Direct observation of ice nucleation events on individual atmospheric particles

Wang, Bingbing; Knopf, Daniel A.; China, Swarup; Arey, Bruce W.; Harder, Tristan H.; Gilles, Mary K.; Laskin, Alexander

doi:10.1039/c6cp05253c

Title: Direct observation of ice nucleation events on individual atmospheric particles

Journal Article · Fri Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2016 · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. PCCP (Print)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp05253c· OSTI ID:1340867

Wang, Bingbing; Knopf, Daniel A.; China, Swarup; Arey, Bruce W.; Harder, Tristan H.; Gilles, Mary K.; Laskin, Alexander

Heterogeneous ice nucleation is a physical chemistry process of critical relevance to a range of topics in the fundamental and the applied sciences and technologies. Heterogeneous ice nucleation remains insufficiently understood. This is in part due to the lack of experimental methods capable of in situ visualization of ice formation over nucleating substrates with microscopically characterized morphology and composition. We present development, validation and first applications of a novel electron microscopy platform allowing observation of individual ice nucleation events at temperature and relative humidity (RH) relevant for ice formation in a broad range of environmental and applied technology processes. The approach utilizes a custom-built ice nucleation cell, interfaced with an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (IN-ESEM system). The IN-ESEM system allows dynamic observations of individual ice formation events over particles of atmospheric relevance and determination of the ice nucleation mechanisms. Additional IN-ESEM experiments allow examination of the location of ice formation on the surface of individual particles and micro-spectroscopy analysis of the ice nucleating particles (INPs). This includes elemental composition detected by the energy dispersed analysis of X-rays (EDX), speciation of the organic content in particles using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy with near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (STXM/NEXAFS), and Helium ion microscopy (HeIM). The capabilities of the IN-ESEM experimental platform are demonstrated first on laboratory standards and then by chemical imaging of INPs using a complex sample of ambient particles.

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

DOE Contract Number:: AC05-76RL01830

OSTI ID:: 1340867

Report Number(s):: PNNL-SA-116952; 48856; 48272; 48794

Journal Information:: Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. PCCP (Print), Vol. 18, Issue 43; ISSN 1463-9076

Publisher:: Royal Society of Chemistry

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (75)

The susceptibility of ice formation in upper tropospheric clouds to insoluble aerosol components DeMott, Paul J.; Rogers, David C.; Kreidenweis, Sonia M. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 102, Issue D16 https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01138	journal	August 1997
Sodium nitrate particles: physical and chemical properties during hydration and dehydration, and implications for aged sea salt aerosols Hoffman, Rachel C.; Laskin, Alexander; Finlayson-Pitts, Barbara J. Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol. 35, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.02.003	journal	July 2004
Characterization of Dust Particles’ 3D Shape and Roughness with Nanometer Resolution Woodward, Xinxin; Kostinski, Alexander; China, Swarup Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 49, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2015.1017550	journal	February 2015
Dimensions and aspect ratios of natural ice crystals Um, J.; McFarquhar, G. M.; Hong, Y. P. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-3933-2015	journal	January 2015
Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications Murphy, D. M.; Koop, T. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 131, Issue 608 https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.04.94	journal	April 2005
Interferometer-controlled scanning transmission X-ray microscopes at the Advanced Light Source Kilcoyne, A. L. D.; Tyliszczak, T.; Steele, W. F. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0909049502017739	journal	February 2003
Characteristics of fine pores in some halloysites Churchman, G. J.; Davy, T. J.; Aylmore, L. A. G. Clay Minerals, Vol. 30, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1995.030.2.01	journal	June 1995
Effects of ice accretions on aircraft aerodynamics Lynch, Frank T.; Khodadoust, Abdollah Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 37, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-0421(01)00018-5	journal	November 2001
Analysis of isothermal and cooling-rate-dependent immersion freezing by a unifying stochastic ice nucleation model Alpert, Peter A.; Knopf, Daniel A. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-2083-2016	journal	January 2016
Correlations between optical, chemical and physical properties of biomass burn aerosols Hopkins, R. J.; Lewis, K.; Desyaterik, Y. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 34, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030502	journal	January 2007
Particle formation from pulsed laser irradiation of soot aggregates studied with a scanning mobility particle sizer, a transmission electron microscope, and a scanning transmission x-ray microscope Michelsen, Hope A.; Tivanski, Alexei V.; Gilles, Mary K. Applied Optics, Vol. 46, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.46.000959	journal	January 2007
Automated Chemical Analysis of Internally Mixed Aerosol Particles Using X-ray Spectromicroscopy at the Carbon K-Edge ^† Moffet, Ryan C.; Henn, Tobias; Laskin, Alexander Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 82, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac1012909	journal	October 2010
Technical Note: A proposal for ice nucleation terminology Vali, G.; DeMott, P. J.; Möhler, O. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10263-2015	journal	January 2015
Exfoliation/delamination of kaolinite by low-temperature washing of kaolinite–urea intercalates Valášková, M.; Rieder, M.; Matějka, V. Applied Clay Science, Vol. 35, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2006.07.001	journal	January 2007
Potential Sites for Ice Nucleation on Aluminosilicate Clay Minerals and Related Materials Freedman, Miriam Arak The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01326	journal	September 2015
Adsorption and Structure of Water on Kaolinite Surfaces: Possible Insight into Ice Nucleation from Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Calculations Croteau, T.; Bertram, A. K.; Patey, G. N. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 112, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp805615q	journal	October 2008
Water activity as the determinant for homogeneous ice nucleation in aqueous solutions Koop, Thomas; Luo, Beiping; Tsias, Athanasios Nature, Vol. 406, Issue 6796 https://doi.org/10.1038/35020537	journal	August 2000
Deposition ice nucleation on soot at temperatures relevant for the lower troposphere Dymarska, Magdalena; Murray, Benjamin J.; Sun, Limin Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, Issue D4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006627	journal	January 2006
Heterogeneous chemistry of individual mineral dust particles with nitric acid: A combined CCSEM/EDX, ESEM, and ICP-MS study Laskin, A. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 110, Issue D10 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005206	journal	January 2005
Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness Albrecht, B. A. Science, Vol. 245, Issue 4923 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.245.4923.1227	journal	September 1989
Thin Ice Films at Mineral Surfaces Yeşilbaş, Merve; Boily, Jean-François The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01037	journal	June 2016
A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation: Heterogeneous freezing Kärcher, B. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, Issue D14 https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003220	journal	January 2003
The roles of dynamical variability and aerosols in cirrus cloud formation Kärcher, B.; Ström, J. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-823-2003	journal	January 2003
Ice Nucleation by Aerosol Particles: Experimental Studies Using a Wedge-Shaped Ice Thermal Diffusion Chamber Schaller, R. C.; Fukuta, N. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 36, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<1788:INBAPE>2.0.CO;2	journal	September 1979
Effects of sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate coatings on the ice nucleation properties of kaolinite particles: FREEZING OF COATED KAOLINITE PARTICLES Eastwood, Michael L.; Cremel, Sebastien; Wheeler, Michael Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 36, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035997	journal	January 2009
An Analysis of pore size in Illite-Kaolinite Mixtures Sills, I. D.; Aylmore, L. A. G.; Quirk, J. P. Journal of Soil Science, Vol. 24, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1973.tb02315.x	journal	December 1973
Cloud Microphysics and Climate Baker, M. B. Science, Vol. 276, Issue 5315 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5315.1072	journal	May 1997
Homogeneous ice freezing temperatures and ice nucleation rates of aqueous ammonium sulfate and aqueous levoglucosan particles for relevant atmospheric conditions Knopf, Daniel Alexander; Lopez, Miguel David Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 11, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1039/b903750k	journal	January 2009
Infrared Observations of the Response of NaCl, MgCl ₂ , NH ₄ HSO ₄ , and NH ₄ NO ₃ Aerosols to Changes in Relative Humidity from 298 to 238 K Cziczo, D. J.; Abbatt, J. P. D. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 104, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9931408	journal	March 2000
Novel methods for rapid freezing and thawing of foods – a review Li, Bing; Sun, Da-Wen Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 54, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0260-8774(01)00209-6	journal	September 2002
The Makoro kaolin deposit, southeastern Botswana: its genesis and possible industrial applications Ekosse, G. Applied Clay Science, Vol. 16, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1317(99)00059-9	journal	May 2000
Chemical and Physical Transformations of Aluminosilicate Clay Minerals Due to Acid Treatment and Consequences for Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation Sihvonen, Sarah K.; Schill, Gregory P.; Lyktey, Nicholas A. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 118, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp504846g	journal	September 2014
Phase Transitions of Aqueous Atmospheric Particles Martin, Scot T. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 100, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr990034t	journal	September 2000
Classification of multiple types of organic carbon composition in atmospheric particles by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy analysis Takahama, S.; Gilardoni, S.; Russell, L. M. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 41, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.08.051	journal	December 2007
Glass transition and phase state of organic compounds: dependency on molecular properties and implications for secondary organic aerosols in the atmosphere Koop, Thomas; Bookhold, Johannes; Shiraiwa, Manabu Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cp22617g	journal	January 2011
Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) as a new technique to determine the ice nucleation capability of individual atmospheric aerosol particles Zimmermann, Frank; Ebert, Martin; Worringen, Annette Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 41, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.023	journal	December 2007
Ice Nucleation onto Arizona Test Dust at Cirrus Temperatures: Effect of Temperature and Aerosol Size on Onset Relative Humidity Kanji, Z. A.; Abbatt, J. P. D. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 114, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp908661m	journal	January 2010
Optical, physical, and chemical properties of tar balls observed during the Yosemite Aerosol Characterization Study Hand, J. L.; Malm, W. C.; Laskin, A. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 110, Issue D21 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005728	journal	January 2005
Hygroscopic Behavior of Individual Submicrometer Particles Studied by X-ray Spectromicroscopy Ghorai, Suman; Tivanski, Alexei V. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 82, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101797k	journal	November 2010
Anti-icing and de-icing techniques for wind turbines: Critical review Parent, Olivier; Ilinca, Adrian Cold Regions Science and Technology, Vol. 65, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2010.01.005	journal	January 2011
Identification of Fragile Microscopic Structures during Mineral Transformations in Wet Supercritical CO ₂ Arey, Bruce W.; Kovarik, Libor; Qafoku, Odeta Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 19, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927612014171	journal	February 2013
Environmental scanning electron microscopy as a new technique to determine the hygroscopic behaviour of individual aerosol particles Ebert, Martin; Inerle-Hof, Marion; Weinbruch, Stephan Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 36, Issue 39-40 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00774-4	journal	December 2002
Measurements of ice nucleating aerosols during SUCCESS Rogers, David C.; DeMott, Paul J.; Kreidenweis, Sonia M. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 25, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL03478	journal	May 1998
Nucleation in the atmosphere Hegg, D. A.; Baker, M. B. Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 72, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/72/5/056801	journal	April 2009
Reactivity of Liquid and Semisolid Secondary Organic Carbon with Chloride and Nitrate in Atmospheric Aerosols Wang, Bingbing; O’Brien, Rachel E.; Kelly, Stephen T. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 119, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp510336q	journal	November 2014
Direct observation of completely processed calcium carbonate dust particles Laskin, Alexander; Iedema, Martin J.; Ichkovich, Aviad Faraday Discussions, Vol. 130 https://doi.org/10.1039/b417366j	journal	January 2005
Spectroscopic Evidence of Keto−Enol Tautomerism in Deliquesced Malonic Acid Particles Ghorai, Suman; Laskin, Alexander; Tivanski, Alexei V. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 115, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp112360x	journal	May 2011
A Comprehensive Habit Diagram for Atmospheric Ice Crystals: Confirmation from the Laboratory, AIRS II, and Other Field Studies Bailey, Matthew P.; Hallett, John Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 66, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JAS2883.1	journal	September 2009
Controlled ice nucleation in cryopreservation – A review John Morris, G.; Acton, Elizabeth Cryobiology, Vol. 66, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cryobiol.2012.11.007	journal	April 2013
Nanomorphology of Kaolinites: Comparative SEM and AFM Studies Zbik, Marek Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 46, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1998.0460205	journal	January 1998
Water Adsorption on Kaolinite Surfaces Containing Trenches Croteau, T.; Bertram, A. K.; Patey, G. N. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 114, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp910045u	journal	February 2010
Influence of particle size on the ice nucleating ability of mineral dusts Welti, A.; Lüönd, F.; Stetzer, O. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 9, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6705-2009	journal	January 2009
Ice Crystal Linear Growth Rates from −20° to −70°C: Confirmation from Wave Cloud Studies Bailey, Matthew; Hallett, John Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 69, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-11-035.1	journal	January 2012
Phase transitions of sea-salt/water mixtures at low temperatures: Implications for ozone chemistry in the polar marine boundary layer Koop, Thomas; Kapilashrami, Abha; Molina, Luisa T. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 105, Issue D21 https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900413	journal	November 2000
Biological ice Nucleation and ice Distribution in Cold-Hardy Ectothermic Animals Lee, Richard E.; Costanzo, Jon P. Annual Review of Physiology, Vol. 60, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.55	journal	October 1998
Using environmental scanning electron microscopy to determine the hygroscopic properties of agricultural aerosols Hiranuma, Naruki; Brooks, Sarah D.; Auvermann, Brent W. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 42, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.003	journal	March 2008
Genesis of kaolinite from Albian sedimentary deposits of the Iberian Range (NE Spain): analysis by XRD, SEM and TEM Bauluz, B.; Mayayo, M. J.; Yuste, A. Clay Minerals, Vol. 43, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2008.043.3.10	journal	September 2008
Ice nucleation properties of the most abundant mineral dust phases Zimmermann, Frank; Weinbruch, Stephan; Schütz, Lothar Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, Issue D23 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010655	journal	January 2008
A laboratory study of the ice nucleating properties of some mineral particulates Roberts, P.; Hallett, J. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 94, Issue 399 https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49709439904	journal	January 1968
Analysis of individual environmental particles using modern methods of electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis Laskin, A.; Cowin, J. P.; Iedema, M. J. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, Vol. 150, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2005.06.008	journal	February 2006
Oxygenated Interface on Biomass Burn Tar Balls Determined by Single Particle Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy Tivanski, Alexei V.; Hopkins, Rebecca J.; Tyliszczak, Tolek The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 111, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp070155u	journal	June 2007
Heterogeneous nucleation of ice on anthropogenic organic particles collected in Mexico City: ICE NUCLEATION ON ANTHROPOGENIC AEROSOL Knopf, D. A.; Wang, B.; Laskin, A. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 37, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043362	journal	June 2010
Simulation of Water Adsorption on Kaolinite under Atmospheric Conditions Croteau, T.; Bertram, A. K.; Patey, G. N. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 113, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp902453f	journal	July 2009
Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in Aerosol Particles: Imaging at the Nanometer Scale O’Brien, Rachel E.; Wang, Bingbing; Kelly, Stephen T. Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 49, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00062	journal	April 2015
Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation on Simulated Sea-Spray Aerosol Using Raman Microscopy Schill, Gregory P.; Tolbert, Margaret A. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 118, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp505379j	journal	August 2014
Deposition nucleation viewed as homogeneous or immersion freezing in pores and cavities Marcolli, C. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2071-2014	journal	January 2014
The microscopic features of heterogeneous ice nucleation may affect the macroscopic morphology of atmospheric ice crystals Cox, Stephen J.; Raza, Zamaan; Kathmann, Shawn M. Faraday Discussions, Vol. 167 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3fd00059a	journal	January 2013
Solid Ammonium Sulfate Aerosols as Ice Nuclei: A Pathway for Cirrus Cloud Formation Abbatt, J. P. D. Science, Vol. 313, Issue 5794 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1129726	journal	September 2006
Observations of High-Density Ferroelectric Ordered Water in Kaolinite Trenches using Monte Carlo Simulations Croteau, T.; Bertram, A. K.; Patey, G. N. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 114, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp104643p	journal	August 2010
Importance of aerosol composition, mixing state, and morphology for heterogeneous ice nucleation: A combined field and laboratory approach: HETEROGENEOUS ICE NUCLEATION Baustian, Kelly J.; Cziczo, Daniel J.; Wise, Matthew E. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 117, Issue D6 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016784	journal	March 2012
Heterogeneous nucleation of ice on surrogates of mineral dust Knopf, Daniel A.; Koop, Thomas Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, Issue D12 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006894	journal	January 2006
Chemical speciation of sulfur in marine cloud droplets and particles: Analysis of individual particles from the marine boundary layer over the California current Hopkins, Rebecca J.; Desyaterik, Yury; Tivanski, Alexei V. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, Issue D4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008954	journal	January 2008
Ice Nucleation Studies of Mineral Dust Particles with a New Continuous Flow Diffusion Chamber Salam, Abdus; Lohmann, Ulrike; Crenna, Brian Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 40, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820500444853	journal	February 2006
Long-term storage of tissues by cryopreservation: critical issues Karlsson, Jens O. M.; Toner, Mehmet Biomaterials, Vol. 17, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(96)85562-1	journal	January 1996
Mesoscopic surface roughness of ice crystals pervasive across a wide range of ice crystal conditions Magee, N. B.; Miller, A.; Amaral, M. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12357-2014	journal	January 2014

Similar Records

Micro-spectroscopic and freezing characterization of ice-nucleating particles collected in the marine boundary layer in the eastern North Atlantic

Journal Article · Mon Apr 25 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online) · OSTI ID:1340867

Knopf, Daniel A.; Charnawskas, Joseph C.; Wang, Peiwen; +13 more

Direct observation of ice nucleation events on individual atmospheric particles

Journal Article · Wed Sep 14 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. PCCP · OSTI ID:1340867

Wang, Bingbing; Knopf, Daniel A.; China, Swarup; +4 more

Direct observation and assessment of phase states of ambient and lab-generated sub-micron particles upon humidification

Journal Article · Fri Apr 23 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · RSC Advances · OSTI ID:1340867

Cheng, Zezhen; Sharma, Noopur; Tseng, Kuo-Pin; +2 more

Related Subjects

Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory

Title: Direct observation of ice nucleation events on individual atmospheric particles

Citation Formats

References (75)

Similar Records

Related Subjects