Sea spray aerosol as a unique source of ice nucleating particles
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- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1371,
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093,, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093,
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093,
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213,
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z1,
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 449791, South Korea,
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406840, South Korea,
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071,
- Handix Scientific, Boulder, CO 80301,
- Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699,
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973,
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada M3H 5T4,
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6,
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109,
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00931,
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093,
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242,
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706,
- Ocean Lab, Fishguard Harbour, Goodwick, Pembrokeshire SA64 0DE, United Kingdom,
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
Ice nucleating particles (INPs) are vital for ice initiation in, and precipitation from, mixed-phase clouds. A source of INPs from oceans within sea spray aerosol (SSA) emissions has been suggested in previous studies but remained unconfirmed. Here, we show that INPs are emitted using real wave breaking in a laboratory flume to produce SSA. The number concentrations of INPs from laboratory-generated SSA, when normalized to typical total aerosol number concentrations in the marine boundary layer, agree well with measurements from diverse regions over the oceans. In addition, data in the present study are also in accord with previously published INP measurements made over remote ocean regions. INP number concentrations active within liquid water droplets increase exponentially in number with a decrease in temperature below 0°C, averaging an order of magnitude increase per 5°C interval. The plausibility of a strong increase in SSA INP emissions in association with phytoplankton blooms is also shown in laboratory simulations. Nevertheless, INP number concentrations, or active site densities approximated using “dry” geometric SSA surface areas, are a few orders of magnitude lower than corresponding concentrations or site densities in the surface boundary layer over continental regions. Lastly, these findings have important implications for cloud radiative forcing and precipitation within low-level and midlevel marine clouds unaffected by continental INP sources, such as may occur over the Southern Ocean.
- Research Organization:
- Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
- Sponsoring Organization:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
- Grant/Contract Number:
- SC00112704
- OSTI ID:
- 1235507
- Alternate ID(s):
- OSTI ID: 1336082
- Report Number(s):
- BNL-112477-2016-JA
- Journal Information:
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Journal Name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol. 113 Journal Issue: 21; ISSN 0027-8424
- Publisher:
- Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesCopyright Statement
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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