Understanding the breakdown of classic two-phase theory and spray atomization at engine-relevant conditions

Dahms, Rainer N.

doi:10.1063/1.4946000

Understanding the breakdown of classic two-phase theory and spray atomization at engine-relevant conditions

Journal Article · Tue Apr 26 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Physics of Fluids

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4946000· OSTI ID:1249075

Dahms, Rainer N. ^[1]

Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States). Combustion Research Facility

We present a generalized framework for multi-component liquid injections to understand and predict the breakdown of classic two-phase theory and spray atomization at engine-relevant conditions. The analysis focuses on the thermodynamic structure and the immiscibility state of representative gas-liquid interfaces. The most modern form of Helmholtz energy mixture state equation is utilized which exhibits a unique and physically-consistent behavior over the entire two-phase regime of fluid densities. It is combined with generalized models for non-linear Gradient Theory and for liquid injections to quantify multi-component two-phase interface structures in global thermal equilibrium. Then, the Helmholtz free energy is minimized which determines the interfacial species distribution as a consequence. This minimal free energy state is demonstrated to validate the underlying assumptions of classic two-phase theory and spray atomization. However, under certain engine-relevant conditions for which corroborating experimental data is presented, this requirement for interfacial thermal equilibrium becomes unsustainable. A rigorously derived probability density function quantifies the ability of the interface to develop internal spatial temperature gradients in the presence of significant temperature differences between injected liquid and ambient gas. Then, the interface can no longer be viewed as an isolated system at minimal free energy. Instead, the interfacial dynamics become intimately connected to those of the separated homogeneous phases. Hence, the interface transitions toward a state in local equilibrium whereupon it becomes a dense-fluid mixing layer. A new conceptual view of a transitional liquid injection process emerges from a transition time scale analysis. Close to the nozzle exit, the two-phase interface still remains largely intact and more classic two-phase processes prevail as a consequence. Further downstream, however, the transition to dense- fluid mixing generally occurs before the liquid length is reached. The significance of the presented modeling expressions is established by a direct comparison to a reduced model, which utilizes widely-applied approximations but fundamentally fails to capture the physical complexity discussed in this paper.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC04-94AL85000

OSTI ID:: 1249075

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1303248
OSTI ID: 22599001

Report Number(s):: SAND--2016-2790J; 637597

Journal Information:: Physics of Fluids, Journal Name: Physics of Fluids Journal Issue: 4 Vol. 28; ISSN 1070-6631; ISSN PHFLE6

Publisher:: American Institute of PhysicsCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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