The Present and Future of QCD: QCD Town Meeting White Paper – An Input to the 2023 NSAC Long Range Plan

Technical Report · Wed Mar 01 00:00:00 EST 2023

DOI:https://doi.org/10.2172/1962477· OSTI ID:1962477

Achenbach, P. ^[1]; Adhikari, D. ^[2]; Afanasev, A. ^[3]; Afzal, F. ^[4]; Aidala, C. A. ^[5]; Al-bataineh, A. ^[6]; Almaaloi, D. K. ^[7]; Amaryan, M. ^[8]; Androić, D. ^[9]; Armstrong, W. R. ^[10]; Arriatia, M. ^[11]; Arrington, J. ^[12]; Asaturyan, A. ^[13]; Aschenauer, E. C. ^[14]; Atac, H. ^[15]; Avakian, H. ^[1]; Averett, T. ^[16]; Ayerbe Gayoso, C. ^[16]; Bai, X. ^[17]; Barish, K. N. ^[18] ; Barnea, N. ^[19]; Basar, G. ^[20]; Battaglieri, M. ^[21]; Baty, A. A. ^[22]; Bautista, I. ^[23]; Bazilevsky, A. ^[14]; Beattie, C. ^[24]; Behera, S. C. ^[25]; Bellini, V. ^[26]; Bellwied, R. ^[27]; Benesch, J. F. ^[1]; Benmokhtar, F. ^[28]; Bernardes, C. A. ^[29]; Bernauer, J. C. ^[30]; Bhatt, H. ^[31]; Bhatta, S. ^[32]; Boer, M. ^[2]; Boettcher, T. J. ^[33]; Bogacz, S. A. ^[1]; Bossi, H. J. ^[24]; Brandenburg, J. D. ^[33]; Brash, E. J. ^[34]; Briceño, R. A. ^[35]; Briscoe, W. J. ^[3]; Brodsky, S. J. ^[36]; Brown, D. A. ^[14]; Burkert, V. D. ^[1]; Caines, H. ^[24]; Cali, I. A. ^[37]; Camsonne, A. ^[1]; Carman, D. S. ^[1]; Caylor, J. ^[38]; Cerci, S. ^[39]; Chamizo Llatas, M. ^[14]; Chen, J. P. ^[1]; Chen, Y. ^[37]; Chen, Y. C. ^[37]; Chien, Y. T. ^[40]; Chou, P C ^[37]; Chu, X. ^[14]; Chudakov, E. ^[1]; Cline, E. ^[41]; Cloët, I. C. ^[10]; Cole, P. L. ^[42]; Conners, M. E. ^[43]; Constantinou, M ^[15]; Cosyn, W. ^[44]; Covrig Dusa, S. ^[1]; Cruz-Torres, R ^[45]; D'Alesio, U. ^[46]; da Silva, C ^[47]; Davoudi, Z. ^[48]; Dean, C. T. ^[37]; Dean, D. J. ^[1]; Demarteau, M. ^[49]; Deshpande, A. ^[50]; Detmold, W. ^[51]; Deur, A. ^[1]; Devkota, B. R. ^[52]; Dhital, S. ^[53]; Diefenthaler, M. ^[1]; Dobbs, S. ^[54]; Doring, M. ^[3]; Dong, X. ^[12]; Dotel, R. ^[55]; Dow, K. A. ^[37]; Downie, E. J. ^[3]; Drachenberg, J. L. ^[56]; Dumitru, A ^[57]; Dunlop, J. C. ^[14]; Dupre, R. ^[57]; Durham, J. M. ^[47]; Dutta, D. ^[31]; Edwards, R. G. ^[1]; Ehlers, R. J. ^[58]; El Fassi, L. ^[31]; Elouadrhiri, L. ^[1]; Elaasar, M. ^[59]; Engelhardt, M. ^[60]; Ent, R. ^[1]; Esumi, S. ^[61]; Evdokimov, O. ^[62]; Eyser, O. ^[14]; Fanelli, C. ^[63]; Fatemi, R. ^[64]; Fernando, I. P. ^[17]; Flor, F. A. ^[24]; Fomin, N. ^[64]; Frawley, A. D. ^[54]; Federico, T. ^[65]; Fries, R. J. ^[66]; Gal, C. ^[1]; Gamage, B. R. ^[1]; Gamberg, L. ^[67]; Gao, H. ^[14]; Gaskell, D. ^[1]; Geurts, F. ^[22]; Ghandilyan, Y. ^[68]; Gilman, R. ^[69]; Gleason, C. ^[70]; Gnanvo, K. ^[1]; Gothe, R. W. ^[71]; Greene, S. V. ^[72]; Grießhammer, H. W. ^[3]; Grossberndt, S. K. ^[73]; Grube, B. ^[1]; Hackett, D. C. ^[51]; Hague, T. J. ^[12]; Hakobyan, H. ^[74]; Hansen, J. O ^[1]; Hatta, Y. ^[14]; Hattawy, M. ^[8]; Havener, L. B. ^[24]; Hen, O. ^[37]; Henry, W. ^[1]; Higinbotham, D. W. ^[1]; Hobbs, T. J. ^[10]; Hodges, A. M. ^[7]; Holmstrom, T. ^[75]; Hong, B. ^[76]; Horn, T. ^[1]; Howell, C. R. ^[77]; Huang, H. Z. ^[76]; Huang, M. ^[78]; Huang, S. ^[32]; Huber, G. ^[79]; Hyde, C. E. ^[8]; Isupov, E. L. ^[80]; Jacobs, P. M. ^[12]; Jalilian-Marian, J. ^[73]; Jentsch, A. ^[14]; Jheng, H. ^[37]; Ji, C. R. ^[81]; Ji, X. ^[48]; Jia, J. ^[50]; Jones, D. C. ^[1]; Jones, M. K. ^[1]; Kalantarians, N. ^[82]; Kalicy, G. ^[68]; Kang, Z. B. ^[76]; Karthein, J. M. ^[37]; Keller, D. ^[17]; Keppel, C. ^[1]; Khachartryan, V. ^[83]; Kharzeev, D. E. ^[32]; Kim, M. ^[84]; Kim, Y. ^[85]; King, P. M. ^[86]; Kinney, E. ^[87]; Klein, S. R. ^[12]; Ko, H. S. ^[12]; Koch, V. ^[12]; Kohl, M. ^[88]; Kovchegov, Y. V. ^[89]; Krintiras, G. K. ^[90]; Kubarovsky, V. ^[1]; Kuhn, S. E. ^[8]; Kumar, K. S. ^[91]; Kutz, T. ^[37]; Lajoie, J. G. ^[78]; Lauret, J. ^[14]; Lavrukhin, I. ^[5]; Lawrence, D. ^[1]; Lee, J. H. ^[14]; Lee, K. ^[37]; Lee, S. ^[10]; Lee, Y. J. ^[37]; Li, S. ^[12]; Li, W. ^[22]; Li, X. ^[37]; Li, X. ^[47]; Liao, J. ^[83]; Lin, H. W. ^[92]; Lisa, M. A. ^[89]; Liu, K. F. ^[93]; Liu, M. X. ^[47]; Liu, T. ^[94]; Liuti, S. ^[19]; Liyanage, N. ^[19]; Llope, W. J. ^[95]; Loizides, C. ^[49]; Longo, R. ^[7]; Lorenzon, W. ^[5]; Luo, X. ^[96]; Ma, R. ^[14]; McKinnon, B. ^[97]; Meekins, D. G. ^[1]; Mehtar-Tani, Y. ^[14]; Melnitchouk, W. ^[1]; Metz, A. ^[15]; Meyer, C. A. ^[98]; Meziani, Z. E. ^[10]; Michaels, R. ^[1]; Milner, R. ^[37]; Mkrtchyan, H. ^[99]; Mohanmurthy, P. ^[37]; Mohanty, B. ^[100]; Mokeev, V. I. ^[1]; Mooney, I. A. ^[101]; Morningstar, C. ^[98]; Morrison, D. P. ^[14]; Muller, B. ^[102]; Mukherjee, S. ^[14]; Mulligan, J. ^[58]; Munoz Camacho, C. ^[103]; Murillo Quijada, J. A. ^[104]; Murray, M. J. ^[90]; Nadeeshani, S. A. ^[31]; Nadel-Turonski, P. ^[32]; Nam, J. D. ^[15]; Nattrass, C. E. ^[64]; Nijs, G. ^[37]; Norohna, J. ^[7]; Noronha-Hostler, J. ^[7]; Novitzky, N. ^[49]; Nycz, M. ^[15]; Olness, F. I. ^[105]; Osborn, J. D. ^[14]; Pak, R. ^[14]; Pandey, B. ^[106]; Paolone, M. ^[60]; Papandreou, Z. ^[79]; Paquet, J. F. ^[72]; Park, S. ^[107]; Paschke, K. D. ^[17]; Pasquini, B. ^[108]; Pasyuk, E. ^[1]; Patel, T. ^[53]; Patton, A. ^[37]; Paudel, C. ^[44]; Peng, C. ^[10]; Peng, J. C. ^[7]; Pereira Da Costa, H. ^[47]; Perepelitsa, D. V. ^[87]; Peters, M. J. ^[37]; Petreczky, P. ^[14]; Pisarski, R. D. ^[14]; Pitonyak, D. ^[109]; Ploskon, M A ^[45]; Posik, M. ^[15]; Poudel, J. ^[1]; Pradhan, R. ^[25]; Prokudin, A. ^[110]; Pruneau, C. A. ^[111]; Putschke, J. ^[111]; Pybus, J. R. ^[37]; Qiu, J. W. ^[63]; Rajagopal, K. ^[37]; Ratti, C. ^[27]; Read, K. F. ^[112]; Reed, R. ^[113]; Richards, D. G. ^[1]; Riedl, C. ^[7]; Ringer, F. ^[8]; Rinn, T. ^[14]; Rittenhouse West, J. ^[114]; Roche, J. ^[86]; Rodas, A. ^[1]; Roland, G. ^[37]; Romero-Lopez, F. ^[37]; Rossi, P. ^[1]; Rostomyan, T. ^[115]; Ruan, L. ^[14]; Ruimi, O. M. ^[19]; Saha, N. R. ^[25]; Sahoo, N. R. ^[94]; Sakaguchi, T. ^[14]; Salazar, F. ^[116]; Salgado, C. W. ^[117]; Salme, G. ^[118]; Salur, S. ^[69]; Santiesteban, S. N. ^[119]; Sargsian, M. M. ^[44]; Sarsour, M. ^[43]; Sato, N. ^[1]; Satogata, T. ^[120]; Sawada, S. ^[121]; Schäfer, T. ^[81]; Scheihing-Hitschfeld, B. ^[37]; Schenke, B. ^[14]; Schindler, S. T. ^[37]; Schmidt, A. ^[3]; Seidl, R. ^[122]; Sabestari, M. H. ^[123]; Shanahan, P. E. ^[124]; Shen, C. ^[95]; Sheng, T. A. ^[37]; Shepherd, M. R. ^[83]; Sickles, A. M. ^[7]; Sievert, M. D. ^[60]; Smith, K. L. ^[47]; Song, Y. ^[24]; Sorensen, A. ^[125]; Souder, P. A. ^[38]; Spareveris, N. ^[15]; Srednyak, S. ^[102]; Stahl Leiton, A. G. ^[126]; Stasto, A. M. ^[127]; Steinberg, P. ^[14]; Stepanyan, S. ^[1]; Stephanov, M. ^[62]; Stevens, J. R. ^[16]; Stewart, D. J. ^[95]; Stewart, I. W. ^[37]; Stojanovic, M. ^[128]; Strakovsky, I. ^[3]; Strauch, S. ^[71]; Strickland, M. ^[129]; Sunar Cerci, D. ^[130]; Suresh, M. ^[53]; Surrow, B. ^[15]; Syritsyn, S. ^[32]; Szczepaniak, A. P. ^[131]; Tadepalli, A. S. ^[1]; Tang, A. H. ^[14]; Tapia Takaki, J. D. ^[90]; Tarnowsky, T. J. ^[132]; Tawfik, A. N. ^[133]; Taylor, M. I. ^[37]; Tennant, C. ^[1]; Thiel, A. ^[4]; Thomas, D. ^[134]; Tian, Y. ^[38]; Timmins, A. R. ^[27]; Tribedy, P. ^[14]; Tu, Z. ^[14]; Tuo, S. ^[73]; Ullrich, T. ^[101]; Umaka, E. ^[14]; Ghimire, N. ^[15]; Vary, J. P. ^[78]; Velkovska, J. ^[72]; Venugopalan, R. ^[14]; Vijayakumar, A. ^[7]; Vitev, I. ^[47]; Vogelsang, W. ^[135]; Vogt, R. ^[136]; Vossen, A. ^[137]; Voutier, E. ^[138]; Vovchenko, V. ^[27]; Walker-Loud, A. ^[12]; Wang, F. ^[128]; Wang, J. ^[37]; Wang, X. ^[7]; Wang, X. N. ^[58]; Weinstein, L. B. ^[8]; Wenaus, T. J. ^[14]; Weyhmiller, S. ^[24]; Wissink, S. W. ^[83]; Wojtsekhowski, B. ^[1]; Wong, C. P. ^[47]; Wood, M. H. ^[139]; Wunderlich, Y. ^[4]; Wyslouch, B. ^[37]; Xiao, B. W. ^[140]; Xie, W. ^[128]; Xiong, W. ^[94]; Xu, N ^[45]; Xu, Q. H. ^[94]; Xu, Z. ^[14]; Yaari, D. ^[19]; Yao, X. ^[125]; Ye, Z. ^[62]; Ye, Z. H. ^[140]; Yero, C. ^[8]; Yuan, F. ^[12]; Zajc, W. A. ^[141]; Zhang, C. ^[32]; Zhang, J. ^[17]; Zhao, F. ^[76]; Zhao, Y. ^[10]; Zhao, Z. W. ^[102]; Zheng, X. ^[17]; Zhou, J. ^[102]

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1. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
2. Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA (United States)
3. George Washington Univ., Washington, DC (United States)
4. Univ. of Bonn (Germany)
5. Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
6. Yarmouk University, Irbid (Jordan); Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, KS (United States)
7. Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)
8. Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA (United States)
9. Univ. of Zagreb (Croatia)
10. Argonne National Lab., (ANL), Lemont, IL (United States)
11. Univ. of California, Riverside, CA (United States); Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
12. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
13. Univ. of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC (United States); Alikhanyan National Lab. (AANL), Yerevan (Armenia)
14. Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
15. Temple Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States)
16. College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA (United States)
17. Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (United States)
18. Univ. of California, Riverside, CA (United States)
19. Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem (Israel)
20. Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (United States). Dept. of Chemistry
21. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Genova (Italy)
22. Rice Univ., Houston, TX (United States)
23. Benemerita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla (Mexico)
24. Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United States)
25. Indian Inst. of Technology (IIT), Madras (India)
26. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Catania (Italy)
27. Univ. of Houston, TX (United States)
28. Duquesne Univ., Pittsburgh, PA (United States)
29. Federal Univ. of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (Brazil)
30. Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). RIKEN Research Center
31. Mississippi State Univ., Mississippi State, MS (United States)
32. Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States)
33. Univ. of Cincinnati, OH (United States)
34. Christopher Newport Univ., Newport News, VA (United States)
35. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
36. Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
37. Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)
38. Syracuse Univ., NY (United States)
39. Adiyamin Univ., Adiyaman (Turkey); Istanbul Univ. (Turkey)
40. Georgia State Univ., Atlanta, GA (United States); Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
41. Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States); Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)
42. Lamar Univ., Beaumont, TX (United States)
43. Georgia State Univ., Atlanta, GA (United States)
44. Florida International Univ. (FIU), Miami, FL (United States)
45. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
46. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Monserrato (Italy); Univ. of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari (Italy)
47. Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
48. Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
49. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
50. Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
51. Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States); The NSF AI Inst. for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions, Cambridge, MA (United States)
52. Mississippi State Univ., Starkville, MS (United States)
53. Hampton Univ., Hampton, VA (United States)
54. Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL (United States)
55. Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (United States)
56. Abilene Christian Univ., TX (United States)
57. City Univ. of New York (CUNY), NY (United States). Baruch College
58. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
59. Southern Univ., at New Orleans, New Orleans, LA (United States)
60. New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces, NM (United States)
61. Univ. of Tsukuba (Japan)
62. Univ. of Illinois, Chicago, IL (United States)
63. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States); College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA (United States)
64. Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)
65. Comando-Geral de Tecnologia Aerospacial (CTA), Sao Jose dos Campos (Brazil). Inst. Tecnologico de Aeronautica (ITA)
66. Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States)
67. Pennsylvania State Berks, Reading, PA (United States)
68. The Catholic Univ. of America, Washington, DC (United States)
69. Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ (United States)
70. Union College, Schenectady, NY (United States)
71. Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (United States)
72. Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, TN (United States)
73. City Univ. of New York (CUNY), NY (United States)
74. Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria, Valparaiso (Chile)
75. Longwood Univ., Farmville, VA (United States)
76. Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
77. Duke Univ., Durham, NC (United States); Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL), Durham, NC (United States)
78. Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States)
79. Univ. of Regina, SK (Canada)
80. Moscow State Univ., Moscow (Russian Federation)
81. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States)
82. Virginia Union Univ., Richmond, VA (United States)
83. Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN (United States)
84. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
85. Chonnam National Univ., Gwangju (Korea, Republic of)
86. Sejong Univ., Seoul (Korea, Republic of)
87. Ohio Univ., Athens, OH (United States)
88. Hampton Univ., Hampton, VA (United States); Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
89. The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH (United States)
90. Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, KS (United States)
91. Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
92. Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA (United States)
93. Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (United States)
94. Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)
95. Shandong Univ., Qingdao, Shandong (China)
96. Wayne State Univ., Detroit, MI (United States)
97. China Central Normal Univ., Wuhan (China)
98. Univ. of Glasgow, Scotland (United Kingdom)
99. Alikhanyan National Lab. (AANL), Yerevan (Armenia)
100. Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA (United States)
101. Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United States)
102. Duke Univ., Durham, NC (United States)
103. Univ. Paris-Saclay, Orsay (France)
104. National Institute of Science Education and Research, Jatni (India)
105. Univ. de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora (Mexico)
106. Southern Methodist Univ., Dallas, TX (United States)
107. Mississippi State Univ., Mississippi State, MS (United States); Center for Frontiers in Nuclear Science, Stony Brook, NY (United States)
108. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Pavia (Italy); Univ. degli Studi di Pavia (Italy)
109. Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Pavia (Italy)
110. Pennsylvania State Berks, Reading, PA (United States); Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
111. Shandong Univ., Jinan (China)
112. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (United States)
113. Lebanon Valley College, Annville, PA (United States)
114. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). LBNL Materials Project
115. National Inst. of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Frascati (Italy)
116. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
117. Paul Scherrer Inst. (PSI), Villigen (Switzerland)
118. Norfolk State Univ., Norfolk, VA (United States)
119. National Inst. of Nuclear Physics (INFN), Rome (Italy)
120. Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States); Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA (United States)
121. Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (United States)
122. Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); RIKEN, Saitama (Japan)
123. RIKEN, Saitama (Japan)
124. Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States); The NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions, Cambridge, MA (United States)
125. Univ. of West Florida, Pensacola, FL (United States)
126. Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)
127. European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva (Switzerland)
128. Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)
129. Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN (United States)
130. Adiyaman Univ., Adiyaman (Turkey); Istanbul Univ. (Turkey)
131. Indiana Univ., Bloomington, IN (United States); Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
132. Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA (United States); Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
133. Kent State Univ., Kent, OH (United States)
134. Future Univ. in Egypt, New Cairo (Egypt)
135. Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States)
136. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States)
137. Duke Univ., Durham, NC (United States); Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
138. Univ. of Paris-Saclay, Orsay (France)
139. Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States)
140. Canisius College, Buffalo, NY (United States)
141. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing (China)

It is currently understood that there are four fundamental forces in nature: gravitational, electromagnetic, weak and strong forces. The strong force governs the interactions between quarks and gluons, elementary particles whose interactions give rise to the vast majority of visible mass in the universe. The mathematical description of the strong force is provided by the non-Abelian gauge theory Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). While QCD is an exquisite theory, constructing the nucleons and nuclei from quarks, and furthermore explaining the behavior of quarks and gluons at all energies, remain to be complex and challenging problems. Such challenges, along with the desire to understand all visible matter at the most fundamental level, position the study of QCD as a central thrust of research in nuclear science. Experimental insight into the strong force can be gained using large particle accelerator facilities, which are necessary to probe the very short distance scales over which quarks and gluons interact. The Long Range Plans (LRPs) exercise of 1989 and 1996 led directly to the construction of two world-class facilities: the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) at Jefferson Lab (JLab) that is focused on studying how the structure of hadrons emerges from QCD (cold QCD research), and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Lab (BNL) that aims at the discovery and study of a new state of matter, the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), at extremely high temperatures (hot QCD research). These past investments have produced major advances. Nucleons and nuclei are being studied with increasing precision with a unified description of the partonic structure utilizing multi-dimensional imaging. Significant progress has been made, paving the way towards a complete picture of how quarks and gluons give rise to the mass, spin, and momentum of the nucleon. In hot QCD, the QGP is created in the collisions of nuclei at RHIC and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and is observed to behave like a fluid with very low specific shear viscosity; the current goals are to understand how the fluid behavior emerges from QCD and to characterize the temperature (and chemical potential) dependence of the properties of the QGP. As this White Paper is written, current experimental programs at CEBAF, RHIC and the LHC continue to provide exciting near term opportunities to capitalize on the investments in experimental equipment and accelerator operations. Most importantly, the QCD community looks forward to the construction of the Electron Ion Collider (EIC) as a major new facility to push forward QCD research in the next decades, with significant focus on exploring the properties of gluons, the mediators of the strong force.

• Research Organization: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
• Sponsoring Organization: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
• DOE Contract Number: AC52-07NA27344
• OSTI ID: 1962477
• Report Number(s): LLNL-TR-846479; 1070362; TRN: US2403187
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

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72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS