Electrocatalysis in Alkaline Media and Alkaline Membrane-Based Energy Technologies

Yang, Yao; Peltier, Cheyenne R.; Zeng, Rui; Schimmenti, Roberto; Li, Qihao; Huang, Xin; Yan, Zhifei; Potsi, Georgia; Selhorst, Ryan; Lu, Xinyao; Xu, Weixuan; Tader, Mariel; Soudackov, Alexander V.; Zhang, Hanguang; Krumov, Mihail; Murray, Ellen; Xu, Pengtao; Hitt, Jeremy; Xu, Linxi; Ko, Hsin-Yu; Ernst, Brian G.; Bundschu, Colin; Luo, Aileen; Markovich, Danielle; Hu, Meixue; He, Cheng; Wang, Hongsen; Fang, Jiye; DiStasio, Robert A.; Kourkoutis, Lena F.; Singer, Andrej; Noonan, Kevin T.; Xiao, Li; Zhuang, Lin; Pivovar, Bryan S.; Zelenay, Piotr; Herrero, Enrique; Feliu, Juan M.; Suntivich, Jin; Giannelis, Emmanuel P.; Hammes-Schiffer, Sharon; Arias, Tomás; Mavrikakis, Manos; Mallouk, Thomas E.; Brock, Joel D.; Muller, David A.; DiSalvo, Francis J.; Coates, Geoffrey W.; Abruña, Héctor D.

doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00331

Title: Electrocatalysis in Alkaline Media and Alkaline Membrane-Based Energy Technologies

Journal Article · Tue Feb 08 00:00:00 EST 2022 · Chemical Reviews

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00331· OSTI ID:1846941

^[1];

^[2]; Li, Qihao ^[3];

^[1]; Yan, Zhifei ^[4];

^[1]; Selhorst, Ryan ^[5];

^[1]; Xu, Weixuan ^[1]; Tader, Mariel ^[1];

^[6]; Zhang, Hanguang ^[7]; Krumov, Mihail ^[1]; Murray, Ellen ^[2];

^[1]; Hitt, Jeremy ^[4]; Xu, Linxi ^[4];

^[1] more »

Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)
Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)
Wuhan Univ. (China)
Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (United States)
Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA (United States)
Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United States)
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
State Univ. of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, NY (United States)
Univ. de Alicante (Spain)

Hydrogen energy-based electrochemical energy conversion technologies offer the promise of enabling a transition of the global energy landscape from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the fundamentals of electrocatalysis in alkaline media and applications in alkaline-based energy technologies, particularly alkaline fuel cells and water electrolyzers. Anion exchange (alkaline) membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) enable the use of nonprecious electrocatalysts for the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), relative to proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), which require Pt-based electrocatalysts. However, the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) kinetics is significantly slower in alkaline media than in acidic media. Understanding these phenomena requires applying theoretical and experimental methods to unravel molecular-level thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogen and oxygen electrocatalysis and, particularly, the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process that takes place in a proton-deficient alkaline media. Extensive electrochemical and spectroscopic studies, on single-crystal Pt and metal oxides, have contributed to the development of activity descriptors, as well as the identification of the nature of active sites, and the rate-determining steps of the HOR and ORR. Among these, the structure and reactivity of interfacial water serve as key potential and pH-dependent kinetic factors that are helping elucidate the origins of the HOR and ORR activity differences in acids and bases. Additionally, deliberately modulating and controlling catalyst-support interactions have provided valuable insights for enhancing catalyst accessibility and durability during operation. The design and synthesis of highly conductive and durable alkaline membranes/ionomers have enabled AEMFCs to reach initial performance metrics equal to or higher than those of PEMFCs. We emphasize the importance of using membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) to integrate the often separately pursued/optimized electrocatalyst/support and membranes/ionomer components. Operando/in situ methods, at multiscales, and ab initio simulations provide a mechanistic understanding of electron, ion, and mass transport at catalyst/ionomer/membrane interfaces and the necessary guidance to achieve fuel cell operation in air over thousands of hours. We hope that this Review will serve as a roadmap for advancing the scientific understanding of the fundamental factors governing electrochemical energy conversion in alkaline media with the ultimate goal of achieving ultralow Pt or precious-metal-free high-performance and durable alkaline fuel cells and related technologies.

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Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308

OSTI ID:: 1846941

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5900-82255; MainId:83028; UUID:c5dd1bb2-c057-45f5-8b88-e36cf67623d9; MainAdminID:63933

Journal Information:: Chemical Reviews, Vol. 122, Issue 6; ISSN 0009-2665

Publisher:: American Chemical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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