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Title: On-Sky Performance of the SPT-3G Frequency-Domain Multiplexed Readout

Abstract

Frequency-domain multiplexing (fMux) is an established technique for the readout of large arrays of transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers. Each TES in a multiplexing module has a unique AC voltage bias that is selected by a resonant filter. This scheme provides for the operation and readout of multiple bolometers on a single pair of wires, reducing thermal loading onto sub-Kelvin stages. The current receiver on the South Pole Telescope, SPT-3G, uses a 68x fMux system to operate its large-format camera of ~16,000 TES bolometers. We present here the successful implementation and performance of the SPT-3G readout as measured on-sky. Characterization of the noise reveals a median pair-differenced 1/f knee frequency of 33 mHz, indicating that low-frequency noise in the readout will not limit SPT-3G’s measurements of sky power on large angular scales. Measurements further show that the median readout white noise level in each of the SPT-3G observing bands is below the expectation for photon noise, demonstrating that SPT-3G is operating in the photon-noise-dominated regime.

Authors:
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Publication Date:
Research Org.:
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
National Science Foundation (NSF); Kavli Foundation; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC); Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; Sloan Foundation; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR); Australian Research Council; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
Contributing Org.:
SPT Collaboration
OSTI Identifier:
1616755
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1632820
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-76SF00515; PLR-1248097; PHY-1125897; GBMF#947; AC02-06CH11357; AC02-07CH11359; AST-0956135
Resource Type:
Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Journal of Low Temperature Physics
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 199; Journal Issue: 1-2; Journal ID: ISSN 0022-2291
Publisher:
Springer
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION; Frequency-domain multiplexing; Transition-edge sensor; Cosmic microwave background; cosmic microwave background; frequency domain multiplexing; transition edge sensor

Citation Formats

Bender, A. N., Anderson, A. J., Avva, J. S., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Barry, P. S., Basu Thakur, R., Benson, B. A., Bryant, L., Byrum, K., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. -M., Cliche, J. F., Cukierman, A., de Haan, T., Denison, E. V., Ding, J., Dobbs, M. A., Dutcher, D., Everett, W., Ferguson, K. R., Foster, A., Fu, J., Gallicchio, J., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Gilbert, A., Groh, J. C., Guns, S., Guyser, R., Halverson, N. W., Harke-Hosemann, A. H., Harrington, N. L., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Holzapfel, W. L., Howe, D., Huang, N., Irwin, K. D., Jeong, O. B., Jonas, M., Jones, A., Khaire, T. S., Kofman, A. M., Korman, M., Kubik, D. L., Kuhlmann, S., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lowitz, A. E., Meyer, S. S., Michalik, D., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nguyen, H., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Pearson, J., Posada, C. M., Quan, W., Rahlin, A., Riebel, D., Ruhl, J. E., Sayre, J. T., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Story, K. T., Suzuki, A., Thompson, K. L., Tucker, C., Vale, L. R., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., and Young, M. R. On-Sky Performance of the SPT-3G Frequency-Domain Multiplexed Readout. United States: N. p., 2019. Web. doi:10.1007/s10909-019-02280-w.
Bender, A. N., Anderson, A. J., Avva, J. S., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Barry, P. S., Basu Thakur, R., Benson, B. A., Bryant, L., Byrum, K., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. -M., Cliche, J. F., Cukierman, A., de Haan, T., Denison, E. V., Ding, J., Dobbs, M. A., Dutcher, D., Everett, W., Ferguson, K. R., Foster, A., Fu, J., Gallicchio, J., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Gilbert, A., Groh, J. C., Guns, S., Guyser, R., Halverson, N. W., Harke-Hosemann, A. H., Harrington, N. L., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Holzapfel, W. L., Howe, D., Huang, N., Irwin, K. D., Jeong, O. B., Jonas, M., Jones, A., Khaire, T. S., Kofman, A. M., Korman, M., Kubik, D. L., Kuhlmann, S., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lowitz, A. E., Meyer, S. S., Michalik, D., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nguyen, H., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Pearson, J., Posada, C. M., Quan, W., Rahlin, A., Riebel, D., Ruhl, J. E., Sayre, J. T., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Story, K. T., Suzuki, A., Thompson, K. L., Tucker, C., Vale, L. R., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., & Young, M. R. On-Sky Performance of the SPT-3G Frequency-Domain Multiplexed Readout. United States. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-019-02280-w
Bender, A. N., Anderson, A. J., Avva, J. S., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Barry, P. S., Basu Thakur, R., Benson, B. A., Bryant, L., Byrum, K., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. -M., Cliche, J. F., Cukierman, A., de Haan, T., Denison, E. V., Ding, J., Dobbs, M. A., Dutcher, D., Everett, W., Ferguson, K. R., Foster, A., Fu, J., Gallicchio, J., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Gilbert, A., Groh, J. C., Guns, S., Guyser, R., Halverson, N. W., Harke-Hosemann, A. H., Harrington, N. L., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Holzapfel, W. L., Howe, D., Huang, N., Irwin, K. D., Jeong, O. B., Jonas, M., Jones, A., Khaire, T. S., Kofman, A. M., Korman, M., Kubik, D. L., Kuhlmann, S., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lowitz, A. E., Meyer, S. S., Michalik, D., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Natoli, T., Nguyen, H., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Pearson, J., Posada, C. M., Quan, W., Rahlin, A., Riebel, D., Ruhl, J. E., Sayre, J. T., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Sobrin, J. A., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Story, K. T., Suzuki, A., Thompson, K. L., Tucker, C., Vale, L. R., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., and Young, M. R. 2019. "On-Sky Performance of the SPT-3G Frequency-Domain Multiplexed Readout". United States. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-019-02280-w. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1616755.
@article{osti_1616755,
title = {On-Sky Performance of the SPT-3G Frequency-Domain Multiplexed Readout},
author = {Bender, A. N. and Anderson, A. J. and Avva, J. S. and Ade, P. A. R. and Ahmed, Z. and Barry, P. S. and Basu Thakur, R. and Benson, B. A. and Bryant, L. and Byrum, K. and Carlstrom, J. E. and Carter, F. W. and Cecil, T. W. and Chang, C. L. and Cho, H. -M. and Cliche, J. F. and Cukierman, A. and de Haan, T. and Denison, E. V. and Ding, J. and Dobbs, M. A. and Dutcher, D. and Everett, W. and Ferguson, K. R. and Foster, A. and Fu, J. and Gallicchio, J. and Gambrel, A. E. and Gardner, R. W. and Gilbert, A. and Groh, J. C. and Guns, S. and Guyser, R. and Halverson, N. W. and Harke-Hosemann, A. H. and Harrington, N. L. and Henning, J. W. and Hilton, G. C. and Holzapfel, W. L. and Howe, D. and Huang, N. and Irwin, K. D. and Jeong, O. B. and Jonas, M. and Jones, A. and Khaire, T. S. and Kofman, A. M. and Korman, M. and Kubik, D. L. and Kuhlmann, S. and Kuo, C. -L. and Lee, A. T. and Leitch, E. M. and Lowitz, A. E. and Meyer, S. S. and Michalik, D. and Montgomery, J. and Nadolski, A. and Natoli, T. and Nguyen, H. and Noble, G. I. and Novosad, V. and Padin, S. and Pan, Z. and Paschos, P. and Pearson, J. and Posada, C. M. and Quan, W. and Rahlin, A. and Riebel, D. and Ruhl, J. E. and Sayre, J. T. and Shirokoff, E. and Smecher, G. and Sobrin, J. A. and Stark, A. A. and Stephen, J. and Story, K. T. and Suzuki, A. and Thompson, K. L. and Tucker, C. and Vale, L. R. and Vanderlinde, K. and Vieira, J. D. and Wang, G. and Whitehorn, N. and Yefremenko, V. and Yoon, K. W. and Young, M. R.},
abstractNote = {Frequency-domain multiplexing (fMux) is an established technique for the readout of large arrays of transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers. Each TES in a multiplexing module has a unique AC voltage bias that is selected by a resonant filter. This scheme provides for the operation and readout of multiple bolometers on a single pair of wires, reducing thermal loading onto sub-Kelvin stages. The current receiver on the South Pole Telescope, SPT-3G, uses a 68x fMux system to operate its large-format camera of ~16,000 TES bolometers. We present here the successful implementation and performance of the SPT-3G readout as measured on-sky. Characterization of the noise reveals a median pair-differenced 1/f knee frequency of 33 mHz, indicating that low-frequency noise in the readout will not limit SPT-3G’s measurements of sky power on large angular scales. Measurements further show that the median readout white noise level in each of the SPT-3G observing bands is below the expectation for photon noise, demonstrating that SPT-3G is operating in the photon-noise-dominated regime.},
doi = {10.1007/s10909-019-02280-w},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1616755}, journal = {Journal of Low Temperature Physics},
issn = {0022-2291},
number = 1-2,
volume = 199,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Dec 17 00:00:00 EST 2019},
month = {Tue Dec 17 00:00:00 EST 2019}
}

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