Kinetically Controlled Nanostructure Formation in Self-Assembled Globular Protein–Polymer Diblock Copolymers

Thomas, Carla S.; Xu, Liza; Olsen, Bradley D.

doi:10.1021/bm300763x

Title: Kinetically Controlled Nanostructure Formation in Self-Assembled Globular Protein–Polymer Diblock Copolymers

Journal Article · Tue Aug 28 00:00:00 EDT 2012 · Biomacromolecules

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/bm300763x· OSTI ID:1069699

Thomas, Carla S. ^[1]; Xu, Liza ^[1]; Olsen, Bradley D. ^[1]

Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)

Aqueous processing of globular protein–polymer diblock copolymers into solid-state materials and subsequent solvent annealing enables kinetic and thermodynamic control of nanostructure formation to produce block copolymer morphologies that maintain a high degree of protein fold and function. When model diblock copolymers composed of mCherry-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) are used, orthogonal control over solubility of the protein block through changes in pH and the polymer block through changes in temperature is demonstrated during casting and solvent annealing. Hexagonal cylinders, perforated lamellae, lamellae, or hexagonal and disordered micellar phases are observed, depending on the coil fraction of the block copolymer and the kinetic pathway used for self-assembly. Here, good solvents for the polymer block produce ordered structures reminiscent of coil–coil diblock copolymers, while an unfavorable solvent results in kinetically trapped micellar structures. Decreasing solvent quality for the protein improves long-range ordering, suggesting that the strength of protein interactions influences nanostructure formation. Subsequent solvent annealing results in evolution of the nanostructures, with the best ordering and the highest protein function observed when annealing in a good solvent for both blocks. While protein secondary structure was found to be almost entirely preserved for all processing pathways, UV–vis spectroscopy of solid-state films indicates that using a good solvent for the protein block enables up to 70% of the protein to be retained in its functional form.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-98CH10886

OSTI ID:: 1069699

Report Number(s):: BNL-100271-2013-JA

Journal Information:: Biomacromolecules, Vol. 13, Issue 9; ISSN 1525-7797

Publisher:: American Chemical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 56 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (63)

Integration of Layered Redox Proteins and Conductive Supports for Bioelectronic Applications Willner, Itamar; Katz, Eugenii Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 39, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000403)39:7<1180::AID-ANIE1180>3.0.CO;2-E	journal	April 2000
Synthesis of chiral pharmaceutical intermediates by biocatalysis Patel, Ramesh N. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, Vol. 252, Issue 5-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2007.10.031	journal	March 2008
Reversible interconversion of carbon dioxide and formate by an electroactive enzyme Reda, T.; Plugge, C. M.; Abram, N. J. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 105, Issue 31, p. 10654-10658 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801290105	journal	July 2008
Integration of Photosynthetic Protein Molecular Complexes in Solid-State Electronic Devices Das, Rupa; Kiley, Patrick J.; Segal, Michael Nano Letters, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl049579f	journal	June 2004
Recent advances in nanostructured biocatalysts Ge, Jun; Lu, Diannan; Liu, Zhixia Biochemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 44, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2009.01.002	journal	April 2009
Template Synthesis of Nanostructured Materials via Layer-by-Layer Assembly ^† Wang, Yajun; Angelatos, Alexandra S.; Caruso, Frank Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 20, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm7024813	journal	February 2008
Dynamic Interfacial Properties of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Modified Ferritin at the Solid/Liquid Interface Kumashiro, Yoshikazu; Ikezoe, Yasuhiro; Tamada, Kaoru The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 112, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp7104506	journal	July 2008
Controlled Assembly for Well-Defined 3D Bioarchitecture Using Two Active Enzymes Kim, Dong Chung; Sohn, Jung Inn; Zhou, Dejian ACS Nano, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn900610u	journal	February 2010
Electron-Transfer Dynamics of Photosynthetic Reaction Centers in Thermoresponsive Soft Materials Laible, Philip D.; Kelley, Richard F.; Wasielewski, Michael R. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 109, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp053884n	journal	December 2005
Characterization of Sol−Gel-Encapsulated Proteins Using Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Luo, Guangming; Zhang, Qiu; Castillo, Alexis Rae Del ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 1, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/am900430v	journal	September 2009
Immobilization of Human Carbonic Anhydrase on Gold Nanoparticles Assembled onto Amine/Thiol-Functionalized Mesoporous SBA-15 for Biomimetic Sequestration of CO ₂ Vinoba, Mari; Lim, Kyoung Soo; Lee, Si Hyun Langmuir, Vol. 27, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/la105029h	journal	May 2011
Coupling Chemical Modification and Immobilization to Improve the Catalytic Performance of Enzymes Rodrigues, Rafael C.; Berenguer-Murcia, Ángel; Fernandez-Lafuente, Roberto Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis, Vol. 353, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/adsc.201100163	journal	July 2011
Self-Assembly and Supramolecular Assembly in Nanophase Separated Polymers and Thin Films Dutta, Naba K.; Choudhury, Namita Roy Functional Nanostructures https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-48805-9_5	book	January 2008
Interactions in protein solutions Sear, R. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2005.09.003	journal	April 2006
In Situ Preparation of Protein−“Smart” Polymer Conjugates with Retention of Bioactivity Heredia, Karina L.; Bontempo, Debora; Ly, Tiffany Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 127, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja054482w	journal	December 2005
Biosynthetic-Synthetic Polymer Conjugates van Hest, Jan C. M. Polymer Reviews, Vol. 47, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/15583720601109578	journal	April 2007
Advances in Bioconjugation Kalia, Jeet; Raines, Ronald Current Organic Chemistry, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2174/138527210790069839	journal	January 2010
Fabrication of a Thermoresponsive Biohybrid Double Hydrophilic Block Copolymer by a Cofactor Reconstitution Approach Wan, Xuejuan; Liu, Shiyong Macromolecular Rapid Communications, Vol. 31, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201000340	journal	October 2010
Anisotropic incorporation of lipid-anchored myoglobin into a phospholipid bilayer membrane Hamachi, Itaru; Nakamura, Kentaro; Fujita, Akio Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 115, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00065a004	journal	June 1993
An overview of protein–polymer particles Boyer, Cyrille; Huang, Xin; Whittaker, Michael R. Soft Matter, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/C0SM00412J	journal	January 2011
Synthesis of Well-Defined (Nitrilotriacetic Acid)-End-Functionalized Polystyrenes and Their Bioconjugation with Histidine-Tagged Green Fluorescent Proteins Cho, Hong Y.; Kadir, Mohammad Abdul; Kim, Bong-Soo Macromolecules, Vol. 44, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma200480f	journal	June 2011
Stability of responsive polymer–protein bioconjugates Shakya, Akhilesh Kumar; Sami, Haider; Srivastava, Akshay Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 35, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.01.003	journal	April 2010
Self-Assembled Architectures from Biohybrid Triblock Copolymers Reynhout, Irene C.; Cornelissen, Jeroen J. L. M.; Nolte, Roeland J. M. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 129, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja066790f	journal	February 2007
Synthesis of Polymer−Biohybrids: From Small to Giant Surfactants Reynhout, Irene C.; Cornelissen, Jeroen J. L. M.; Nolte, Roeland J. M. Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 42, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/ar800143a	journal	June 2009
Bionanoparticles and hybrid materials: tailored structural properties, self-assembly, materials and developments in the field van Rijn, Patrick; Böker, Alexander Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 21, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1039/c1jm11433f	journal	January 2011
Hybrid Capsules via Self-Assembly of Thermoresponsive and Interfacially Active Bionanoparticle-Polymer Conjugates Mougin, Nathalie C.; van Rijn, Patrick; Park, Hyunji Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 21, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201002315	journal	March 2011
Conjugation of RAFT-generated polymers to proteins by two consecutive thiol–ene reactions Li, Ming; De, Priyadarsi; Li, Hongmei Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 1, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/c0py00025f	journal	January 2010
Reversible Meso-Scale Smart Polymer−Protein Particles of Controlled Sizes Kulkarni, Samarth; Schilli, Christine; Müller, Axel H. E. Bioconjugate Chemistry, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/bc034215k	journal	July 2004
Orientation of myoglobin in cast multibilayer membranes of amphiphilic molecules Nassar, Alaa-Eldin F.; Zhang, Zhe; Chynwat, Veeradej The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 99, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1021/j100027a049	journal	July 1995
Directed co-assembly of hemeproteins with amphiphilic block copolymers toward functional biomolecular materials Presley, Andrew D.; Chang, Joseph J.; Xu, Ting Soft Matter, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C0SM00817F	journal	January 2011
Ferritin-Polymer Conjugates: Grafting Chemistry and Integration into Nanoscale Assemblies Hu, Yunxia; Samanta, Debasis; Parelkar, Sangram S. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 20, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201000958	journal	August 2010
Nanopatterned Protein Films Directed by Ionic Complexation with Water-Soluble Diblock Copolymers Kim, Bokyung; Lam, Christopher N.; Olsen, Bradley D. Macromolecules, Vol. 45, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma2024914	journal	May 2012
Solid-State Nanostructured Materials from Self-Assembly of a Globular Protein–Polymer Diblock Copolymer Thomas, Carla S.; Glassman, Matthew J.; Olsen, Bradley D. ACS Nano, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn2013673	journal	June 2011
Highly Oriented and Ordered Arrays from Block Copolymers via Solvent Evaporation Kim, S. H.; Misner, M. J.; Xu, T. Advanced Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 3, p. 226-231 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200304906	journal	February 2004
Solvent annealing thin films of poly(isoprene-b-lactide) Cavicchi, Kevin A.; Berthiaume, Keith J.; Russell, Thomas P. Polymer, Vol. 46, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.09.072	journal	November 2005
Patterning with block copolymer thin films Segalman, Rachel A. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Vol. 48, Issue 6, p. 191-226 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2004.12.003	journal	February 2005
Self-assembly of block copolymer thin films Albert, Julie N. L.; Epps, Thomas H. Materials Today, Vol. 13, Issue 6, p. 24-33 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(10)70106-1	journal	June 2010
Morphological Development in Solvent-Cast Polystyrene−Polybutadiene−Polystyrene (SBS) Triblock Copolymer Thin Films Kim, G.; Libera, M. Macromolecules, Vol. 31, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma971349i	journal	April 1998
The Full Phase Behavior for Block Copolymers in Solvents of Varying Selectivity Lodge, Timothy P.; Pudil, Bryant; Hanley, Kenneth J. Macromolecules, Vol. 35, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0200975	journal	June 2002
Nature and consequences of protein–protein interactions in high protein concentration solutions Saluja, Atul; Kalonia, Devendra S. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Vol. 358, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.03.041	journal	June 2008
Examination of the secondary structure of proteins by deconvolved FTIR spectra Byler, D. Michael; Susi, Heino Biopolymers, Vol. 25, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/bip.360250307	journal	March 1986
The Use and Misuse of FTIR Spectroscopy in the Determination of Protein Structure Jackson, Michael; Mantsch, Henry H. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vol. 30, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3109/10409239509085140	journal	January 1995
Approximations Leading to a Unified Exponential/Power-Law Approach to Small-Angle Scattering Beaucage, G. Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 28, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1107/S0021889895005292	journal	December 1995
Hard-sphere interactions between spherical domains in diblock copolymers Kinning, David J.; Thomas, Edwin L. Macromolecules, Vol. 17, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00139a013	journal	September 1984
Self-Assembly and Stress Relaxation in Acrylic Triblock Copolymer Gels Seitz, Michelle E.; Burghardt, Wesley R.; Faber, K. T. Macromolecules, Vol. 40, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma061993+	journal	January 2007
Novel Chromophores and Buried Charges Control Color in mFruits ^† ^, ^‡ Shu, Xiaokun; Shaner, Nathan C.; Yarbrough, Corinne A. Biochemistry, Vol. 45, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi060773l	journal	August 2006
Single Polymer Chain Elongation of Poly( N -isopropylacrylamide) and Poly(acrylamide) by Atomic Force Microscopy Zhang, Wenke; Zou, Shan; Wang, Chi The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 104, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp000459f	journal	November 2000
The Conformation of the Poly(ethylene glycol) Chain in Mono-PEGylated Lysozyme and Mono-PEGylated Human Growth Hormone Pai, Sheetal S.; Hammouda, Boualem; Hong, Kunlun Bioconjugate Chemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/bc2003583	journal	November 2011
Phase Behavior of a Block Copolymer in Solvents of Varying Selectivity Hanley, Kenneth J.; Lodge, Timothy P.; Huang, Ching-I Macromolecules, Vol. 33, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma000318b	journal	August 2000
Ordering Dynamics of a Symmetric Polystyrene- block -polyisoprene. 2. Real-Space Analysis on the Formation of Lamellar Microdomain Sakamoto, Naoki; Hashimoto, Takeji Macromolecules, Vol. 31, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma980037s	journal	June 1998
Block Copolymers—Designer Soft Materials Bates, Frank S.; Fredrickson, Glenn H. Physics Today, Vol. 52, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.882522	journal	February 1999
Enabling nanotechnology with self assembled block copolymer patterns Park, Cheolmin; Yoon, Jongseung; Thomas, Edwin L. Polymer, Vol. 44, Issue 22, p. 6725-6760 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2003.08.011	journal	October 2003
Structure and Reactivity of the Chromophore of a GFP-like Chromoprotein from Condylactis gigantea ^† Pakhomov, Alexey A.; Pletneva, Nadezhda V.; Balashova, Tamara A. Biochemistry, Vol. 45, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/bi060207q	journal	June 2006
The structure of the chromophore within DsRed, a red fluorescent protein from coral Gross, L. A.; Baird, G. S.; Hoffman, R. C. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 97, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.22.11990	journal	October 2000
Photoactivation mechanism of PAmCherry based on crystal structures of the protein in the dark and fluorescent states Subach, Fedor V.; Malashkevich, Vladimir N.; Zencheck, Wendy D. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 106, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909204106	journal	November 2009
Insight into the Common Mechanism of the Chromophore Formation in the Red Fluorescent Proteins: The Elusive Blue Intermediate Revealed Bravaya, Ksenia B.; Subach, Oksana M.; Korovina, Nadezhda Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja2114568	journal	January 2012
Protein–excipient interactions: Mechanisms and biophysical characterization applied to protein formulation development Kamerzell, Tim J.; Esfandiary, Reza; Joshi, Sangeeta B. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, Vol. 63, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2011.07.006	journal	October 2011
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Protein Secondary Structures Kong, Jilie; Yu, Shaoning Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica, Vol. 39, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7270.2007.00320.x	journal	August 2007
FTIR characterization of the secondary structure of proteins encapsulated within PLGA microspheres1An article of related interest has been published by Yang et al. in J. Pharm. Sci., 88(2), Feb. 1999, accepted Nov. 1998.1 Fu, Karen; Griebenow, Kai; Hsieh, Lisa Journal of Controlled Release, Vol. 58, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-3659(98)00192-8	journal	April 1999
Characterization of the Pressure-induced Intermediate and Unfolded State of Red-shifted Green Fluorescent Protein—A Static and Kinetic FTIR, UV/VIS and Fluorescence Spectroscopy Study Herberhold, H.; Marchal, S.; Lange, R. Journal of Molecular Biology, Vol. 330, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00657-0	journal	July 2003
What vibrations tell about proteins Barth, Andreas; Zscherp, Christian Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics, Vol. 35, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033583502003815	journal	November 2002
Heat Capacity of Spider Silk-Like Block Copolymers Huang, Wenwen; Krishnaji, Sreevidhya; Hu, Xiao Macromolecules, Vol. 44, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma200563t	journal	July 2011
FTIR and nDSC as Analytical Tools for High-Concentration Protein Formulations Matheus, Susanne; Friess, Wolfgang; Mahler, Hanns-Christian Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 23, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-006-0142-8	journal	May 2006

Cited By (11)

Responsive polymers for biosensing and protein delivery Islam, Molla R.; Gao, Yongfeng; Li, Xue J. Mater. Chem. B, Vol. 2, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3tb21657h	journal	January 2014
Elastin-like polypeptides as building motifs toward designing functional nanobiomaterials Le, Duc H. T.; Sugawara-Narutaki, Ayae Molecular Systems Design & Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9me00002j	journal	January 2019
Photochemistry for Well-Defined Polymers in Aqueous Media: From Fundamentals to Polymer Nanoparticles to Bioconjugates Burridge, Kevin M.; Wright, Thaiesha A.; Page, Richard C. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, Vol. 39, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201800093	journal	May 2018
Topological Effects on Globular Protein-ELP Fusion Block Copolymer Self-Assembly Qin, Guokui; Glassman, Matthew J.; Lam, Christopher N. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201403453	journal	December 2014
Self-assembled nanostructures from amphiphilic globular protein–polymer hybrids Cao, Qi; He, Naipu; Wang, Yue Polymer Bulletin, Vol. 75, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-017-2176-y	journal	September 2017
Phase transitions in concentrated solution self-assembly of globular protein–polymer block copolymers Lam, Christopher N.; Olsen, Bradley D. Soft Matter, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2sm27459k	journal	January 2013
Enzyme–Polymer Conjugates as Robust Pickering Interfacial Biocatalysts for Efficient Biotransformations and One‐Pot Cascade Reactions Sun, Zhiyong; Glebe, Ulrich; Charan, Himanshu Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 57, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201806049	journal	October 2018
Block copolymers for protein ordering Malmström, Jenny; Travas-Sejdic, Jadranka Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 131, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.40360	journal	January 2014
Enzyme–Polymer Conjugates as Robust Pickering Interfacial Biocatalysts for Efficient Biotransformations and One‐Pot Cascade Reactions Sun, Zhiyong; Glebe, Ulrich; Charan, Himanshu Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 130, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201806049	journal	September 2018
Self-Assembly of Globular-Protein-Containing Block Copolymers Olsen, Bradley D. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 214, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201300235	journal	July 2013
Micellar‐Mediated Block Copolymer Ordering Dynamics Revealed by In Situ Grazing Incidence Small‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering during Spin Coating Fleury, Guillaume; Hermida‐Merino, Daniel; Jingjin, Dong Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201806741	journal	March 2019

Similar Records

Coil fraction-dependent phase behaviour of a model globular protein–polymer diblock copolymer

Journal Article · Wed Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2014 · Soft Matter · OSTI ID:1069699

Thomas, Carla S.; Olsen, Bradley D.

Effect of Small Molecule Osmolytes on the Self-Assembly and Functionality of Globular Protein-Polymer Diblock Copolymers

Journal Article · Thu Dec 05 00:00:00 EST 2013 · Biomacromolecules · OSTI ID:1069699

Thomas, Carla S.; Xu, Liza; Olsen, Bradley D.

Topology effects on protein–polymer block copolymer self-assembly

Journal Article · Tue Apr 02 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Polymer Chemistry · OSTI ID:1069699

Suguri, Takuya; Olsen, Bradley D.

Related Subjects

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
block copolymer
self-assembly
protein-polymer conjugate
mCherry
PNIPAM

Title: Kinetically Controlled Nanostructure Formation in Self-Assembled Globular Protein–Polymer Diblock Copolymers

Citation Formats

References (63)

Cited By (11)

Similar Records

Related Subjects