Supernova 1987A constraints on sub-GeV dark sectors, millicharged particles, the QCD axion, and an axion-like particle

Chang, Jae Hyeok; Essig, Rouven; McDermott, Samuel D.

doi:10.1007/JHEP09(2018)051

Title: Supernova 1987A constraints on sub-GeV dark sectors, millicharged particles, the QCD axion, and an axion-like particle

Abstract

Here, we consider the constraints from Supernova 1987A on particles with small couplings to the Standard Model. We discuss a model with a fermion coupled to a dark photon, with various mass relations in the dark sector; millicharged particles; dark-sector fermions with inelastic transitions; the hadronic QCD axion; and an axion-like particle that couples to Standard Model fermions with couplings proportional to their mass. In the fermion cases, we develop a new diagnostic for assessing when such a particle is trapped at large mixing angles. Our bounds for a fermion coupled to a dark photon constrain small couplings and masses ≲ 200 MeV, and do not decouple for low fermion masses. They exclude parameter space that is otherwise unconstrained by existing accelerator-based and direct-detection searches. In addition, our bounds are complementary to proposed laboratory searches for sub-GeV dark matter, and do not constrain several benchmark-model targets in parameter space for which the dark matter obtains the correct relic abundance from interactions with the Standard Model. For a millicharged particle, we exclude charges between 10^–9–few×10^–6 in units of the electron charge, also for masses ≲ 200 MeV; this excludes parameter space to higher millicharges and masses than previous bounds. For themore »« less

Authors:

^[1]; Essig, Rouven ^[1]; McDermott, Samuel D. ^[2]

C.N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stony Brook, NY (United States)
Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Sep 10 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

OSTI Identifier:: 1429332

Report Number(s):: YITP-SB-18-01; FERMILAB-PUB-17-432-T; arXiv:1803.00993
Journal ID: ISSN 1029-8479; 1658479; TRN: US1802315

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-07CH11359

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of High Energy Physics (Online)

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Journal of High Energy Physics (Online); Journal Volume: 2018; Journal Issue: 9; Journal ID: ISSN 1029-8479

Publisher:: Springer Berlin

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; Beyond Standard Model; Thermal Field Theory

Citation Formats


                    Chang, Jae Hyeok, Essig, Rouven, and McDermott, Samuel D. Supernova 1987A constraints on sub-GeV dark sectors, millicharged particles, the QCD axion, and an axion-like particle.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1007/JHEP09(2018)051.

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                    Chang, Jae Hyeok, Essig, Rouven, & McDermott, Samuel D. Supernova 1987A constraints on sub-GeV dark sectors, millicharged particles, the QCD axion, and an axion-like particle.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2018)051

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                    Chang, Jae Hyeok, Essig, Rouven, and McDermott, Samuel D. Mon .  
"Supernova 1987A constraints on sub-GeV dark sectors, millicharged particles, the QCD axion, and an axion-like particle".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2018)051.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1429332.

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@article{osti_1429332,

  title        = {Supernova 1987A constraints on sub-GeV dark sectors, millicharged particles, the QCD axion, and an axion-like particle},

  author       = {Chang, Jae Hyeok and Essig, Rouven and McDermott, Samuel D.},

  abstractNote = {Here, we consider the constraints from Supernova 1987A on particles with small couplings to the Standard Model. We discuss a model with a fermion coupled to a dark photon, with various mass relations in the dark sector; millicharged particles; dark-sector fermions with inelastic transitions; the hadronic QCD axion; and an axion-like particle that couples to Standard Model fermions with couplings proportional to their mass. In the fermion cases, we develop a new diagnostic for assessing when such a particle is trapped at large mixing angles. Our bounds for a fermion coupled to a dark photon constrain small couplings and masses ≲ 200 MeV, and do not decouple for low fermion masses. They exclude parameter space that is otherwise unconstrained by existing accelerator-based and direct-detection searches. In addition, our bounds are complementary to proposed laboratory searches for sub-GeV dark matter, and do not constrain several benchmark-model targets in parameter space for which the dark matter obtains the correct relic abundance from interactions with the Standard Model. For a millicharged particle, we exclude charges between 10–9–few×10–6 in units of the electron charge, also for masses ≲ 200 MeV; this excludes parameter space to higher millicharges and masses than previous bounds. For the QCD axion and an axion-like particle, we apply several updated nuclear physics calculations and include the energy dependence of the optical depth to accurately account for energy loss at large couplings. These corrections allow us to rule out a hadronic axion of mass between 0.1 and a few hundred eV, or equivalently to put a bound on the scale of Peccei-Quinn symmetry breaking between a few×104 and 108 GeV, closing the hadronic axion window. For an axion-like particle, our bounds disfavor decay constants between a few×105 GeV up to a few×108 GeV, for a mass ≲ 200 MeV. In all cases, our bounds differ from previous work by more than an order of magnitude across the entire parameter space. We also provide estimated systematic errors due to the uncertainties of the progenitor.},

  doi          = {10.1007/JHEP09(2018)051},

  journal      = {Journal of High Energy Physics (Online)},

  number       = 9,

  volume       = 2018,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Sep 10 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Mon Sep 10 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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Title: Supernova 1987A constraints on sub-GeV dark sectors, millicharged particles, the QCD axion, and an axion-like particle

Abstract

Citation Formats

An absorption profile centred at 78 megahertz in the sky-averaged spectrum journal, March 2018

Possible interaction between baryons and dark-matter particles revealed by the first stars journal, March 2018

Search for short-lived axions in an electron-beam-dump experiment journal, August 1987

Axion Emission From Neutron Stars journal, September 1984

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Tenth-Order QED Contribution to the Electron g − 2 and an Improved Value of the Fine Structure Constant journal, September 2012

Supernova Neutrino Light Curves and Spectra for Various Progenitor Stars: from core Collapse to Proto-Neutron star Cooling journal, February 2013

Stellar recipes for axion hunters journal, October 2017

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New Determination of the Fine Structure Constant and Test of the Quantum Electrodynamics journal, February 2011

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First Direct Detection Limits on Sub-GeV Dark Matter from XENON10 journal, July 2012

Neutrino Signal of Collapse-Induced Thermonuclear Supernovae: the case for Prompt Black hole Formation in sn 1987a journal, August 2016

Search at the Mainz Microtron for Light Massive Gauge Bosons Relevant for the Muon g − 2 Anomaly journal, June 2014

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Supernova Simulations with Boltzmann Neutrino Transport: A Comparison of Methods journal, February 2005

New Measurement of the Electron Magnetic Moment and the Fine Structure Constant journal, March 2008

Stellar cooling bounds on new light particles: plasma mixing effects journal, February 2017

Fresh look at axions and SN 1987A journal, August 1997

Phenomenology of ELDER dark matter journal, August 2017

Mechanism for Thermal Relic Dark Matter of Strongly Interacting Massive Particles journal, October 2014

Dark radiation constraints on minicharged particles in models with a hidden photon journal, February 2014

A lower bound on the mass of cold thermal dark matter from Planck journal, August 2013

Supernova Matter at Subnuclear Densities as a Resonant Fermi Gas: Enhancement of Neutrino Rates journal, August 2014

Coherence effects and neutrino pair bremsstrahlung in neutron stars journal, September 1999

Neutrinos from SN 1987A.: Implications for Cooling of the Nascent Neutron Star and the Mass of the Electron Antineutrino journal, December 1989

Analyzing the Discovery Potential for Light Dark Matter journal, December 2015

New stellar constraints on dark photons journal, October 2013

New Determination of the Fine Structure Constant and Test of the Quantum Electrodynamics conference, January 2011

The birth of neutron stars journal, August 1986

A cosmological bound on the invisible axion journal, January 1983

An unambiguous search for a light Higgs boson journal, October 1989

Nucleon spin fluctuations and neutral-current interactions in supernovae journal, September 1997

Neutrino energy loss from the plasma process at all temperatures and densities journal, August 1993

Supernova cooling in a dark matter smog journal, November 2014

Elastically Decoupling Dark Matter journal, June 2016

Search for short-lived particles produced in an electron beam dump journal, November 1991

Astrophysical signatures of secluded dark matter journal, January 2009

A Finite Difference Representation of Neutrino Radiation Hydrodynamics in Spherically Symmetric General Relativistic Spacetime journal, January 2004

A statistical model for a complete supernova equation of state journal, June 2010

The not-so-harmless axion journal, January 1983

Soft-Photon Theory of Nucleon-Nucleon Bremsstrahlung journal, June 1968

Supernova Neutrino Opacity from Nucleon‐Nucleon Bremsstrahlung and Related Processes journal, November 1998

Hidden charged dark matter journal, July 2009

Strong Constraints on Sub-GeV Dark Sectors from SLAC Beam Dump E137 journal, October 2014

An Adaptive Grid, Implicit Code for Spherically Symmetric, General Relativistic Hydrodynamics in Comoving Coordinates journal, July 2002

Secluded WIMP dark matter journal, April 2008

A small amount of mini-charged dark matter could cool the baryons in the early Universe journal, May 2018

New determination of the fine structure constant and test of the quantum electrodynamics conference, August 2011

Constraining light dark matter with low-energy e+e− colliders journal, November 2013

Search for Neutral Particles in Electron-Beam-Dump Experiment journal, August 1986

Neutrinos from SN 1987A journal, July 1987

Stellar recipes for axion hunters text, January 2017

Direct detection of sub-GeV dark matter with semiconductor targets journal, May 2016

Neutrino Processes in Partially Degenerate Neutron Matter journal, September 2012

Probing MeV Dark Matter at Low-Energy e + e − Colliders journal, April 2006

The role of medium modifications for neutrino-pair processes from nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung: Impact on the protoneutron star deleptonization journal, September 2016

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Astrophysical Axion Bounds book, January 2008

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Axions from SN1987A journal, May 1988

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Bounds on exotic-particle interactions from SN1987A journal, May 1988

Neutrino and axion emissivities of neutron stars from nucleon–nucleon scattering data journal, February 2001

Self-consistent approach to neutral-current processes in supernova cores journal, August 1995

Updated bounds on milli-charged particles journal, May 2000

An absorption profile centred at 78 megahertz in the sky-averaged spectrum
journal, March 2018

Possible interaction between baryons and dark-matter particles revealed by the first stars
journal, March 2018

Search for short-lived axions in an electron-beam-dump experiment
journal, August 1987

Axion Emission From Neutron Stars
journal, September 1984

Inelastic dark matter
journal, July 2001

Cosmology of the invisible axion
journal, January 1983

Search for Millicharged Particles at SLAC
journal, August 1998

The QCD axion, precisely
journal, January 2016

SN 1987A - an empirical and analytic approach
journal, July 1993

Search for Dark Photons Produced in 13 TeV $p p$ Collisions
journal, February 2018

Tenth-Order QED Contribution to the Electron $g - 2$ and an Improved Value of the Fine Structure Constant
journal, September 2012

Supernova Neutrino Light Curves and Spectra for Various Progenitor Stars: from core Collapse to Proto-Neutron star Cooling
journal, February 2013

Stellar recipes for axion hunters
journal, October 2017

Astrophysical constraints on mini-charged particles
journal, September 1990

New Determination of the Fine Structure Constant and Test of the Quantum Electrodynamics
journal, February 2011

Chiral dynamics in the large N limit
journal, January 1980

First Direct Detection Limits on Sub-GeV Dark Matter from XENON10
journal, July 2012

Neutrino Signal of Collapse-Induced Thermonuclear Supernovae: the case for Prompt Black hole Formation in sn 1987a
journal, August 2016

Search at the Mainz Microtron for Light Massive Gauge Bosons Relevant for the Muon $g - 2$ Anomaly
journal, June 2014

Failure of a Neutrino-Driven Explosion After Core-Collapse may lead to a Thermonuclear Supernova
journal, September 2015

Solar constraints on hidden photons re-visited
journal, August 2013

Supernova Simulations with Boltzmann Neutrino Transport: A Comparison of Methods
journal, February 2005

New Measurement of the Electron Magnetic Moment and the Fine Structure Constant
journal, March 2008

Stellar cooling bounds on new light particles: plasma mixing effects
journal, February 2017

Fresh look at axions and SN 1987A
journal, August 1997

Phenomenology of ELDER dark matter
journal, August 2017

Mechanism for Thermal Relic Dark Matter of Strongly Interacting Massive Particles
journal, October 2014

Dark radiation constraints on minicharged particles in models with a hidden photon
journal, February 2014

A lower bound on the mass of cold thermal dark matter from Planck
journal, August 2013

Supernova Matter at Subnuclear Densities as a Resonant Fermi Gas: Enhancement of Neutrino Rates
journal, August 2014

Coherence effects and neutrino pair bremsstrahlung in neutron stars
journal, September 1999

Neutrinos from SN 1987A.: Implications for Cooling of the Nascent Neutron Star and the Mass of the Electron Antineutrino
journal, December 1989

Analyzing the Discovery Potential for Light Dark Matter
journal, December 2015

New stellar constraints on dark photons
journal, October 2013

New Determination of the Fine Structure Constant and Test of the Quantum Electrodynamics
conference, January 2011

The birth of neutron stars
journal, August 1986

A cosmological bound on the invisible axion
journal, January 1983

An unambiguous search for a light Higgs boson
journal, October 1989

Nucleon spin fluctuations and neutral-current interactions in supernovae
journal, September 1997

Neutrino energy loss from the plasma process at all temperatures and densities
journal, August 1993

Supernova cooling in a dark matter smog
journal, November 2014

Elastically Decoupling Dark Matter
journal, June 2016

Search for short-lived particles produced in an electron beam dump
journal, November 1991

Astrophysical signatures of secluded dark matter
journal, January 2009

A Finite Difference Representation of Neutrino Radiation Hydrodynamics in Spherically Symmetric General Relativistic Spacetime
journal, January 2004

A statistical model for a complete supernova equation of state
journal, June 2010

The not-so-harmless axion
journal, January 1983

Soft-Photon Theory of Nucleon-Nucleon Bremsstrahlung
journal, June 1968

Supernova Neutrino Opacity from Nucleon‐Nucleon Bremsstrahlung and Related Processes
journal, November 1998

Hidden charged dark matter
journal, July 2009

Strong Constraints on Sub-GeV Dark Sectors from SLAC Beam Dump E137
journal, October 2014

An Adaptive Grid, Implicit Code for Spherically Symmetric, General Relativistic Hydrodynamics in Comoving Coordinates
journal, July 2002

Secluded WIMP dark matter
journal, April 2008

A small amount of mini-charged dark matter could cool the baryons in the early Universe
journal, May 2018

New determination of the fine structure constant and test of the quantum electrodynamics
conference, August 2011

Constraining light dark matter with low-energy e+e− colliders
journal, November 2013

Search for Neutral Particles in Electron-Beam-Dump Experiment
journal, August 1986

Neutrinos from SN 1987A
journal, July 1987

Stellar recipes for axion hunters
text, January 2017

Direct detection of sub-GeV dark matter with semiconductor targets
journal, May 2016

Neutrino Processes in Partially Degenerate Neutron Matter
journal, September 2012

Probing MeV Dark Matter at Low-Energy $e^{+} e^{-}$ Colliders
journal, April 2006

The role of medium modifications for neutrino-pair processes from nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung: Impact on the protoneutron star deleptonization
journal, September 2016

Conservative general relativistic radiation hydrodynamics in spherical symmetry and comoving coordinates
journal, April 2001

The four basic ways of creating dark matter through a portal
journal, May 2012

Searching for the light dark gauge boson in GeV-scale experiments
journal, July 2009

Inert neutrinos is supernovae
journal, July 1991

Scalar dark matter candidates
journal, April 2004

Pion mass effects on axion emission from neutron stars through NN bremsstrahlung processes
journal, September 2009

Astrophysical Axion Bounds
book, January 2008

LIMITS ON THE MASS OF LIGHT (PSEUDO)SCALAR PARTICLES FROM BETHE-HEITLER e ⁺ e− and μ ⁺ μ ⁻ PAIR PRODUCTION IN A PROTON-IRON BEAM DUMP EXPERIMENT
journal, June 1992

Axions from SN1987A
journal, May 1988

A taste of dark matter: flavour constraints on pseudoscalar mediators
journal, March 2015

Bounds on exotic-particle interactions from SN1987A
journal, May 1988

Neutrino and axion emissivities of neutron stars from nucleon–nucleon scattering data
journal, February 2001

Self-consistent approach to neutral-current processes in supernova cores
journal, August 1995

Updated bounds on milli-charged particles
journal, May 2000

Review of Particle Physics
journal, October 2016

Results on MeV-scale dark matter from a gram-scale cryogenic calorimeter operated above ground: CRESST Collaboration
journal, September 2017

Single-Electron and Single-Photon Sensitivity with a Silicon Skipper CCD
journal, September 2017