Survey of LWR environmental control technology performance and cost
This study attempts to establish a ranking for species that are routinely released to the environment for a projected nuclear power growth scenario. Unlike comparisons made to existing standards, which are subject to frequent revision, the ranking of releases can be used to form a more logical basis for identifying the areas where further development of control technology could be required. This report describes projections of releases for several fuel cycle scenarios, identifies areas where alternative control technologies may be implemented, and discusses the available alternative control technologies. The release factors were used in a computer code system called ENFORM, which calculates the annual release of any species from any part of the LWR nuclear fuel cycle given a projection of installed nuclear generation capacity. This survey of fuel cycle releases was performed for three reprocessing scenarios (stowaway, reprocessing without recycle of Pu and reprocessing with full recycle of U and Pu) for a 100-year period beginning in 1977. The radioactivity releases were ranked on the basis of a relative ranking factor. The relative ranking factor is based on the 100-year summation of the 50-year population dose commitment from an annual release of radioactive effluents. The nonradioactive releases were ranked on the basis of dilution factor. The twenty highest ranking radioactive releases were identified and each of these was analyzed in terms of the basis for calculating the release and a description of the currently employed control method. Alternative control technology is then discussed, along with the available capital and operating cost figures for alternative control methods.
- Research Organization:
- Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA (United States)
- DOE Contract Number:
- EY-76-C-06-1830
- OSTI ID:
- 5510351
- Report Number(s):
- PNL-2287; TRN: 80-007858
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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Related Subjects
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
FUEL CYCLE
CHEMICAL EFFLUENTS
RADIOACTIVE EFFLUENTS
ALDEHYDES
AMMONIA
BWR TYPE REACTORS
CARBON 14
CESIUM 137
COBALT 60
COST
CURIUM 244
DUSTS
FEED MATERIALS PLANTS
FUEL FABRICATION PLANTS
FUEL REPROCESSING PLANTS
HEXANE
HYDROFLUORIC ACID
IODINE 131
ISOTOPE SEPARATION PLANTS
KRYPTON
NITRIC ACID
NITROGEN OXIDES
ORE PROCESSING
PERFORMANCE
PLUTONIUM 238
PWR TYPE REACTORS
RADON 222
STRONTIUM 90
SULFUR OXIDES
TRITIUM
URANIUM 232
URANIUM MINES
XENON
ACTINIDE ISOTOPES
ACTINIDE NUCLEI
ALKALI METAL ISOTOPES
ALKALINE EARTH ISOTOPES
ALKANES
ALPHA DECAY RADIOISOTOPES
BETA DECAY RADIOISOTOPES
BETA-MINUS DECAY RADIOISOTOPES
CARBON ISOTOPES
CESIUM ISOTOPES
CHALCOGENIDES
COBALT ISOTOPES
CURIUM ISOTOPES
DAYS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES
ELEMENTS
EVEN-EVEN NUCLEI
HEAVY NUCLEI
HYDRIDES
HYDROCARBONS
HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS
HYDROGEN ISOTOPES
INDUSTRIAL PLANTS
INORGANIC ACIDS
INTERMEDIATE MASS NUCLEI
INTERNAL CONVERSION RADIOISOTOPES
IODINE ISOTOPES
ISOMERIC TRANSITION ISOTOPES
ISOTOPES
LIGHT NUCLEI
MINES
MINUTES LIVING RADIOISOTOPES
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN HYDRIDES
NONMETALS
NUCLEAR FACILITIES
NUCLEI
ODD-EVEN NUCLEI
ODD-ODD NUCLEI
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
OXIDES
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS
PLUTONIUM ISOTOPES
PROCESSING
RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
RADIOISOTOPES
RADON ISOTOPES
RARE GASES
REACTORS
STRONTIUM ISOTOPES
SULFUR COMPOUNDS
URANIUM ISOTOPES
WASTES
WATER COOLED REACTORS
WATER MODERATED REACTORS
YEARS LIVING RADIOISOTOPES
053000* - Nuclear Fuels- Environmental Aspects
500200 - Environment
Atmospheric- Chemicals Monitoring & Transport- (-1989)
500300 - Environment
Atmospheric- Radioactive Materials Monitoring & Transport- (-1989)