Improving Quantum Yield of Upconverting Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media via Emission Sensitization

Wisser, Michael D.; Fischer, Stefan; Siefe, Chris; Alivisatos, A. Paul; Salleo, Alberto; Dionne, Jennifer A.

doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00634

Title: Improving Quantum Yield of Upconverting Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media via Emission Sensitization

Journal Article · Wed Mar 28 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Nano Letters

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00634· OSTI ID:1532309

^[1]; Fischer, Stefan ^[2]; Siefe, Chris ^[1];

^[3]; Salleo, Alberto ^[1]; Dionne, Jennifer A. ^[1]

Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States)
Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, CA (United States)

We demonstrate a facile method to improve upconversion quantum yields in Yb,Er-based nanoparticles via emission dye-sensitization. Using the commercially available dye ATTO 542, chosen for its high radiative rate and significant spectral overlap with the green emission of Er³⁺, we decorate the surfaces of sub-25 nm hexagonal-phase Na(Y/Gd/Lu)_0.8F₄:Yb_0.18Er_0.02 upconverting nanoparticles with varying dye concentrations. Upconversion photoluminescence and absorption spectroscopy provide experimental confirmation of energy transfer to and emission from the dye molecules. Upconversion quantum yield is observed to increase with dye sensitization, with the highest enhancement measured for the smallest particles investigated (10.9 nm in diameter); specifically, these dye-decorated particles are more than 2× brighter than are unmodified, organic-soluble nanoparticles and more than 10× brighter than are water-soluble nanoparticles. We also observe 3× lifetime reductions with dye adsorption, confirming the quantum yield enhancement to result from the high radiative rate of the dye. As a result, the approach detailed in this work is widely implementable, renders the nanoparticles water-soluble, and most significantly improves sub-15 nm nanoparticles, making our method especially attractive for biological imaging applications.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Light-Material Interactions in Energy Conversion (LMI)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; SC0001293

OSTI ID:: 1532309

Journal Information:: Nano Letters, Vol. 18, Issue 4; ISSN 1530-6984

Publisher:: American Chemical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 51 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (56)

Realistic upconverter-enhanced solar cells with non-ideal absorption and recombination efficiencies Atre, Ashwin C.; Dionne, Jennifer A. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 110, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3610522	journal	August 2011
Roadmap on optical energy conversion Boriskina, Svetlana V.; Green, Martin A.; Catchpole, Kylie Journal of Optics, Vol. 18, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/18/7/073004	journal	June 2016
Narrow-bandwidth solar upconversion: Case studies of existing systems and generalized fundamental limits Briggs, Justin A.; Atre, Ashwin C.; Dionne, Jennifer A. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 113, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4796092	journal	March 2013
Record efficient upconverter solar cell devices with optimized bifacial silicon solar cells and monocrystalline BaY2F8:30% Er3+ upconverter Fischer, Stefan; Favilla, Elena; Tonelli, Mauro Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 136 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2014.12.023	journal	May 2015
Enhancing the performance of silicon solar cells via the application of passive luminescence conversion layers Richards, B. S. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 90, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2006.03.035	journal	September 2006
Photochemical upconversion: present status and prospects for its application to solar energy conversion Schulze, Tim F.; Schmidt, Timothy W. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE02481H	journal	January 2015
Luminescent layers for enhanced silicon solar cell performance: Up-conversion Shalav, A.; Richards, B. S.; Green, M. A. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 91, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2007.02.007	journal	May 2007
Rare-Earth Ion Doped Up-Conversion Materials for Photovoltaic Applications Wang, Hai-Qiao; Batentschuk, Miroslaw; Osvet, Andres Advanced Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 22-23 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201100511	journal	April 2011
Modifying the solar spectrum to enhance silicon solar cell efficiency—An overview of available materials Strümpel, C.; McCann, M.; Beaucarne, G. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 91, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2006.09.003	journal	February 2007
Up-conversion semiconducting MoO3:Yb/Er nanocomposites as buffer layer in organic solar cells Wang, Hai-Qiao; Stubhan, Tobias; Osvet, Andres Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2012.06.005	journal	October 2012
Upconverting core-shell nanocrystals with high quantum yield under low irradiance: On the role of isotropic and thick shells Fischer, Stefan; Johnson, Noah J. J.; Pichaandi, Jothirmayanantham Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 118, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4936119	journal	November 2015
Upconversion for Photovoltaics - a Review of Materials, Devices and Concepts for Performance Enhancement Goldschmidt, Jan Christoph; Fischer, Stefan Advanced Optical Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201500024	journal	April 2015
Efficient Upconverting Multiferroic Core@Shell Photocatalysts: Visible-to-Near-Infrared Photon Harvesting Zhang, Jianming; Huang, Yue; Jin, Lei ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 9, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b00158	journal	February 2017
Near-Infrared Photocatalytic Upconversion Nanoparticles/TiO ₂ Nanofibers Assembled in Large Scale by Electrospinning Zhang, Fu; Zhang, Chuan-Ling; Peng, Huang-Yong Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, Vol. 33, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.201600010	journal	March 2016
Efficient UV–Vis-NIR Responsive Upconversion and Plasmonic-Enhanced Photocatalyst Based on Lanthanide-Doped NaYF ₄ /SnO ₂ /Ag Tian, Qingyong; Yao, Weijing; Wu, Wei ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02806	journal	October 2017
Controlling upconversion nanocrystals for emerging applications Zhou, Bo; Shi, Bingyang; Jin, Dayong Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 10, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.251	journal	November 2015
Tunable lifetime multiplexing using luminescent nanocrystals Lu, Yiqing; Zhao, Jiangbo; Zhang, Run Nature Photonics, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2013.322	journal	December 2013
Temporal full-colour tuning through non-steady-state upconversion Deng, Renren; Qin, Fei; Chen, Runfeng Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.317	journal	January 2015
Magnetic/Upconversion Fluorescent NaGdF ₄ :Yb,Er Nanoparticle-Based Dual-Modal Molecular Probes for Imaging Tiny Tumors in Vivo Liu, Chunyan; Gao, Zhenyu; Zeng, Jianfeng ACS Nano, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn4030898	journal	July 2013
Engineering bright sub-10-nm upconverting nanocrystals for single-molecule imaging Gargas, Daniel J.; Chan, Emory M.; Ostrowski, Alexis D. Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 9, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.29	journal	March 2014
Upconversion nanophosphors for small-animal imaging Zhou, Jing; Liu, Zhuang; Li, Fuyou Chem. Soc. Rev., Vol. 41, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/C1CS15187H	journal	January 2012
High Contrast Upconversion Luminescence Targeted Imaging in Vivo Using Peptide-Labeled Nanophosphors Xiong, Liqin; Chen, Zhigang; Tian, Qiwei Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 81, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac901960d	journal	October 2009
Sub-10 nm Hexagonal Lanthanide-Doped NaLuF ₄ Upconversion Nanocrystals for Sensitive Bioimaging in Vivo Liu, Qian; Sun, Yun; Yang, Tianshe Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja207078s	journal	November 2011
Blue-Emissive Upconversion Nanoparticles for Low-Power-Excited Bioimaging in Vivo Liu, Qian; Yang, Tianshe; Feng, Wei Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja3003638	journal	March 2012
Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells and small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals Chatterjee, D.; Rufaihah, A.; Zhang, Y. Biomaterials, Vol. 29, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.10.051	journal	March 2008
Nd ³⁺ -Sensitized Upconversion Nanostructure as a Dual-Channel Emitting Optical Probe for Near Infrared-to-Near Infrared Fingerprint Imaging Li, Jiachang; Zhu, Xingjun; Xue, Meng Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 55, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01536	journal	September 2016
Rare-earth-doped biological composites as in vivo shortwave infrared reporters Naczynski, D. J.; Tan, M. C.; Zevon, M. Nature Communications, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3199	journal	July 2013
Upconversion Nanoparticles: Design, Nanochemistry, and Applications in Theranostics Chen, Guanying; Qiu, Hailong; Prasad, Paras N. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 114, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400425h	journal	March 2014
In vivo photodynamic therapy using upconversion nanoparticles as remote-controlled nanotransducers Idris, Niagara Muhammad; Gnanasammandhan, Muthu Kumara; Zhang, Jing Nature Medicine, Vol. 18, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2933	journal	September 2012
In vivo covalent cross-linking of photon-converted rare-earth nanostructures for tumour localization and theranostics Ai, Xiangzhao; Ho, Chris Jun Hui; Aw, Junxin Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10432	journal	January 2016
Precise Tuning of Surface Quenching for Luminescence Enhancement in Core–Shell Lanthanide-Doped Nanocrystals Fischer, Stefan; Bronstein, Noah D.; Swabeck, Joseph K. Nano Letters, Vol. 16, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03683	journal	October 2016
Direct Evidence for Coupled Surface and Concentration Quenching Dynamics in Lanthanide-Doped Nanocrystals Johnson, Noah J. J.; He, Sha; Diao, Shuo Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b00223	journal	February 2017
Magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole transitions in the trivalent lanthanide series: Calculated emission rates and oscillator strengths Dodson, Christopher M.; Zia, Rashid Physical Review B, Vol. 86, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.125102	journal	September 2012
Plasmon-Enhanced Upconversion Wu, Di M.; García-Etxarri, Aitzol; Salleo, Alberto The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/jz5019042	journal	November 2014
Origin of the High Upconversion Green Luminescence Efficiency in β-NaYF ₄ :2%Er ³⁺ ,20%Yb ³⁺ Renero-Lecuna, C.; Martín-Rodríguez, R.; Valiente, R. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm2004227	journal	August 2011
Recent advances in the chemistry of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals Wang, Feng; Liu, Xiaogang Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 38, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/b809132n	journal	January 2009
Strain-Induced Modification of Optical Selection Rules in Lanthanide-Based Upconverting Nanoparticles Wisser, Michael D.; Chea, Maverick; Lin, Yu Nano Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl504738k	journal	February 2015
Concentrating and Recycling Energy in Lanthanide Codopants for Efficient and Spectrally Pure Emission: The Case of NaYF ₄ :Er ³⁺ /Tm ³⁺ Upconverting Nanocrystals Chan, Emory M.; Gargas, Daniel J.; Schuck, P. James The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 116, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp302401j	journal	May 2012
Plasmonic Enhancement of Nanophosphor Upconversion Luminescence in Au Nanohole Arrays Saboktakin, Marjan; Ye, Xingchen; Chettiar, Uday K. ACS Nano, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn402598e	journal	July 2013
Enhancing Quantum Yield via Local Symmetry Distortion in Lanthanide-Based Upconverting Nanoparticles Wisser, Michael D.; Fischer, Stefan; Maurer, Peter C. ACS Photonics, Vol. 3, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00166	journal	July 2016
Some Rules of Spectral Structure* Laporte, Otto; Meggers, William F. Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 11, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.11.000459	journal	January 1925
Preparation of core-shell NaGdF4 nanoparticles doped with luminescent lanthanide ions to be used as upconversion-based probes Wang, Feng; Deng, Renren; Liu, Xiaogang Nature Protocols, Vol. 9, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2014.111	journal	June 2014
Colloidal synthesis of lead oxide nanocrystals for photovoltaics Cattley, Christopher A.; Stavrinadis, Alexandros; Beal, Richard Chemical Communications, Vol. 46, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1039/b926176a	journal	January 2010
Revisiting the NIR-to-Visible Upconversion Mechanism in β-NaYF ₄ :Yb ³⁺ ,Er ³⁺ Anderson, Robert B.; Smith, Steve J.; May, P. Stanley The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/jz402366r	journal	December 2013
Disputed Mechanism for NIR-to-Red Upconversion Luminescence in NaYF ₄ :Yb ³⁺ ,Er ³⁺ Berry, Mary T.; May, P. Stanley The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 119, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.5b08324	journal	August 2015
Broadband dye-sensitized upconversion of near-infrared light Zou, Wenqiang; Visser, Cindy; Maduro, Jeremio A. Nature Photonics, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2012.158	journal	July 2012
Dye-Sensitized Core/Active Shell Upconversion Nanoparticles for Optogenetics and Bioimaging Applications Wu, Xiang; Zhang, Yuanwei; Takle, Kendra ACS Nano, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b06383	journal	December 2015
Illuminating Cell Signaling with Near-Infrared Light-Responsive Nanomaterials Zhang, Yuanwei; Huang, Ling; Li, Zhanjun ACS Nano, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6b02284	journal	April 2016
Direct Evidence of a Surface Quenching Effect on Size-Dependent Luminescence of Upconversion Nanoparticles Wang, Feng; Wang, Juan; Liu, Xiaogang Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 122, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201003959	journal	August 2010
Surface Modification of Upconverting NaYF ₄ Nanoparticles with PEG−Phosphate Ligands for NIR (800 nm) Biolabeling within the Biological Window Boyer, John-Christopher; Manseau, Marie-Pascale; Murray, Jill I. Langmuir, Vol. 26, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/la902260j	journal	October 2009
Absolute quantum yield measurements of colloidal NaYF4: Er3+, Yb3+ upconverting nanoparticles Boyer, John-Christopher; van Veggel, Frank C. J. M. Nanoscale, Vol. 2, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/c0nr00253d	journal	January 2010
Comprehensive Study on the Size Effects of the Optical Properties of NaYF ₄ :Yb,Er Nanocrystals Yuan, Du; Tan, Mei Chee; Riman, Richard E. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 117, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp403061h	journal	June 2013
Particle-Size-Dependent Förster Resonance Energy Transfer from Upconversion Nanoparticles to Organic Dyes Muhr, Verena; Würth, Christian; Kraft, Marco Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 89, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04662	journal	April 2017
Energy Migration Up-conversion of Tb ³⁺ in Yb ³⁺ and Nd ³⁺ Codoped Active-Core/Active-Shell Colloidal Nanoparticles Prorok, Katarzyna; Pawlyta, Mirosława; Stręk, Wiesław Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00353	journal	March 2016
Quantitative assessment of energy transfer in upconverting nanoparticles grafted with organic dyes Dukhno, Oleksii; Przybilla, Frédéric; Collot, Mayeul Nanoscale, Vol. 9, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1039/c6nr09706e	journal	January 2017
Radioluminescent nanophosphors enable multiplexed small-animal imaging Carpenter, Colin M.; Sun, Conroy; Pratx, Guillem Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.011598	journal	January 2012

Cited By (14)

Tunable upconversion in a nanocrystal–organic molecule hybrid: reabsorption vs. resonant energy transfer Li, Chaojun; Liu, Xiaofeng; Qiu, Jianrong Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp04578j	journal	January 2018
Optical tuning in lanthanide-based nanostructures Zhu, Qi; Sun, Tianying; Wang, Feng Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 53, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab5556	journal	November 2019
Optical Nanoparticles for Cardiovascular Imaging Hu, Jie; Ortgies, Dirk H.; Martín Rodríguez, Emma Advanced Optical Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201800626	journal	August 2018
Towards Utilising Photocrosslinking of Polydiacetylenes for the Preparation of “Stealth” Upconverting Nanoparticles Nsubuga, Anne; Zarschler, Kristof; Sgarzi, Massimo Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 130, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201811003	journal	October 2018
Modulation of lanthanide luminescence via an electric field Wang, Yangbo; Gao, Jiaxin; Gao, Chao Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr04684d	journal	January 2019
Mechanism of upconversion luminescence enhancement in Yb ³⁺ /Er ³⁺ co-doped Y ₂ O ₃ through Li ⁺ incorporation Yang, Xiongfeng; Liu, Min; Liu, Jiandang Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 22, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cp06137a	journal	January 2020
Physical Manipulation of Lanthanide‐Activated Photoluminescence Wang, Yangbo; Zhou, Jie; Gao, Jiaxin Annalen der Physik, Vol. 531, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.201900026	journal	May 2019
Future and challenges for hybrid upconversion nanosystems Wen, Shihui; Zhou, Jiajia; Schuck, P. James Nature Photonics, Vol. 13, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-019-0528-x	journal	October 2019
Are lanthanide-doped upconversion materials good candidates for photocatalysis? Zhang, Qingzhe; Yang, Fan; Xu, Zhenhe Nanoscale Horizons, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nh00373d	journal	January 2019
Recent Progress of Rare‐Earth Doped Upconversion Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Optimization, and Applications Zhu, Xiaohui; Zhang, Jing; Liu, Jinliang Advanced Science, Vol. 6, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201901358	journal	September 2019
Upconversion of low-energy photons in semiconductor nanostructures for solar energy harvesting Chen, Eric Y.; Milleville, Christopher; Zide, Joshua M. O. MRS Energy & Sustainability, Vol. 5 https://doi.org/10.1557/mre.2018.15	journal	January 2018
UCN–SiO ₂ –GO: a core shell and conjugate system for controlling delivery of doxorubicin by 980 nm NIR pulse Paik, Pradip; Kumar, K. Santhosh; Modak, Monami Das RSC Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 65 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra07030j	journal	January 2018
Strong upconversion emission in CsPbBr ₃ perovskite quantum dots through efficient BaYF ₅ :Yb,Ln sensitization Zeng, Min; Singh, Shalini; Hens, Zeger Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc06063k	journal	January 2019
Towards Utilising Photocrosslinking of Polydiacetylenes for the Preparation of “Stealth” Upconverting Nanoparticles Nsubuga, Anne; Zarschler, Kristof; Sgarzi, Massimo Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 57, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201811003	journal	December 2018

Similar Records

Enhancing Quantum Yield via Local Symmetry Distortion in Lanthanide-Based Upconverting Nanoparticles

Journal Article · Mon Jun 13 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · ACS Photonics · OSTI ID:1532309

Wisser, Michael D.; Fischer, Stefan; Maurer, Peter C.; +5 more

Sub-20 nm Core–Shell–Shell Nanoparticles for Bright Upconversion and Enhanced Förster Resonant Energy Transfer

Journal Article · Tue Oct 08 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Journal of the American Chemical Society · OSTI ID:1532309

Siefe, Chris; Mehlenbacher, Randy D.; Peng, Chunte Sam; +7 more

Bright, Mechanosensitive Upconversion with Cubic-Phase Heteroepitaxial Core–Shell Nanoparticles

Journal Article · Thu Jun 21 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Nano Letters · OSTI ID:1532309

Lay, Alice; Siefe, Chris; Fischer, Stefan; +6 more

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
upconversion
radiative rate
dye sensitization
quantum yield
fluorescence lifetimes
nanoparticles

Title: Improving Quantum Yield of Upconverting Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media via Emission Sensitization

Citation Formats

References (56)

Cited By (14)

Similar Records

Related Subjects