nafion journal May 2002
Time/Space-Resolved Studies of the Nafion Membrane Hydration Profile in a Running Fuel Cell journal November 2008
High Pressure NMR Study of Water Self-Diffusion in NAFION-117 Membrane journal March 2004
Elucidating the Ionomer-Electrified Metal Interface journal December 2010
Using Surface Active Random Copolymers To Control the Domain Orientation in Diblock Copolymer Thin Films journal October 1998
Hygro-thermal mechanical behavior of Nafion during constrained swelling journal April 2011
Accelerated Testing and Lifetime Modeling for the Development of Durable Fuel Cell MEAs conference January 2006
The contact angle between water and the surface of perfluorosulphonic acid membranes journal January 1993
Three Phase Interfaces at Electrified Metal−Solid Electrolyte Systems 1. Study of the Pt( hkl )−Nafion Interface journal April 2010
Impact of Substrate and Processing on Confinement of Nafion Thin Films journal April 2014
Improving the Gas Barrier Properties of Nafion via Thermal Annealing: Evidence for Diffusion through Hydrophilic Channels and Matrix journal May 2015
Small-angle neutron scattering of perfluorosulfonated ionomers in solution journal October 1986
Complex impedance studies of S-SEBS block polymer proton-conducting membranes journal March 2001
Model of Water Sorption and Swelling in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes: Diagnostic Applications journal June 2015
CeO 2 Surface Oxygen Vacancy Concentration Governs in Situ Free Radical Scavenging Efficacy in Polymer Electrolytes journal September 2012
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Solvation and Transport of H3O+ and OH- Ions in Water journal April 1995
The swelling of rubber in liquid and vapour (schroeder's paradox) journal August 1966
Hybrids perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer and silicon oxide membrane for application in ion-exchange polymer-metal composite actuators journal September 2009
Role of conditioning on water uptake and hydraulic permeability of Nafion® membranes journal August 2006
Water Transport Behavior in Nafion 117 Membranes journal January 1995
An infrared study of the effects of hydration on cation-loaded nafion thin films journal June 2000
Anisotropic ionic conductivity in uniaxially oriented perfluorosulfonate ionomers journal September 1995
Berechnung verschiedener physikalischer Konstanten von heterogenen Substanzen. I. Dielektrizitätskonstanten und Leitfähigkeiten der Mischkörper aus isotropen Substanzen journal January 1935
High-resolution imaging of ion conductivity of Nafion® membranes with electrochemical atomic force microscopy journal December 2009
Ammonia permeabilities of perfluorosulfonic membranes in various ionic forms journal April 1992
Ionic Conductivity of Bulk, Gels and Solutions of Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes journal May 1991
Effect of time-dependent material properties on the mechanical behavior of PFSA membranes subjected to humidity cycling journal September 2012
Unexplained transport resistances for low-loaded fuel-cell catalyst layers journal January 2014
Stretching Effect on Nafion Fibrillar Nanostructure journal December 2007
The effect of water content on proton transport in polymer electrolyte membranes journal December 2002
Interplay between Structure and Relaxations in Perfluorosulfonic Acid Proton Conducting Membranes journal December 2012
An n.m.r. investigation of the dynamical characteristics of water absorbed in Nafion journal May 1999
The Curious Case of the Hydrated Proton journal August 2011
Biomimetic, low power pumps based on soft actuators journal March 2007
Investigation of ionomer structure through its dependence on ion exchange capacity (IEC) journal February 2012
Variational Models of Network Formation and Ion Transport: Applications to Perfluorosulfonate Ionomer Membranes journal February 2012
Counter-ions diffusion properties of silica embedded poly(perfluorosulfonic) acid membrane journal October 2011
Properties of Nafion membranes under PEM water electrolysis conditions journal August 2011
Permeation of electrolyte water–methanol solutions through a Nafion membrane journal December 2003
Characterization of polymer electrolytes for fuel cell applications journal March 1993
Adsorption properties of water vapor on sulfonated perfluoropolymer membranes journal March 2007
Accurate measurement of the through-plane water content of proton-exchange membranes using neutron radiography journal November 2012
Study of Self-Diffusion of Monovalent and Divalent Cations in Nafion-117 Ion-Exchange Membrane journal September 2001
Mechanics-based model for non-affine swelling in perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes journal May 2009
Morphological features (defects) in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies journal July 2006
Characterizing fracture energy of proton exchange membranes using a knife slit test journal February 2010
Measuring oxygen, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide diffusion coefficient and solubility in Nafion membranes journal November 2009
Redox flow batteries a review journal September 2011
Understanding the Effects of Compression and Constraints on Water Uptake of Fuel-Cell Membranes journal January 2011
Proton NMR Relaxometry Study of Nafion Membranes Modified with Ionic Liquid Cations journal July 2011
Accelerated Testing Validation conference January 2011
An infrared study of water–ion interactions in perfluorosulfonate (Nafion) membranes journal May 1984
Ion and water transport characteristics of Nafion membranes as electrolytes journal August 1998
Effects of membrane thickness and membrane preparation condition on facilitated transport of CO2 through ionomer membrane journal December 1999
Time-dependent mechanical response of a composite PFSA membrane journal April 2013
Design of Cluster-free Polymer Electrolyte Membranes and Implications on Proton Conductivity journal September 2012
An instrument for environmental control of vapor pressure and temperature for tensile creep and other mechanical property measurements journal October 2007
A Computer Simulation Study of the Mesoscopic Structure of the Polyelectrolyte Membrane Nafion journal June 2003
Conductivity of polymer electrolyte membranes by impedance spectroscopy with microelectrodes journal August 2005
Evolution of Water Distribution in PEMFC during On/Off Cycling journal August 2011
Increased Water Retention in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes at Elevated Temperatures Assisted by Capillary Condensation journal November 2007
Paradoxes of Thermodynamics of Swelling Equilibria of Polymers in Liquids and Vapors journal December 2011
Diblock copolymers under confinement journal August 1995
Hygrothermal characterization of the viscoelastic properties of Gore-Select® 57 proton exchange membrane journal August 2008
Low temperature thermal properties of Nafion 117 membranes in water and methanol-water mixtures journal October 2006
Insight into the Structure and Nanoscale Conductivity of Fluorinated Ionomer Membranes journal January 2014
Redox-active radical scavenging nanomaterials journal January 2010
Characterization of polymer electrolyte Nafion membranes: Influence of temperature, heat treatment and drying protocol on sorption and transport properties journal February 2012
High Resolution Neutron Radiography Imaging of Operating PEM Fuel Cells: Effect of Flow Configuration and Gravity on Water Distribution journal August 2009
A Critical Review of Modeling Transport Phenomena in Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells journal January 2014
Tunable polymer multi-shape memory effect journal March 2010
NMR studies of proton transport in fuel cell membranes at sub-freezing conditions journal January 2011
Effect of Local Charge Distribution on Graphite Surface on Nafion Polymer Adsorption as Visualized at the Molecular Level journal July 2011
On Schroeder's paradox journal July 2006
Molecular dynamics studies of the Nafion®, Dow® and Aciplex® fuel-cell polymer membrane systems journal July 2007
Thermodynamics and Proton Transport in Nafion journal January 2005
The rate of isothermal hydration of polyperfluorosulfonic acid membranes journal May 1998
PEM Fuel Cell Properties of Pre-Stretched Recast Nafion® journal August 2009
ATR-FTIR Study of Water in Nafion Membrane Combined with Proton Conductivity Measurements during Hydration/Dehydration Cycle journal April 2011
Functionalized zeolite A–nafion composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells journal July 2007
Measuring moisture sorption and diffusion kinetics on proton exchange membranes using a gravimetric vapor sorption apparatus journal September 2006
Nanostructure of Nafion® membranes at different states of hydration journal November 2001
The effect of crystallinity on the fracture of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) journal September 2006
Correlation of In Situ and Ex Situ Measurements of Water Permeation Through Nafion NRE211 Proton Exchange Membranes journal January 2009
Block Copolymer Thin Films: Physics and Applications journal August 2001
Fuel Cell Membrane Characterizations journal April 2015
The structure and properties of ionomers journal January 1981
Investigation of membrane degradation in polymer electrolyte fuel cells using local gas permeation analysis journal August 2012
Neutron and X-ray Scattering: Suitable Tools for Studying Ionomer Membranes journal April 2005
Insights on the Study of Nafion Nanoscale Morphology by Transmission Electron Microscopy journal December 2013
Thermodynamics of Water Vapor Uptake in Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes journal June 1999
AFM Imaging of Adsorbed Nafion Polymer on Mica and Graphite at Molecular Level journal August 2011
Variable temperature19F solid-state NMR study of the effect of electrostatic interactions on thermally-stimulated molecular motions in perfluorosulfonate ionomers journal January 2007
Nafion/PTFE/silicate composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells journal October 2006
Effect of solvent and crystal size on the selectivity of ZSM-5/Nafion composite membranes fabricated by solution-casting method journal December 2006
Molecular Modeling of the Short-Side-Chain Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membrane journal August 2005
Modelling of morphology and proton transport in PFSA membranes journal January 2007
Cold Start of a Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cell I. Development of a Two-Dimensional Model journal January 2011
Physical and chemical modification routes leading to improved mechanical properties of perfluorosulfonic acid membranes for PEM fuel cells journal July 2013
Solution properties of nafion in methanol/water mixture solvent journal April 2004
Influence of temperature and humidity on the mechanical properties of Nafion® 117 polymer electrolyte membrane: Mechanical Properties of Nafion® 117 journal February 2005
Elastic energy in microscopically phase-separated swollen polymer networks journal January 2002
Nafion Titania Nanotubes Nanocomposite Electrolytes for High-Temperature Direct Methanol Fuel Cells journal January 2012
Imaging heterogeneity and transport of degraded Nafion membranes journal January 2015
On the consequences of side chain flexibility and backbone conformation on hydration and proton dissociation in perfluorosulfonic acid membranes journal January 2006
Simulation Study of the Correlation between Structure and Conductivity in Stretched Nafion journal January 2009
The behavior of water in Nafion membranes journal January 1983
Morphology study of Nafion membranes prepared by solutions casting journal January 2005
Sodium Ion Diffusion in Nafion® Ion Exchange Membranes journal January 1980
Diffusion and Interfacial Transport of Water in Nafion journal March 2011
Electrospun Nafion®/Polyphenylsulfone Composite Membranes for Regenerative Hydrogen Bromine Fuel Cells journal February 2016
Fibrillar Structure of Nafion:  Matching Fourier and Real Space Studies of Corresponding Films and Solutions journal October 2004
On the decay of Nafion proton conductivity at high temperature and relative humidity journal November 2006
An experimental investigation of strain rate, temperature and humidity effects on the mechanical behavior of a perfluorosulfonic acid membrane journal September 2012
Diffusion of water and ethanol in ion-exchange membranes: limits of the geometric approach journal July 1999
Influence of Equivalent Weight of Ionomer on Local Oxygen Transport Resistance in Cathode Catalyst Layers journal January 2013
Molar mass distributions and viscosity behavior of perfluorinated sulfonic acid polyelectrolyte aqueous dispersions journal January 2005
Absorption, Desorption, and Transport of Water in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells journal January 2005
Structure-property relationship in ionomer membranes journal March 2010
The kinetics of water sorption in Nafion membranes: a small-angle neutron scattering study journal May 2011
Simulation of the Direct Methanol Fuel Cell journal January 2002
Water-sorption and transport properties of Nafion 117 H journal November 1993
Predicting the proton conductivity of perfluorosulfonic acid membrane via combining statistical thermodynamics and molecular dynamics simulation: Please Provide Copy journal August 2011
Equilibrium and diffusion of methanol and water in a nafion 117 membrane journal October 2000
Atomistic Simulations of Hydrated Nafion and Temperature Effects on Hydronium Ion Mobility journal June 2007
Self-diffusion of water, ethanol and decafluropentane in perfluorosulfonate ionomer by pulse field gradient NMR journal July 2001
The Ionic Conductivity of a Nafion® 1100 Series of Proton-exchange Membranes Re-cast from Butan-1-ol and Propan-2-ol journal March 2010
Aspects of the Chemical Degradation of PFSA Ionomers used in PEM Fuel Cells journal April 2005
Diffusion of Water in Nafion Using Time-Resolved Fourier Transform Infrared−Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy journal April 2009
Ion-containing polymers: new energy & clean water journal May 2010
Degradation Mitigation in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Using Cerium Oxide as a Regenerative Free-Radical Scavenger journal January 2008
Understanding the formation of pinholes in PFSA membranes with the essential work of fracture (EWF) journal February 2014
Composite Membranes for Medium-Temperature PEM Fuel Cells journal August 2003
Isotopic and Ion-Exchange Kinetics in the Nafion-117 Membrane journal March 2004
Nanofiber composite membranes with low equivalent weight perfluorosulfonic acid polymers journal January 2010
Multistep Thickening of Nafion Thin Films in Water journal September 2013
Strain-Based Temperature Memory Effect for Nafion and Its Molecular Origins journal April 2011
Studies of Water in Nafion Membranes: Using Deuteron and Oxygen‐17 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Dielectric Relaxation Techniques journal April 1993
High proton-conducting Nafion/calcium hydroxyphosphate composite membranes for fuel cells journal November 2004
Percolation conductivity in Nafion membranes journal February 1985
Inorganic–Polymer Composite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells journal September 2006
Diffusion of Water in Nafion 115 Membranes journal January 2000
Effects of Membrane- and Catalyst-Layer-Thickness Nonuniformities in Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells journal January 2007
Confinement-Driven Increase in Ionomer Thin-Film Modulus journal April 2014
Towards fuel cell membranes with improved lifetime: Aquivion® Perfluorosulfonic Acid membranes containing immobilized radical scavengers journal December 2014
Recast Nafion-117 thin film from water solution journal October 2000
A Comparative Study of Water Uptake By and Transport Through Ionomeric Fuel Cell Membranes journal January 1993
Vehicle Mechanism, A New Model for the Interpretation of the Conductivity of Fast Proton Conductors journal March 1982
The Chemical and Structural Nature of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Properties journal April 2005
Perfluorosulfonic ionomer solution inN,N-dimethylformamide journal January 2007
Nanophase segregation and water dynamics in hydrated Nafion: Molecular modeling and experimental validation journal November 2008
Zeolite–Nafion composites as ion conducting membrane materials journal August 2003
Nafion in Dilute Solvent Systems: Dispersion or Solution? journal November 2012
Atomic force microscopy studies on the dewetting of perfluorinated ionomer thin films journal December 2002
Study of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Degradation under OCV Hold Using Bilayer MEAs journal January 2010
Understanding Water Uptake and Transport in Nafion Using X-ray Microtomography journal March 2013
Water transport properties of Nafion membranes journal August 2003
A Historical Perspective of Fuel Cell Technology in the 20th Century journal January 2002
Inorganic–organic membranes based on Nafion, [(ZrO2)·(HfO2)0.25] and [(SiO2)·(HfO2)0.28] nanoparticles. Part II: Relaxations and conductivity mechanism journal April 2012
Insight from molecular modelling: does the polymer side chain length matter for transport properties of perfluorosulfonic acid membranes? journal January 2012
Molecular orientation study of uniaxially drawn nafion polymer electrolyte membranes utilizing polarized UV–Raman spectra journal January 2007
Detecting and localizing failure points in proton exchange membrane fuel cells using IR thermography journal May 2014
The role of internal pressure for the hydration and transport properties of ionomers and polyelectrolytes journal December 2013
High Performance Hydrogen/Bromine Redox Flow Battery for Grid-Scale Energy Storage journal January 2012
Hybrid inorganic-organic nanocomposite polymer electrolytes based on Nafion and fluorinated TiO2 for PEMFCs journal April 2012
Depression of proton conductivity in recast Nafion® film measured on flat substrate journal April 2009
Characteristics of Self-Assembled Ultrathin Nafion Films journal April 2013
Water in a polymeric electrolyte membrane: Sorption/desorption and freezing phenomena journal March 2014
The Effect of Impurity Cations on the Transport Characteristics of Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer Membranes journal April 1999
A Critical Revision of the Nano-Morphology of Proton Conducting Ionomers and Polyelectrolytes for Fuel Cell Applications journal June 2013
Study of Pt Electrode/Nafion Ionomer Interface in HClO[sub 4] by In Situ Surface-Enhanced FTIR Spectroscopy journal January 2006
The role of a metal ion within Nafion upon its physical and gas transport properties journal January 2014
Interfacial Water Transport Effects in Proton-Exchange Membranes journal November 2010
Anisotropic Diffusion and Morphology in Perfluorosulfonate Ionomers Investigated by NMR journal January 2009
Aspects of fatigue failure mechanisms in polymer fuel cell membranes journal August 2011
Water−Nafion Equilibria. Absence of Schroeder's Paradox journal August 2007
Birefringence study of drawn Nafion films journal January 2004
Theory for water management in membranes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells journal April 1999
Insight into the multiscale structure of pre-stretched recast Nafion® membranes: Focus on the crystallinity features journal April 2015
Time-Resolved Water Measurement in a PEM Fuel Cell Using High-Resolution Neutron Imaging Technique journal July 2010
Molecular modeling of the pendant chain in Nafion® journal December 1998
Molecular Simulation Study of Nafion Membrane Solvation in Water and Methanol journal May 2000
Gas Permeation Properties of Solid Polymer Electrolyte (SPE) Membranes journal June 1985
Configuration Changes of Conducting Channel Network in Nafion Membranes due to Thermal Annealing journal November 2010
Effect of SiO 2 on Relaxation Phenomena and Mechanism of Ion Conductivity of [Nafion/(SiO 2 ) x ] Composite Membranes journal December 2006
Effect of Hygrothermal Ageing on PFSA Ionomers' Structure/Property Relationship journal September 2015
Nanostructure and Transport Properties of Proton Conducting Self-Assembled Perfluorinated Surfactants: A Bottom-Up Approach toward PFSA Fuel Cell Membranes journal August 2015
Effect of Mechanical Compression on Chemical Degradation of Nafion Membranes journal January 2014
Application of the group contribution approach to Nafion swelling journal February 2009
The effect of water content on chain dynamics in nafion membranes measured by neutron spin echo and dielectric spectroscopy journal February 2014
Direct measurement of through-plane thermal conductivity and contact resistance in fuel cell materials journal October 2006
Morphological differences in short side chain and long side chain perfluorosulfonic acid proton exchange membranes at low and high water contents journal January 2013
Fast proton conductivity: A phenomenon between the solid and the liquid state? journal February 1997
Small-Angle Scattering Study of Water-Swollen Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes journal December 1997
Hydrogen Bromine Redox Flow Battery Cell Performance Study journal June 2012
Thermal Behavior of Nafion Membranes journal January 1999
Adsorption Behavior of Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Ionomer on Highly Graphitized Carbon Nanofibers and Their Thermal Stabilities journal May 2014
The morphology in nafion perfluorinated membrane products, as determined by wide- and small-angle x-ray studies journal November 1981
Mass transfer in Nation membrane systems: Effects of ionic size and charge on selectivity journal May 1991
Structural evolution of water swollen perfluorosulfonated ionomers from dry membrane to solution journal July 2000
Characterization of Water in Proton-Conducting Membranes by Deuterium NMR T 1 Relaxation journal February 2011
Dynamic Behavior of Water within a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Membrane at Low Hydration Levels journal January 2005
Investigation of proton diffusion in Nafion®117 membrane by electrical conductivity and NMR journal May 2009
Structural and transport properties of Nafion in hydrobromic-acid solutions journal December 2013
Ion and Water Transport Characteristics of Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer Membranes with H + and Alkali Metal Cations journal February 2002
Gas Permeation through Nafion. Part 1: Measurements journal October 2015
Uncovering the Structure of Nafion-SiO 2 Hybrid Ionomer Membranes for Prospective Large-Scale Energy Storage Devices journal May 2015
Ion and Water Transport Characteristics in Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Containing H[sup +] and Ca[sup 2+] Cations journal January 1997
Controlling Nafion Structure and Properties via Wetting Interactions journal May 2012
Effects of Incorporation of Fluorocarbon and Hydrocarbon Surfactants into Perfluorosulfonic Acid (Nafion) Membranes journal July 1994
Advanced materials for improved PEMFC performance and life journal May 2004
Thermolytic degradation behavior of inorganic ion-exchanger incorporated Nafion-117 journal July 1998
Design and performance of a Nafion dryer for continuous operation at CO2 and CH4 air monitoring sites journal January 2013
Microelectrode Investigation of Oxygen Permeation in Perfluorinated Proton Exchange Membranes with Different Equivalent Weights journal March 1996
Bromine Diffusion Through Nafion® Perfluorinated Ion Exchange Membranes journal January 1979
A Molecular Dynamics Study of a Nafion Polyelectrolyte Membrane and the Aqueous Phase Structure for Proton Transport journal March 2007
Study on physical and electrostatic interactions of counterions in poly(perfluorosulfonic) acid matrix: Characterization of diffusion properties of membrane using radiotracers journal May 2007
Short-side-chain proton conducting perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers: Why they perform better in PEM fuel cells journal April 2008
Mechanical Degradation Mechanism of Membrane Electrode Assemblies in Buckling Test Under Humidity Cycles journal November 2012
Quantitative impedance measurement using atomic force microscopy journal September 2004
Water-mediated transport in ion-containing polymers journal October 2011
Clustering of Ions in Organic Polymers. A Theoretical Approach journal March 1970
Evidence for sorption–desorption phenomena during thermal cycling in highly hydrated perfluorinated membranes journal October 1985
Humidity-Induced Phase Transitions in Ion-Containing Block Copolymer Membranes journal March 2008
Clipped Random Wave Morphologies and the Analysis of the SAXS of an Ionomer Formed by Copolymerization of Tetrafluoroethylene and CF 2 ═CFO(CF 2 ) 4 SO 3 H journal August 2009
Moving Beyond Mass-Based Parameters for Conductivity Analysis of Sulfonated Polymers journal June 2010
Mass spectrometry to quantify and compare the gas barrier properties of radiation grafted membranes and Nafion® journal December 2014
Relationship among Microstructure, Ionomer Property and Proton Transport in Pseudo Catalyst Layers journal January 2011
Distribution of the « micelles » in hydrated perfluorinated ionomer membranes from SANS experiments journal January 1990
Modeling of Conductive Transport in Proton-Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells journal January 2000
Interaction of H2O, CH3OH, (CH3)2O, CH3CN, and Pyridine with the Superacid Perfluorosulfonic Membrane Nafion: An IR and Raman Study journal August 1995
Equilibrium Swelling of Highly Cross-Linked Polymeric Resins journal October 1994
Imaging of Water Profiles in PEM Fuel Cells Using Neutron Radiography: Effect of Operating Conditions and GDL Composition journal September 2007
Sulfonated graphene oxide–silica for highly selective Nafion-based proton exchange membranes journal January 2014
Mesoscale Simulation of Proton Transport in Proton Exchange Membranes journal April 2012
Mesoscale Modeling of Hydrated Morphologies of 3M Perfluorosulfonic Acid-Based Fuel Cell Electrolytes journal September 2010
Donnan potential and surface potential of a charged membrane journal May 1985
Water Vapor Sorption Thermodynamics of the Nafion Ionomer Membrane journal July 2013
Ion Exchange Capacity of Nafion and Nafion Composites journal March 2000
Structure, properties and proton conductivity of nanocomposite membranes journal January 2010
Morphology of water transport channels and hydrophobic clusters in Nafion from high spatial resolution AFM-IR spectroscopy and imaging journal May 2013
Factors Which Affect the Permselectivity of Nafion® Membranes in Chlor‐Alkali Electrolysis, I journal September 1991
Far-infrared studies on Nafion and perfluoroimide acid (PFIA) and their alkali salts journal November 2014