Non-equilibrium insertion of lithium ions into graphite

Li, Na; Sun, Ming-Zi; Hwang, Sooyeon; Li, Shuang; Zhao, Hong-Yang; Du, Ya-Ping; Huang, Bo-Long; Su, Dong

doi:10.1039/d1ta02836g

Title: Non-equilibrium insertion of lithium ions into graphite

Journal Article · Fri Apr 30 00:00:00 EDT 2021 · Journal of Materials Chemistry. A

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ta02836g· OSTI ID:1787829

Li, Na ^[1];

^[2];

^[3]; Li, Shuang ^[3]; Zhao, Hong-Yang ^[4];

^[5];

^[2];

^[6]

Xi'an Jiaotong Univ. (China); Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
The Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ., Kowloon (China)
Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Xi'an Jiaotong Univ. (China)
Nankai Univ., Tianjin (China)
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China)

Graphite has been regarded as the most important anode material for currently used lithium-ion batteries due to its two-dimensional (2D) nature hosting ionic intercalations. However, the kinetic insertion of Li ions is still not well known microscopically. In this work, we investigate the real-time intercalation process of Li ions using in situ transmission electron microscopy. We observe the lithium insertion process at the atomic scale, in which the graphite layers undergo expansion, forming wrinkles and finally inhomogeneous cracks as the Li ions accumulate, different from the proposed models. Leveraging on theoretical simulations, Li-ion migration driven by an external electrical field is suggested to be induced into the irreversible wrinkled structures. This non-equilibrium behavior that occur in lithium-ion batteries can be more pronounced at a high charging rate, which will practically degrade the capacity of graphite. Furthermore, this work unveils the reaction scenario of the non-equilibrium Li-ion insertion, which benefits the understanding of the performance of graphite-based energy-storage devices.

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Research Organization:: Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities Division; National Key Research and Development Program of China

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012704; 2020YFB2007400

OSTI ID:: 1787829

Report Number(s):: BNL-221635-2021-JAAM

Journal Information:: Journal of Materials Chemistry. A, Vol. 9, Issue 20; ISSN 2050-7488

Publisher:: Royal Society of ChemistryCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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