Fighting Ebola with novel spore decontamination technologies for the military

Doona, Christopher J.; Feeherry, Florence E.; Kustin, Kenneth; Olinger, Gene G.; Setlow, Peter; Malkin, Alexander J.; Leighton, Terrance

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00663

Title: Fighting Ebola with novel spore decontamination technologies for the military

Journal Article · Wed Aug 12 00:00:00 EDT 2015 · Frontiers in Microbiology

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00663· OSTI ID:1234627

Doona, Christopher J. ^[1]; Feeherry, Florence E. ^[1]; Kustin, Kenneth ^[2]; Olinger, Gene G. ^[3]; Setlow, Peter ^[4]; Malkin, Alexander J. ^[5]; Leighton, Terrance ^[6]

U.S. Army Natick, Natick, MA (United States)
Brandeis Univ., Waltham, MA (United States)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD (United States)
Univ. of Connecticut, Farmington, CT (United States)
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Univ. of California San Francisco - Benioff, Oakland, CA (United States)

Recently, global public health organizations such as Doctors without Borders (MSF), the World Health Organization (WHO), Public Health Canada, National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the U.S. government developed and deployed Field Decontamination Kits (FDKs), a novel, lightweight, compact, reusable decontamination technology to sterilize Ebola-contaminated medical devices at remote clinical sites lacking infra-structure in crisis-stricken regions of West Africa (medical waste materials are placed in bags and burned). The basis for effectuating sterilization with FDKs is chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) produced from a patented invention developed by researchers at the US Army Natick Soldier RD&E Center (NSRDEC) and commercialized as a dry mixed-chemical for bacterial spore decontamination. In fact, the NSRDEC research scientists developed an ensemble of ClO₂ technologies designed for different applications in decontaminating fresh produce; food contact and handling surfaces; personal protective equipment; textiles used in clothing, uniforms, tents, and shelters; graywater recycling; airplanes; surgical instruments; and hard surfaces in latrines, laundries, and deployable medical facilities. These examples demonstrate the far-reaching impact, adaptability, and versatility of these innovative technologies. Here, we present the unique attributes of NSRDEC’s novel decontamination technologies and a Case Study of the development of FDKs that were deployed in West Africa by international public health organizations to sterilize Ebola-contaminated medical equipment. FDKs use bacterial spores as indicators of sterility. We review the properties and structures of spores and the mechanisms of bacterial spore inactivation by ClO₂. We also review mechanisms of bacterial spore inactivation by novel, emerging, and established non-thermal technologies for food preservation, such as high pressure processing, irradiation, cold plasma, and chemical sanitizers, using an array of Bacillus subtilis mutants to probe mechanisms of spore germination and inactivation. In conclusion, we employ techniques of high-resolution atomic force microscopy and phase contrast microscopy to examine the effects of γ-irradiation on bacterial spores of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus atrophaeus spp. and of ClO₂ on B. subtilis spores, and present in detail assays using spore bio-indicators to ensure sterility when decontaminating with ClO₂.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344; 04-ERD-002

OSTI ID:: 1234627

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1259663

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-668947

Journal Information:: Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 6; ISSN 1664-302X

Publisher:: Frontiers Research FoundationCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 11 works

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