Cosmic-ray transport and gamma-ray emission in M31
Abstract
Here we study the possibility that an extended cosmic-ray leptonic and/or hadronic halo is at the origin of the large-scale gamma-ray emission detected from the Andromeda galaxy (M31). We consider a broad ensemble of nonhomogeneous diffusion scenarios and of cosmic-ray injection sources. We find that cosmic-ray electrons and protons could be, and very likely are, responsible for part, or all, of the gamma-ray emission from M31, including out to more than 100 kpc from the center of the galaxy. We also simulate possible emission from pulsars in M31 and consider the effect of regions of highly inefficient diffusion around cosmic-ray acceleration sites, as suggested by recent TeV halo observations with Cherenkov telescopes.
- Authors:
-
[3];
- University of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States)
- Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, SC (United States)
- University of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States); Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Santa Cruz, CA (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1979972
- Grant/Contract Number:
- SC0010107; A00-1465-001
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Physical Review. D.
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 104; Journal Issue: 12; Journal ID: ISSN 2470-0010
- Publisher:
- American Physical Society (APS)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSICS; 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; cosmic ray propagation; cosmic ray sources; dark matter; gamma ray astronomy
Citation Formats
Do, Audrey, Duong, Matthew, McDaniel, Alex, O’Connor, Collin, Profumo, Stefano, Rafael, Justine, Sweeney, Connor, and Vera III, Washington. Cosmic-ray transport and gamma-ray emission in M31. United States: N. p., 2021.
Web. doi:10.1103/physrevd.104.123016.
Do, Audrey, Duong, Matthew, McDaniel, Alex, O’Connor, Collin, Profumo, Stefano, Rafael, Justine, Sweeney, Connor, & Vera III, Washington. Cosmic-ray transport and gamma-ray emission in M31. United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.104.123016
Do, Audrey, Duong, Matthew, McDaniel, Alex, O’Connor, Collin, Profumo, Stefano, Rafael, Justine, Sweeney, Connor, and Vera III, Washington. Wed .
"Cosmic-ray transport and gamma-ray emission in M31". United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.104.123016. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1979972.
@article{osti_1979972,
title = {Cosmic-ray transport and gamma-ray emission in M31},
author = {Do, Audrey and Duong, Matthew and McDaniel, Alex and O’Connor, Collin and Profumo, Stefano and Rafael, Justine and Sweeney, Connor and Vera III, Washington},
abstractNote = {Here we study the possibility that an extended cosmic-ray leptonic and/or hadronic halo is at the origin of the large-scale gamma-ray emission detected from the Andromeda galaxy (M31). We consider a broad ensemble of nonhomogeneous diffusion scenarios and of cosmic-ray injection sources. We find that cosmic-ray electrons and protons could be, and very likely are, responsible for part, or all, of the gamma-ray emission from M31, including out to more than 100 kpc from the center of the galaxy. We also simulate possible emission from pulsars in M31 and consider the effect of regions of highly inefficient diffusion around cosmic-ray acceleration sites, as suggested by recent TeV halo observations with Cherenkov telescopes.},
doi = {10.1103/physrevd.104.123016},
journal = {Physical Review. D.},
number = 12,
volume = 104,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Dec 08 00:00:00 EST 2021},
month = {Wed Dec 08 00:00:00 EST 2021}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Fermi -LAT Observations of γ -Ray Emission toward the Outer Halo of M31
journal, July 2019
- Karwin, Christopher M.; Murgia, Simona; Campbell, Sheldon
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 2
Star formation laws in the Andromeda galaxy: gas, stars, metals and the surface density of star formation
journal, January 2016
- Rahmani, S.; Lianou, S.; Barmby, P.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 456, Issue 4
The distribution of gas in the Local Group from constrained cosmological simulations: the case for Andromeda and the Milky Way galaxies
journal, May 2014
- Nuza, S. E.; Parisi, F.; Scannapieco, C.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 441, Issue 3
Extended gamma-ray sources around pulsars constrain the origin of the positron flux at Earth
journal, November 2017
- Abeysekara, A. U.; Albert, A.; Alfaro, R.
- Science, Vol. 358, Issue 6365
On possible interpretations of the high energy electron–positron spectrum measured by the Fermi Large Area Telescope
journal, September 2009
- Grasso, D.; Profumo, S.; Strong, A. W.
- Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 32, Issue 2
The interstellar cosmic-ray electron spectrum from synchrotron radiation and direct measurements
journal, September 2011
- Strong, A. W.; Orlando, E.; Jaffe, T. R.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 534
Cosmic-Ray Injection from Star-Forming Regions
journal, September 2016
- Carlson, Eric; Profumo, Stefano; Linden, Tim
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 117, Issue 11
Gamma-ray halo around the M31 galaxy as seen by the Fermi LAT
conference, August 2016
- Pshirkov, Maxim; Postnov, Konstantin; Vasiliev, Valeriy
- Proceedings of The 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2015)
Resolving the Radio Source Background: Deeper Understanding Through Confusion
journal, September 2012
- Condon, J. J.; Cotton, W. D.; Fomalont, E. B.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 758, Issue 1
IRAS observations of galaxies in the Virgo cluster area
journal, October 1988
- Helou, George; Khan, Iffat R.; Malek, Ladan
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 68
The gamma-ray luminosity function of millisecond pulsars and implications for the GeV excess
journal, March 2016
- Hooper, Dan; Mohlabeng, Gopolang
- Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2016, Issue 03
Millisecond Pulsar Origin of the Galactic Center Excess and Extended Gamma-Ray Emission from Andromeda: A Closer Look
journal, July 2018
- Eckner, Christopher; Hou, Xian; Serpico, Pasquale D.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 1
Cosmic-ray hydrodynamics: Alfvén-wave regulated transport of cosmic rays
journal, January 2019
- Thomas, T.; Pfrommer, C.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 485, Issue 3
Modelling the cosmic ray electron propagation in M 51
journal, August 2016
- Mulcahy, D. D.; Fletcher, A.; Beck, R.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 592
Relating dust, gas, and the rate of star formation in M 31
journal, July 2010
- Tabatabaei, F. S.; Berkhuijsen, E. M.
- Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 517
DRAGON: Monte Carlo generator of particle production from a fragmented fireball in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions
journal, September 2009
- Tomášik, Boris
- Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 180, Issue 9
The Physics of the Far-Infrared-Radio Correlation. i. Calorimetry, Conspiracy, and Implications
journal, June 2010
- Lacki, Brian C.; Thompson, Todd A.; Quataert, Eliot
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 717, Issue 1
ARCADE 2 MEASUREMENT OF THE ABSOLUTE SKY BRIGHTNESS AT 3-90 GHz
journal, May 2011
- Fixsen, D. J.; Kogut, A.; Levin, S.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 734, Issue 1
The population of TeV pulsar wind nebulae in the H.E.S.S. Galactic Plane Survey
journal, April 2018
- Abdalla, H.; Abramowski, A.; Aharonian, F.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 612
Interpretation of the Arcade 2 Absolute sky Brightness Measurement
journal, May 2011
- Seiffert, M.; Fixsen, D. J.; Kogut, A.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 734, Issue 1
Detecting dark matter WIMPs in the Draco dwarf: A multiwavelength perspective
journal, January 2007
- Colafrancesco, Sergio; Profumo, Stefano; Ullio, Piero
- Physical Review D, Vol. 75, Issue 2
Lessons from HAWC pulsar wind nebulae observations: The diffusion constant is not a constant; pulsars remain the likeliest sources of the anomalous positron fraction; cosmic rays are trapped for long periods of time in pockets of inefficient diffusion
journal, June 2018
- Profumo, Stefano; Reynoso-Cordova, Javier; Kaaz, Nicholas
- Physical Review D, Vol. 97, Issue 12
Thermal infrared and nonthermal radio - Remarkable correlation in disks of galaxies
journal, November 1985
- Helou, G.; Soifer, B. T.; Rowan-Robinson, M.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 298
Multimessenger Model for the Starburst Galaxy m82
journal, May 2009
- de Cea del Pozo, Elsa; Torres, Diego F.; Marrero, Ana Y. Rodriguez
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 698, Issue 2
Cosmic ray nuclei, antiprotons and gamma rays in the galaxy: a new diffusion model
journal, October 2008
- Evoli, Carmelo; Gaggero, Daniele; Grasso, Dario
- Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2008, Issue 10
Arcade 2 Observations of Galactic Radio Emission
journal, May 2011
- Kogut, A.; Fixsen, D. J.; Levin, S. M.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 734, Issue 1
Improved cosmic-ray injection models and the Galactic Center gamma-ray excess
journal, September 2016
- Carlson, Eric; Linden, Tim; Profumo, Stefano
- Physical Review D, Vol. 94, Issue 6
Searching for Dark Matter Annihilation from Milky Way Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies with Six Years of Fermi Large Area Telescope Data
journal, November 2015
- Ackermann, M.; Albert, A.; Anderson, B.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 23
Multiwavelength analysis of dark matter annihilation and RX-DMFIT
journal, September 2017
- McDaniel, A.; Jeltema, T.; Profumo, S.
- Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2017, Issue 09
SEARCHING FOR DARK MATTER ANNIHILATION IN RECENTLY DISCOVERED MILKY WAY SATELLITES WITH FERMI -LAT
journal, January 2017
- Albert, A.; Anderson, B.; Bechtol, K.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 834, Issue 2
Galactic cosmic-ray model in the light of AMS-02 nuclei data
journal, January 2018
- Niu, Jia-Shu; Li, Tianjun
- Physical Review D, Vol. 97, Issue 2
The Fermi Galactic Center GeV Excess and Implications for Dark Matter
journal, May 2017
- Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Albert, A.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 840, Issue 1
Universal profiles for radio searches of Dark Matter in dwarf galaxies
journal, April 2021
- Vollmann, Martin
- Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2021, Issue 04
Origin of the Cosmic Ray Galactic Halo Driven by Advected Turbulence and Self-Generated Waves
journal, July 2018
- Evoli, Carmelo; Blasi, Pasquale; Morlino, Giovanni
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 121, Issue 2
Deciphering the radio star formation correlation on kpc scales
journal, January 2020
- Vollmer, B.; Soida, M.; Beck, R.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 633
Multi-scale radio-infrared correlations in M 31 and M 33: The role of magnetic fields and star formation
journal, September 2013
- Tabatabaei, F. S.; Berkhuijsen, E. M.; Frick, P.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 557
FERMI -LAT OBSERVATIONS OF HIGH- AND INTERMEDIATE-VELOCITY CLOUDS: TRACING COSMIC RAYS IN THE HALO OF THE MILKY WAY
journal, July 2015
- Tibaldo, L.; Digel, S. W.; Casandjian, J. M.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 807, Issue 2
Dusty Winds: Extraplanar Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Features of Nearby Galaxies
journal, August 2013
- McCormick, Alexander; Veilleux, Sylvain; Rupke, David S. N.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 774, Issue 2
Sp i t zer MIPS Infrared Imaging of M31: Further Evidence for a Spiral-Ring Composite Structure
journal, February 2006
- Gordon, K. D.; Bailin, J.; Engelbracht, C. W.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 638, Issue 2
Propagation of Cosmic‐Ray Nucleons in the Galaxy
journal, December 1998
- Strong, Andrew W.; Moskalenko, Igor V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 509, Issue 1
THE MURMUR OF THE HIDDEN MONSTER: CHANDRA 'S DECADAL VIEW OF THE SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE IN M31
journal, January 2011
- Li, Zhiyuan; Garcia, Michael R.; Forman, William R.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 728, Issue 1
Multi-frequency analysis of neutralino dark matter annihilations in the Coma cluster
journal, July 2006
- Colafrancesco, S.; Profumo, S.; Ullio, P.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 455, Issue 1
Gamma rays from star Formation in Clusters of Galaxies
journal, August 2012
- Storm, Emma M.; Jeltema, Tesla E.; Profumo, Stefano
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 755, Issue 2
Probing Cosmic-Ray Transport with Radio Synchrotron Harps in the Galactic Center
journal, February 2020
- Thomas, Timon; Pfrommer, Christoph; Enßlin, Torsten
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 890, Issue 2
Observations of M31 and M33 with the Fermi Large Area Telescope: A Galactic Center Excess in Andromeda?
journal, February 2017
- Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Albert, A.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 836, Issue 2
Radio Properties of Infrared‐Selected Galaxies in the IRAS 2 Jy Sample
journal, June 2001
- Yun, Min S.; Reddy, Naveen A.; Condon, J. J.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 554, Issue 2
THE LARGE AREA TELESCOPE ON THE FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE MISSION
journal, May 2009
- Atwood, W. B.; Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 697, Issue 2
Constraining the population of cosmic ray protons in cooling flow clusters with $\mathsf{\gamma}$-ray and radio observations: Are radio mini-halos of hadronic origin?
journal, November 2004
- Pfrommer, C.; Enßlin, T. A.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 426, Issue 3
The Parkes Multibeam Pulsar Survey - VI. Discovery and timing of 142 pulsars and a Galactic population analysis
journal, October 2006
- Lorimer, D. R.; Faulkner, A. J.; Lyne, A. G.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 372, Issue 2
Millisecond Pulsars and the Gamma-Ray Excess in Andromeda
journal, January 2019
- Fragione, Giacomo; Antonini, Fabio; Gnedin, Oleg Y.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 871, Issue 1
CRPropa 3.1—a low energy extension based on stochastic differential equations
journal, June 2017
- Merten, Lukas; Tjus, Julia Becker; Fichtner, Horst
- Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2017, Issue 06
Circum-Galactic gas and the Isotropic Gamma-Ray Background
journal, December 2012
- Feldmann, Robert; Hooper, Dan; Gnedin, Nickolay Y.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 763, Issue 1
Galactic Winds
journal, September 2005
- Veilleux, Sylvain; Cecil, Gerald; Bland-Hawthorn, Joss
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 43, Issue 1
GALACTIC MAGNETISM: Recent Developments and Perspectives
journal, September 1996
- Beck, Rainer; Brandenburg, Axel; Moss, David
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 34, Issue 1
Cosmic rays and non-thermal emission in simulated galaxies – II. γ-ray maps, spectra, and the far-infrared–γ-ray relation
journal, May 2021
- Werhahn, Maria; Pfrommer, Christoph; Girichidis, Philipp
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 505, Issue 3
CRPropa - A Toolbox for Cosmic Ray Simulations
journal, February 2019
- Alves Batista, R.; Becker Tjus, J.; Dundovic, A.
- Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 1181
Exploring a cosmic-ray origin of the multiwavelength emission in M31
journal, July 2019
- McDaniel, Alex; Jeltema, Tesla; Profumo, Stefano
- Physical Review D, Vol. 100, Issue 2
The γ -Ray Emission of Star-forming Galaxies
journal, May 2020
- Ajello, M.; Mauro, M. Di; Paliya, V. S.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 894, Issue 2
Atomic-scale structural identification and evolution of Co-W-C ternary SWCNT catalytic nanoparticles: High-resolution STEM imaging on SiO
2
journal, May 2019
- An, Hua; Kumamoto, Akihito; Xiang, Rong
- Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 5
Klein–Nishina Effect and the Cosmic Ray Electron Spectrum
journal, March 2021
- Fang, Kun; Bi, Xiao-Jun; Lin, Su-Jie
- Chinese Physics Letters, Vol. 38, Issue 3
An Hαsurvey aiming at the detection of extraplanar diffuse ionized gas in halos of edge-on spiral galaxies
journal, August 2003
- Rossa, J.; Dettmar, R. -J.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 406, Issue 2
How cosmic ray electron propagation affects radio–far-infrared correlations in M 31 and M 33
journal, August 2013
- Berkhuijsen, E. M.; Beck, R.; Tabatabaei, F. S.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 435, Issue 2
GALPROP WebRun: An internet-based service for calculating galactic cosmic ray propagation and associated photon emissions
journal, May 2011
- Vladimirov, A. E.; Digel, S. W.; Jóhannesson, G.
- Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 182, Issue 5
Dissecting cosmic-ray electron-positron data with Occam’s razor: the role of known pulsars
journal, January 2012
- Profumo, Stefano
- Open Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 1
Origin of cosmic ray electrons and positrons
journal, March 2019
- Shi, Zhao-Dong; Liu, Siming
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 485, Issue 3
Fermi Large Area Telescope observations of Local Group galaxies: detection of M 31 and search for M 33
journal, November 2010
- Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 523
Constraints on Cosmic-Ray Propagation Models from a Global Bayesian Analysis
journal, February 2011
- Trotta, R.; Jóhannesson, G.; Moskalenko, I. V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 729, Issue 2
When dark matter interacts with cosmic rays or interstellar matter: A morphological study
journal, September 2015
- Carlson, Eric; Profumo, Stefano
- Physical Review D, Vol. 92, Issue 6
PsrPopPy: an open-source package for pulsar population simulations
journal, February 2014
- Bates, S. D.; Lorimer, D. R.; Rane, A.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 439, Issue 3
A detailed study of the radio-FIR correlation in NGC 6946 with Herschel -PACS/SPIRE from KINGFISH
journal, March 2013
- Tabatabaei, F. S.; Schinnerer, E.; Murphy, E. J.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 552
Dark matter interpretation of the Fermi -LAT observations toward the outer halo of M31
journal, January 2021
- Karwin, Christopher M.; Murgia, Simona; Moskalenko, Igor V.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 103, Issue 2
The isotropic radio background revisited
journal, April 2014
- Fornengo, Nicolao; Lineros, Roberto A.; Regis, Marco
- Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2014, Issue 04
Gamma-ray spectroscopy of positron annihilation in the Milky Way
journal, January 2016
- Siegert, Thomas; Diehl, Roland; Khachatryan, Gerasim
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 586
HERSCHEL EXPLOITATION OF LOCAL GALAXY ANDROMEDA (HELGA). III. THE STAR FORMATION LAW IN M31
journal, May 2013
- Ford, George P.; Gear, Walter K.; Smith, Matthew W. L.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 769, Issue 1
THE SECOND FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE CATALOG OF GAMMA-RAY PULSARS
journal, September 2013
- Abdo, A. A.; Ajello, M.; Allafort, A.
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 208, Issue 2
Multiwavelength analysis of annihilating dark matter as the origin of the gamma-ray emission from M31
journal, May 2018
- McDaniel, Alex; Jeltema, Tesla; Profumo, Stefano
- Physical Review D, Vol. 97, Issue 10
Cosmic-Ray Propagation and Interactions in the Galaxy
journal, November 2007
- Strong, Andrew W.; Moskalenko, Igor V.; Ptuskin, Vladimir S.
- Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Vol. 57, Issue 1
Evidence of Fermi bubbles around M31
journal, March 2016
- Pshirkov, M. S.; Vasiliev, V. V.; Postnov, K. A.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters