Crystal structure of Bacillus anthracis virulence regulator AtxA and effects of phosphorylated histidines on multimerization and activity

Hammerstrom, Troy G.; Horton, Lori B.; Swick, Michelle C.; Joachimiak, Andrzej; Osipiuk, Jerzy; Koehler, Theresa M.

doi:10.1111/mmi.12867

Title: Crystal structure of Bacillus anthracis virulence regulator AtxA and effects of phosphorylated histidines on multimerization and activity

Journal Article · Tue Dec 30 00:00:00 EST 2014 · Molecular Microbiology

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/mmi.12867· OSTI ID:1280877

Hammerstrom, Troy G. ^[1]; Horton, Lori B. ^[1]; Swick, Michelle C. ^[1]; Joachimiak, Andrzej ^[2]; Osipiuk, Jerzy ^[2]; Koehler, Theresa M. ^[1]

Univ. of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX (United States). Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases; Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Biosciences Division

The Bacillus anthracis virulence regulator AtxA controls transcription of the anthrax toxin genes and capsule biosynthesis operon. AtxA activity is elevated during growth in media containing glucose and CO₂/bicarbonate, and there is a positive correlation between the CO₂/bicarbonate signal, AtxA activity, and homomultimerization. AtxA activity is also affected by phosphorylation at specific histidines. We show that AtxA crystallizes as a dimer. Distinct folds associated with predicted DNA-binding domains (HTH1 and HTH2) and phosphoenolpyruvate: carbohydrate phosphotransferase system-regulated domains (PRD1 and PRD2) are apparent. We tested AtxA variants containing single and double phosphomimetic (His → Asp) and phosphoablative (His → Ala) amino acid changes for activity in B. anthracis cultures and for protein-protein interactions in cell lysates. Reduced activity of AtxA H199A, lack of multimerization and activity of AtxAH379D variants, and predicted structural changes associated with phosphorylation support a model for control of AtxA function. We propose that (1) in the AtxA dimer, phosphorylation of H199 in PRD1 affects HTH2 positioning, influencing DNA-binding; and (2) phosphorylation of H379 in PRD2 disrupts dimer formation. In conclusion, the AtxA structure is the first reported high-resolution full-length structure of a PRD-containing regulator and can serve as a model for proteins of this family, especially those that link virulence to bacterial metabolism.

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Research Organization:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357; HHSN272200700058C; HHSN272201200026C; R01 AI033537; 1 T32 AI065396

OSTI ID:: 1280877

Journal Information:: Molecular Microbiology, Vol. 95, Issue 3; ISSN 0950-382X

Publisher:: WileyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 28 works

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