The Great Markarian 421 Flare of 2010 February: Multiwavelength Variability and Correlation Studies

Abeysekara, A. U.; Benbow, W.; Bird, R.; Brill, A.; Brose, R.; Buchovecky, M.; Buckley, J. H.; Christiansen, J. L.; Chromey, A. J.; Daniel, M. K.; Dumm, J.; Falcone, A.; Feng, Q.; Finley, J. P.; Fortson, L.; Furniss, A.; Galante, N.; Gent, A.; Gillanders, G. H.; Giuri, C.; Gueta, O.; Hassan, T.; Hervet, O.; Holder, J.; Hughes, G.; Humensky, T. B.; Johnson, C. A.; Kaaret, P.; Kar, P.; Kelley-Hoskins, N.; Kertzman, M.; Kieda, D.; Krause, M.; Krennrich, F.; Kumar, S.; Lang, M. J.; Moriarty, P.; Mukherjee, R.; Nelson, T.; Nieto, D.; Nievas-Rosillo, M.; O’Brien, S.; Ong, R. A.; Otte, A. N.; Park, N.; Petrashyk, A.; Pichel, A.; Pohl, M.; Prado, R. R.; Pueschel, E.; Quinn, J.; Ragan, K.; Reynolds, P. T.; Richards, G. T.; Roache, E.; Rovero, A. C.; Rulten, C.; Sadeh, I.; Santander, M.; Sembroski, G. H.; Shahinyan, K.; Stevenson, B.; Sushch, I.; Tyler, J.; Vassiliev, V. V.; Wakely, S. P.; Weinstein, A.; Wells, R. M.; Wilcox, P.; Wilhelm, A.; Williams, D. A.; Zitzer, B.; Acciari, V. A.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.; Arbet Engels, A.; Baack, D.; Babić, A.; Banerjee, B.; Barres de Almeida, U.; Barrio, J. A.; Becerra González, J.; Bednarek, W.; Bellizzi, L.; Bernardini, E.; Berti, A.; Besenrieder, J.; Bhattacharyya, W.; Bigongiari, C.; Biland, A.; Blanch, O.; Bonnoli, G.; Busetto, G.; Carosi, R.; Ceribella, G.; Chai, Y.; Cikota, S.; Colak, S. M.; Colin, U.; Colombo, E.; Contreras, J. L.; Cortina, J.; Covino, S.; D’Elia, V.; Da Vela, P.; Dazzi, F.; De Angelis, A.; De Lotto, B.; Delfino, M.; Delgado, J.; Di Pierro, F.; Do Souto Espiñera, E.; Dominis Prester, D.; Dorner, D.; Doro, M.; Einecke, S.; Elsaesser, D.; Fallah Ramazani, V.; Fattorini, A.; Fernández-Barral, A.; Ferrara, G.; Fidalgo, D.; Foffano, L.; Fonseca, M. V.; Font, L.; Fruck, C.; Galindo, D.; Gallozzi, S.; García López, R. J.; Garczarczyk, M.; Gasparyan, S.; Gaug, M.; Godinović, N.; Green, D.; Guberman, D.; Hadasch, D.; Hahn, A.; Herrera, J.; Hoang, J.; Hrupec, D.; Inoue, S.; Ishio, K.; Iwamura, Y.; Kubo, H.; Kushida, J.; Lamastra, A.; Lelas, D.; Leone, F.; Lindfors, E.; Lombardi, S.; Longo, F.; López, M.; López-Coto, R.; López-Oramas, A.; Machado de Oliveira Fraga, B.; Maggio, C.; Majumdar, P.; Makariev, M.; Mallamaci, M.; Maneva, G.; Manganaro, M.; Mannheim, K.; Maraschi, L.; Mariotti, M.; Martínez, M.; Masuda, S.; Mazin, D.; Miceli, D.; Minev, M.; Miranda, J. M.; Mirzoyan, R.; Molina, E.; Moralejo, A.; Morcuende, D.; Moreno, V.; Moretti, E.; Munar-Adrover, P.; Neustroev, V.; Niedzwiecki, A.; Nievas Rosillo, M.; Nigro, C.; Nilsson, K.; Ninci, D.; Nishijima, K.; Noda, K.; Nogués, L.; Nöthe, M.; Paiano, S.; Palacio, J.; Palatiello, M.; Paneque, D.; Paoletti, R.; Paredes, J. M.; Peñil, P.; Peresano, M.; Persic, M.; Prada Moroni, P. G.; Prandini, E.; Puljak, I.; Rhode, W.; Ribó, M.; Rico, J.; Righi, C.; Rugliancich, A.; Saha, L.; Sahakyan, N.; Saito, T.; Satalecka, K.; Schweizer, T.; Sitarek, J.; Šnidarić, I.; Sobczynska, D.; Somero, A.; Stamerra, A.; Strom, D.; Strzys, M.; Sun, S.; Surić, T.; Tavecchio, F.; Temnikov, P.; Terzić, T.; Teshima, M.; Torres-Albà, N.; Tsujimoto, S.; van Scherpenberg, J.; Vanzo, G.; Vazquez Acosta, M.; Vovk, I.; Will, M.; Zarić, D.; Aller, H. D.; Aller, M. F.; Carini, M. T.; Horan, D.; Jordan, B.; Jorstad, S. G.; Kurtanidze, O. M.; Kurtanidze, S. O.; Lähteenmäki, A.; Larionov, V. M.; Larionova, E. G.; Madejski, G.; Marscher, A. P.; Max-Moerbeck, W.; Moody, J. Ward; Morozova, D. A.; Nikolashvili, M. G.; Raiteri, C. M.; Readhead, A. C.  S.; Richards, J. L.; Sadun, A. C.; Sakamoto, T.; Sigua, L. A.; Smith, P. S.; Talvikki, H.; Tammi, J.; Tornikoski, M.; Troitsky, I. S.; Villata, M.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab6612

Title: The Great Markarian 421 Flare of 2010 February: Multiwavelength Variability and Correlation Studies

Journal Article · Mon Feb 17 00:00:00 EST 2020 · The Astrophysical Journal (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6612· OSTI ID:1633953

Abeysekara, A. U.;

;

; Brill, A.; Brose, R.; Buchovecky, M.; Buckley, J. H.; Christiansen, J. L.; Chromey, A. J.; Daniel, M. K.; Dumm, J.; Falcone, A.;

; Finley, J. P.;

;

; Galante, N.; Gent, A.;

; Giuri, C. more »

We report on variability and correlation studies using multiwavelength observations of the blazar Mrk 421 during the month of February, 2010 when an extraordinary flare reaching a level of ~27 Crab Units above 1 TeV was measured in very-highenergy (VHE) γ-rays with the VERITAS observatory. This is the highest flux state for Mrk 421 ever observed in VHE γ-rays. Data are analyzed from a coordinated campaign across multiple instruments including VHE γ-ray (VERITAS, MAGIC), high-energy (HE) γ-ray (Fermi-LAT), X-ray (Swift, RXTE, MAXI), optical (including the GASP-WEBT collaboration and polarization data) and radio (Mets¨ahovi, OVRO, UMRAO). Light curves are produced spanning multiple days before and after the peak of the VHE flare, including over several flare ‘decline’ epochs. The main flare statistics allow 2-minute time bins to be constructed in both the VHE and optical bands enabling a cross-correlation analysis that shows evidence for an optical lag of ~25–55 minutes, the first time-lagged correlation between these bands reported on such short timescales. Limits on the Doppler factor (δ & 33) and the size of the emission region (δ -1RB . 3.8 × 10¹³ cm) are obtained from the fast variability observed by VERITAS during the main flare. Analysis of 10-minute-binned VHE and X-ray data over the decline epochs shows an extraordinary range of behavior in the flux-flux relationship: from linear to quadratic to lack of correlation to anti-correlation. Taken together, these detailed observations of an unprecedented flare seen in Mrk 421 are difficult to explain by the classic single-zone synchrotron self-Compton model.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Contributing Organization:: VERITAS Collaboration; MAGIC Collaboration; Multiwavelength Partners

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515

OSTI ID:: 1633953

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal (Online), Vol. 890, Issue 2; ISSN 1538-4357

Publisher:: Institute of Physics (IOP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (101)

FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE THIRD SOURCE CATALOG Acero, F.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 218, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/218/2/23	journal	June 2015
FIRST NuSTAR OBSERVATIONS OF MRK 501 WITHIN A RADIO TO TeV MULTI-INSTRUMENT CAMPAIGN Furniss, A.; Noda, K.; Boggs, S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 812, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/812/1/65	journal	October 2015
Timing in the Time Domain: Cygnus X-1 Li, Ti-Pei Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 1, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/1009-9271/1/4/313	journal	August 2001
The major upgrade of the MAGIC telescopes, Part II: A performance study using observations of the Crab Nebula Aleksić, J.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 72 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2015.02.005	journal	January 2016
Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds Schlegel, David J.; Finkbeiner, Douglas P.; Davis, Marc The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 500, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/305772	journal	June 1998
Multiwavelength study of the TeV blazar Mrk 421 during a giant flare Shukla, A.; Chitnis, V. R.; Vishwanath, P. R. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 541 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201118569	journal	May 2012
Self-consistent neutrino and UHE cosmic ray spectra from Mrk 421 Dimitrakoudis, Stavros; Petropoulou, Maria; Mastichiadis, Apostolos Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 54 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2013.10.005	journal	February 2014
Observation of Markarian 421 in TeV gamma rays over a 14-year time span Acciari, V. A.; Arlen, T.; Aune, T. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 54 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2013.10.004	journal	February 2014
H.E.S.S. Observations of strong flaring activity of Mrk421 in February 2010 Tluczykont, Martin Proceedings of 25th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics — PoS(Texas 2010) https://doi.org/10.22323/1.123.0197	conference	June 2011
Steps toward Determination of the Size and Structure of the Broad‐Line Region in Active Galactic Nuclei. IX. Ultraviolet Observations of Fairall 9 Rodriguez‐Pascual, P. M.; Alloin, D.; Clavel, J. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 110, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/312996	journal	May 1997
VHE γ‐Ray Observation of the Crab Nebula and its Pulsar with the MAGIC Telescope Albert, J.; Aliu, E.; Anderhub, H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 674, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/525270	journal	February 2008
LEPTONIC AND HADRONIC MODELING OF FERMI -DETECTED BLAZARS Böttcher, M.; Reimer, A.; Sweeney, K. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 768, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/768/1/54	journal	April 2013
Generating artificial light curves: revisited and updated Emmanoulopoulos, D.; McHardy, I. M.; Papadakis, I. E. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 433, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt764	journal	June 2013
Swift Observations of Mrk 421 in Selected Epochs. II. An Extreme Spectral Flux Variability in 2009–2012 Kapanadze, B.; Vercellone, S.; Romano, P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 858, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aabbac	journal	May 2018
Multi-wavelength study of Mrk 421 TeV flare observed with TACTIC telescope in February 2010 Singh, K. K.; Yadav, K. K.; Chandra, P. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 61 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2014.06.003	journal	February 2015
Extremely Rapid X-Ray Flares of TeV Blazars in the RXTE Era Zhu, S. F.; Xue, Y. Q.; Brandt, W. N. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 853, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa9f21	journal	January 2018
A SEARCH FOR SPECTRAL HYSTERESIS AND ENERGY-DEPENDENT TIME LAGS FROM X-RAY AND TeV GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF Mrk 421 Abeysekara, A. U.; Archambault, S.; Archer, A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 834, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/2	journal	December 2016
MULTIWAVELENGTH STUDY OF QUIESCENT STATES OF Mrk 421 WITH UNPRECEDENTED HARD X-RAY COVERAGE PROVIDED BY NuSTAR IN 2013 Baloković, M.; Paneque, D.; Madejski, G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 819, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/156	journal	March 2016
Optical Spectropolarimetry of Quasi‐stellar Objects Discovered by the Two‐Micron All Sky Survey Smith, Paul S.; Schmidt, Gary D.; Hines, Dean C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 593, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/376681	journal	August 2003
Bright X-Ray Flares from the BL Lac Object Markarian 421, Detected with MAXI in 2010 January and February Isobe, Naoki; Sugimori, Kousuke; Kawai, Nobuyuki Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 62, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/62.6.L55	journal	December 2010
An Updated Ultraviolet Calibration for the Swift∕UVOT Breeveld, A. A.; Landsman, W.; Holland, S. T. GAMMA RAY BURSTS 2010, AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3621807	conference	January 2011
The first VERITAS telescope Holder, J.; Atkins, R. W.; Badran, H. M. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 25, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2006.04.002	journal	July 2006
THE FIRST SWIFT ULTRAVIOLET/OPTICAL TELESCOPE GRB AFTERGLOW CATALOG Roming, P. W. A.; Koch, T. S.; Oates, S. R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 690, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/163	journal	December 2008
Detection of TeV photons from the active galaxy Markarian 421 Punch, M.; Akerlof, C. W.; Cawley, M. F. Nature, Vol. 358, Issue 6386 https://doi.org/10.1038/358477a0	journal	August 1992
TeV AND MULTI-WAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS OF Mrk 421 IN 2006-2008 Acciari, V. A.; Aliu, E.; Arlen, T. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 738, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/738/1/25	journal	August 2011
Particle diffusion and localized acceleration in inhomogeneous AGN jets – II. Stochastic variation Chen, Xuhui; Pohl, Martin; Böttcher, Markus Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 458, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw528	journal	March 2016
Statistical Analysis on XMM-Newton X-Ray Flares of Mrk 421: Distributions of Peak Flux and Flaring Time Duration Yan, Dahai; Yang, Shenbang; Zhang, Pengfei The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 864, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aadd01	journal	September 2018
An emerging population of BL Lacs with extreme properties: towards a class of EBL and cosmic magnetic field probes? Bonnoli, G.; Tavecchio, F.; Ghisellini, G. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 451, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv953	journal	May 2015
Constraints on the Physical Parameters of TeV Blazars Tavecchio, Fabrizio; Maraschi, Laura; Ghisellini, Gabriele The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 509, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/306526	journal	December 1998
Photometric calibration of the Swift ultraviolet/optical telescope: Photometric calibration of the Swift UVOT Poole, T. S.; Breeveld, A. A.; Page, M. J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 383, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12563.x	journal	December 2007
GAMMA-RAY LIGHT CURVES AND VARIABILITY OF BRIGHT FERMI -DETECTED BLAZARS Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 722, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/722/1/520	journal	September 2010
Simultaneous multiwavelength observations of the second exceptional γ -ray flare of PKS 2155–304 in July 2006 Aharonian, F.; Akhperjanian, A. G.; Anton, G. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 502, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200912128	journal	June 2009
Observations of the Crab nebula with HESS Aharonian, F.; Akhperjanian, A. G.; Bazer-Bachi, A. R. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 457, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20065351	journal	September 2006
Physics of Compact Nonthermal Sources. Theory of Radiation Processes Jones, T. W.; O'dell, S. L.; Stein, W. A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 188 https://doi.org/10.1086/152724	journal	March 1974
Multi-epoch VLBA Imaging of 20 New TeV Blazars: Apparent Jet Speeds Piner, B. Glenn; Edwards, Philip G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 853, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa425	journal	January 2018
FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF MARKARIAN 421: THE MISSING PIECE OF ITS SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 736, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/736/2/131	journal	July 2011
A Multiwavelength View of the TeV Blazar Markarian 421: Correlated Variability, Flaring, and Spectral Evolution Błażejowski, M.; Blaylock, G.; Bond, I. H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 630, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/431925	journal	September 2005
Long-term optical variability of PKS 2155-304 Kastendieck, M. A.; Ashley, M. C. B.; Horns, D. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 531 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201015918	journal	June 2011
Timescale Analysis of Spectral Lags Li, Ti-Pei; Qu, Jin-Lu; Feng, Hua Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/1009-9271/4/6/583	journal	December 2004
Unprecedented study of the broadband emission of Mrk 421 during flaring activity in March 2010 Aleksić, J.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 578 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424811	journal	May 2015
Host galaxy subtraction of TeV candidate BL Lacertae objects Nilsson, K.; Pasanen, M.; Takalo, L. O. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 475, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20077624	journal	September 2007
Gamma-ray-loud blazars and beaming Dondi, Laura; Ghisellini, Gabriele Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 273, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/273.3.583	journal	April 1995
The feasibility of magnetic reconnection powered blazar flares from synchrotron self-Compton emission Morris, Paul J.; Potter, William J.; Cotter, Garret Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz920	journal	March 2019
On characterizing the variability properties of X-ray light curves from active galaxies Vaughan, S.; Edelson, R.; Warwick, R. S. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 345, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2966.2003.07042.x	journal	November 2003
A theoretical unifying scheme for gamma-ray bright blazars Ghisellini, G.; Celotti, A.; Fossati, G. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 301, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.02032.x	journal	December 1998
Cutoff in the T[CLC]e[/CLC]V Energy Spectrum of Markarian 421 during Strong Flares in 2001 Krennrich, F.; Badran, H. M.; Bond, I. H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 560, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/324221	journal	October 2001
A multiwavelength view of the flaring state of PKS 2155-304 in 2006 Abramowski, A.; Acero, F.; Aharonian, F. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 539 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201117509	journal	March 2012
Fifteen years monitoring of extragalactic radio sources at 22, 37 and 87 GHz Teräsranta, H.; Tornikoski, M.; Mujunen, A. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, Vol. 132, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1051/aas:1998297	journal	November 1998
Measuring Reddening with Sloan Digital sky Survey Stellar Spectra and Recalibrating sfd Schlafly, Edward F.; Finkbeiner, Douglas P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 737, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/737/2/103	journal	August 2011
Multiwavelength Observations of the Blazar BL Lacertae: A New Fast TeV Gamma-Ray Flare Abeysekara, A. U.; Benbow, W.; Bird, R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 856, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab35c	journal	March 2018
VERITAS Observations of the γ‐Ray Binary LS I +61 303 Acciari, V. A.; Beilicke, M.; Blaylock, G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 679, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/587736	journal	June 2008
Variable Very High Energy γ‐Ray Emission from Markarian 501 Albert, J.; Aliu, E.; Anderhub, H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 669, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/521382	journal	November 2007
Attributes of Pulses in Long Bright Gamma-Ray Bursts Norris, J. P.; Nemiroff, R. J.; Bonnell, J. T. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 459 https://doi.org/10.1086/176902	journal	March 1996
Sub-Milliarcsecond Imaging of Quasars and Active Galactic Nuclei. IV. Fine-Scale Structure Kovalev, Y. Y.; Kellermann, K. I.; Lister, M. L. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 130, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1086/497430	journal	December 2005
Unified Schemes for Radio-Loud Active Galactic Nuclei Urry, C. Megan; Padovani, Paolo Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 107 https://doi.org/10.1086/133630	journal	June 1995
Temporal Correlations Between Optical and Gamma-Ray Activity in Blazars Cohen, Daniel P.; Romani, Roger W.; Filippenko, Alexei V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 797, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/797/2/137	journal	December 2014
Four Years of Monitoring Blazar PKS 2155−304 with BeppoSAX : Probing the Dynamics of the Jet Zhang, Y. H.; Treves, A.; Celotti, A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 572, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/340349	journal	June 2002
Broad-band properties of the CfA Seyfert galaxies. III - Ultraviolet variability Edelson, R. A.; Pike, G. F.; Krolik, J. H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 359 https://doi.org/10.1086/169036	journal	August 1990
Temporal and Spectral Variabilities of High‐Energy Emission from Blazars Using Synchrotron Self‐Compton Models Li, Hui; Kusunose, Masaaki The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 536, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/308960	journal	June 2000
Spectra and linear polarizations of extragalactic variable sources at centimeter wavelengths Aller, H. D.; Aller, M. F.; Latimer, G. E. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 59 https://doi.org/10.1086/191083	journal	November 1985
Spectral energy distributions of a large sample of BL Lacertae objects Nieppola, E.; Tornikoski, M.; Valtaoja, E. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 445, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20053316	journal	December 2005
Blazar flares powered by plasmoids in relativistic reconnection Petropoulou, Maria; Giannios, Dimitrios; Sironi, Lorenzo Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 462, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw1832	journal	July 2016
Discovery of a sub-megagauss magnetic white dwarf through spectropolarimetry Schmidt, Gary D.; Stockman, H. S.; Smith, Paul S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 398 https://doi.org/10.1086/186576	journal	October 1992
Possible Detection of Apparent Superluminal Inward Motion in Markarian 421 After the Giant X-Ray Flare in 2010 February Niinuma, K.; Kino, M.; Nagai, H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 759, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/759/2/84	journal	October 2012
The State of Self-organized Criticality of the Sun During the Last Three Solar Cycles. I. Observations Aschwanden, Markus J. Solar Physics, Vol. 274, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-011-9755-0	journal	April 2011
Galaxy Colors in Various Photometric Band Systems Fukugita, M.; Shimasaku, K.; Ichikawa, T. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 107 https://doi.org/10.1086/133643	journal	June 1995
`emcee` : The MCMC Hammer Foreman-Mackey, Daniel; Hogg, David W.; Lang, Dustin Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 125, Issue 925 https://doi.org/10.1086/670067	journal	March 2013
TeV gamma rays from BL Lac objects due to synchrotron radiation of extremely high energy protons Aharonian, F. A. New Astronomy, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1384-1076(00)00039-7	journal	November 2000
Reconnection-driven plasmoids in blazars: fast flares on a slow envelope Giannios, Dimitrios Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 431, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt167	journal	February 2013
An Exceptional Very High Energy Gamma-Ray Flare of PKS 2155-304 Aharonian, F.; Akhperjanian, A. G.; Bazer-Bachi, A. R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 664, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/520635	journal	July 2007
Correlation between the TeV and X-ray emission in high-energy peaked BL Lac objects Katarzyński, K.; Ghisellini, G.; Tavecchio, F. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 433, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20041556	journal	March 2005
X‐Ray Spectral Variability Signatures of Flares in BL Lacertae Objects Bottcher, Markus; Chiang, James The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 581, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/344155	journal	December 2002
A method for the estimation of the significance of cross-correlations in unevenly sampled red-noise time series Max-Moerbeck, W.; Richards, J. L.; Hovatta, T. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 445, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu1707	journal	September 2014
Fourier Analysis of Blazar Variability: Klein–Nishina Effects and the jet Scattering Environment Finke, Justin D.; Becker, Peter A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 809, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/809/1/85	journal	August 2015
The MAXI Mission on the ISS: Science and Instruments for Monitoring All-Sky X-Ray Images Matsuoka, Masaru; Kawasaki, Kazuyoshi; Ueno, Shiro Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 61, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/61.5.999	journal	October 2009
Progress in Multi-wavelength and Multi-Messenger Observations of Blazars and Theoretical Challenges Böttcher, Markus Galaxies, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies7010020	journal	January 2019
New methods of atmospheric Cherenkov imaging for gamma-ray astronomy. I. The false source method Fomin, V. P.; Stepanian, A. A.; Lamb, R. C. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-6505(94)90036-1	journal	May 1994
THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION Atwood, W. B.; Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 697, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/1071	journal	May 2009
Extremely rapid bursts of TeV photons from the active galaxy Markarian 421 Gaidos, J. A.; Akerlof, C. W.; Biller, S. Nature, Vol. 383, Issue 6598 https://doi.org/10.1038/383319a0	journal	September 1996
Multiwavelength observations of Mrk 501 in 2008 Aleksić, J.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 573 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201322906	journal	December 2014
Kinematics of Parsec-scale Jets of Gamma-Ray Blazars at 43 GHz within the VLBA-BU-BLAZAR Program Jorstad, Svetlana G.; Marscher, Alan P.; Morozova, Daria A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 846, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa8407	journal	September 2017
The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies Aleksić, J.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 576 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424216	journal	April 2015
A hadronic origin for ultra-high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects Cerruti, M.; Zech, A.; Boisson, C. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 448, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2691	journal	February 2015
Extreme synchrotron BL Lac objects: Stretching the blazar sequence Costamante, L.; Ghisellini, G.; Giommi, P. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 371, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20010412	journal	May 2001
Relativistic Jets in Active Galactic Nuclei and Microquasars Romero, Gustavo E.; Boettcher, M.; Markoff, S. Space Science Reviews, Vol. 207, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-016-0328-2	journal	January 2017
Multiwavelength Observations of Markarian 421 in 2001 March: An Unprecedented View on the X‐Ray/TeV Correlated Variability Fossati, G.; Buckley, J. H.; Bond, I. H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 677, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/527311	journal	April 2008
MOJAVE. XV. VLBA 15 GHz Total Intensity and Polarization Maps of 437 Parsec-scale AGN Jets from 1996 to 2017 Lister, M. L.; Aller, M. F.; Aller, H. D. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 234, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aa9c44	journal	January 2018
BVR photometry of comparison stars in selected blazar fields : I. Photometric sequences for 10 BL Lacertae objects Villata, M.; Raiteri, C. M.; Lanteri, L. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, Vol. 130, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1051/aas:1998415	journal	June 1998
Multiwavelength Observations of Strong Flares from the TeV Blazar 1ES 1959+650 Krawczynski, H.; Hughes, S. B.; Horan, D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 601, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/380393	journal	January 2004
Avalanches and the distribution of solar flares Lu, Edward T.; Hamilton, Russell J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 380 https://doi.org/10.1086/186180	journal	October 1991
A proton synchrotron blazar model for flaring in Markarian 501 Mücke, A.; Protheroe, R. J. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-6505(00)00141-9	journal	March 2001
Multiband variability studies and novel broadband SED modeling of Mrk 501 in 2009 Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 603 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629540	journal	July 2017
Studies in Astronomical time Series Analysis. vi. Bayesian Block Representations Scargle, Jeffrey D.; Norris, Jay P.; Jackson, Brad The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 764, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/764/2/167	journal	February 2013
Performance of the MAGIC stereo system obtained with Crab Nebula data Aleksić, J.; Alvarez, E. A.; Antonelli, L. A. Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 35, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2011.11.007	journal	February 2012
The GASP-WEBT monitoring of 3C 454.3 during the 2008 optical-to-radio and γ-ray outburst Villata, M.; Raiteri, C. M.; Gurwell, M. A. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 504, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200912732	journal	August 2009
Nonthermal continuum radiation in three elliptical galaxies Ulrich, M. -H.; Kinman, T. D.; Lynds, C. R. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 198 https://doi.org/10.1086/153603	journal	June 1975
BLAZARS IN THE FERMI ERA: THE OVRO 40 m TELESCOPE MONITORING PROGRAM Richards, Joseph L.; Max-Moerbeck, Walter; Pavlidou, Vasiliki The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 194, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/194/2/29	journal	May 2011
Superorbital variability of X-ray and radio emission of Cyg X-1 - II. Dependence of the orbital modulation and spectral hardness on the superorbital phase Poutanen, Juri; Zdziarski, Andrzej A.; Ibragimov, Askar Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 389, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13666.x	journal	September 2008
Multifrequency monitoring of the blazar 0716+714 during the GASP-WEBT-AGILE campaign of 2007 Villata, M.; Raiteri, C. M.; Larionov, V. M. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 481, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:200809552	journal	February 2008
X-Ray and GeV Gamma-Ray Variability of the Radio Galaxy NGC 1275 Fukazawa, Yasushi; Shiki, Kensei; Tanaka, Yasuyuki The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 855, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaabc0	journal	March 2018
Extreme HBL behavior of Markarian 501 during 2012 Ahnen, M. L.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 620 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833704	journal	December 2018

Cited By (1)

Unraveling the Complex Behavior of Mrk 421 with Simultaneous X-Ray and VHE Observations during an Extreme Flaring Activity in 2013 April Acciari, V. A.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 248, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab89b5	journal	June 2020

Similar Records

Unprecedented study of the broadband emission of Mrk 421 during flaring activity in March 2010

Journal Article · Wed May 27 00:00:00 EDT 2015 · Astronomy and Astrophysics · OSTI ID:1633953

Aleksić, J.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.; +247 more

Unraveling the Complex Behavior of Mrk 421 with Simultaneous X-Ray and VHE Observations during an Extreme Flaring Activity in 2013 April

Journal Article · Wed Jun 10 00:00:00 EDT 2020 · The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series (Online) · OSTI ID:1633953

Acciari, V. A.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.; +236 more

Investigation of the correlation patterns and the Compton dominance variability of Mrk 421 in 2017

Journal Article · Mon Nov 29 00:00:00 EST 2021 · Astronomy and Astrophysics · OSTI ID:1633953

Acciari, V. A.; Ansoldi, S.; Antonelli, L. A.; +279 more

Related Subjects

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS

Title: The Great Markarian 421 Flare of 2010 February: Multiwavelength Variability and Correlation Studies

Citation Formats

References (101)

Cited By (1)

Similar Records

Related Subjects