Optimal Planning and Operation of Smart Grids with Electric Vehicle Interconnection

Journal Article · Mon Jan 02 04:00:00 EST 2012 · Journal of Energy Engineering

OSTI ID:1053077

Stadler, M. ^[1]; Marnay, C. ^[2]; Kloess, M. ^[3]; Cardoso, G. ^[4]; Mendes, G. ^[4]; Siddiqui, A. ^[5]; Sharma, R. ^[6]; Mégel, O. ^[7]; Lai, J. ^[2]

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1. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, MS: 90-1121, Berkeley, CA 94720; and Center for Energy and Innovative Technologies, Hofamt Priel, Austria.
2. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, MS: 90-1121, Berkeley, CA 94720.
3. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, MS: 90-1121, Berkeley, CA 94720; and Vienna Univ. of Technology, Vienna, Austria.
4. Instituto Superior Técnico-MIT Portugal Program, Lisbon, Portugal.
5. Univ. College London, London, UK; and Stockholm Univ., Stockholm, Sweden (corresponding author).
6. NEC Laboratories America Inc., Princeton, NJ.
7. Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Connection of electric storage technologies to smartgrids will have substantial implications for building energy systems. Local storage will enable demand response. When connected to buildings, mobile storage devices such as electric vehicles (EVs) are in competition with conventional stationary sources at the building. EVs can change the financial as well as environmental attractiveness of on-site generation (e.g. PV or fuel cells). In order to examine the impact of EVs on building energy costs and CO2 emissions, a distributed-energy-resources adoption problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program with minimization of annual building energy costs or CO2 emissions and solved for 2020 technology assumptions. The mixed-integer linear program is applied to a set of 139 different commercial buildings in California and example results as well as the aggregated economic and environmental benefits are reported. Special constraints for the available PV, solar thermal, and EV parking lots at the commercial buildings are considered. The research shows that EV batteries can be used to reduce utility-related energy costs at the smart grid or commercial building due to arbitrage of energy between buildings with different tariffs. However, putting more emphasis on CO2 emissions makes stationary storage more attractive and stationary storage capacities increase while the attractiveness of EVs decreases. The limited availability of EVs at the commercial building decreases the attractiveness of EVs and if PV is chosen by the optimization, then it is mostly used to charge the stationary storage at the commercial building and not the EVs connected to the building.

• Research Organization: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
• Sponsoring Organization: USDOE
• DOE Contract Number: AC02-05CH11231
• OSTI ID: 1053077
• Report Number(s): LBNL-5251E
• Journal Information: Journal of Energy Engineering, Journal Name: Journal of Energy Engineering; ISSN 0733-9402
• Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

25 ENERGY STORAGE
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATION
carbon emissions
combined heat and power
commercial buildings
distributed energy resources
distributed generation
electric vehicle
load shifting
microgrid
optimization
smart grid
storage technologies