Millicharged scalar fields, massive photons and the breaking of SU(3)C×U(1)EM

West, Jennifer Rittenhouse

doi:10.1103/physrevd.99.073009

Title: Millicharged scalar fields, massive photons and the breaking of ${S U (3)}_{C} \times {U (1)}_{EM}$

Journal Article · Tue Apr 30 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Physical Review D

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.99.073009· OSTI ID:1526414

West, Jennifer Rittenhouse ^[1]

Univ. of California, Irvine, CA (United States); Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States)

Under the assumption that the current epoch of the Universe is not special, i.e., is not the final state of a long history of processes in particle physics, the cosmological fate of SU(3)_C × U(1)_EM is investigated. Spontaneous symmetry breaking of U(1)_EM at the temperature of the Universe today is carried out. The charged scalar field Φ_EM which breaks the symmetry is found to be ruled out for the charge of the electron, q = e. Scalar fields with millicharges are viable and limits on their masses and charges are found to be q ≲ 10 –3 e and m_ΦEM ≲ 10^–5 eV. Furthermore, it is possible that U(1)_EM has already been broken at temperatures higher than T = 2.7 K given the nonzero limits on the mass of the photon. A photon mass of m_γ = 10^–18 eV, the current upper limit, is found to require a spontaneous symmetry breaking scalar mass of m_ΦEM ~ 10^–13 eV with charge q = 10^–6e, well within the allowed parameter space of the model. Finally, the cosmological fate of the strong interaction is studied. SU(3)_C is tested for complementarity in which the confinement phase of QCD + colored scalars is equivalent to a spontaneously broken SU(3) gauge theory. If complementarity is not applicable, SU(3)_C has multiple symmetry breaking paths with various final symmetry structures. The stability of the colored vacuum at finite temperature in this scenario is nonperturbative and a definitive statement on the fate of SU(3)_C is left open. Cosmological implications for the metastability of the vacua—electromagnetic, color, and electroweak—are discussed.

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Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515; P200A150121

OSTI ID:: 1526414

Journal Information:: Physical Review D, Vol. 99, Issue 7; ISSN 2470-0010

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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