Does Marine Surface Tension Have Global Biogeography? Addition for the OCEANFILMS Package

Elliott, Scott M.; Burrows, Susannah; Cameron-Smith, Philip; Hoffman, Forrest; Hunke, Elizabeth Clare; Jeffery, Nicole; Liu, Yina; Maltrud, Mathew Einar; Menzo, Zachary Michael; Ogunro, Oluwaseun; Van Roekel, Luke; Wang, Shanlin; Brunke, Michael; Jin, Meibing; Letscher, Robert; Meskhidze, Nicholas; Russell, Lynn; Simpson, Isla; Stokes, Dale; Wingenter, Oliver

doi:10.3390/atmos9060216

Title: Does Marine Surface Tension Have Global Biogeography? Addition for the OCEANFILMS Package

Abstract

We apply principles of Gibbs phase plane chemistry across the entire ocean-atmosphere interface to investigate aerosol generation and geophysical transfer issues. Marine surface tension differences comprise a tangential pressure field controlling trace gas fluxes, primary organic inputs, and sea spray salt injections, in addition to heat and momentum fluxes. Mapping follows from the organic microlayer composition, now represented in ocean system models. Organic functional variations drive the microforcing, leading to (1) reduced turbulence and (by extension) laminar gas-energy diffusion; plus (2) altered bubble film mass emission into the boundary layer. Interfacial chemical behaviors are, therefore, closely reviewed as the background. We focus on phase transitions among two dimensional “solid, liquid, and gaseous” states serving as elasticity indicators. From the pool of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) only proteins and lipids appear to occupy significant atmospheric interfacial areas. The literature suggests albumin and stearic acid as the best proxies, and we distribute them through ecodynamic simulation. Consensus bulk distributions are obtained to control their adsorptive equilibria. We devise parameterizations for both the planar free energy and equation of state, relating excess coverage to the surface pressure and its modulus. Constant settings for the molecular surrogates are drawn from laboratory study and successfullymore »« less

Authors:

^[1]; Burrows, Susannah ^[2]; Cameron-Smith, Philip ^[3]; Hoffman, Forrest ^[4];

^[1];

^[1]; Liu, Yina ^[5];

^[1]; Menzo, Zachary Michael ^[1]; Ogunro, Oluwaseun ^[6];

^[1];

^[1]; Brunke, Michael ^[7]; Jin, Meibing ^[8]; Letscher, Robert ^[9]; Meskhidze, Nicholas ^[10];

^[11]; Simpson, Isla ^[12]; Stokes, Dale ^[11]; Wingenter, Oliver ^[13]

Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Building Technologies Research and Integration Center (BTRIC)
Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States)
International Arctic Research Center, Fairbanks, AK (United States)
Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (United States)
North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC (United States)
Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States). Scripps Inst. of Oceanography
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO (United States)
New Mexico Inst. of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Jun 04 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER); USDOE Office of Science (SC). Biological and Environmental Research (BER)

OSTI Identifier:: 1474516

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1557763; OSTI ID: 1838596

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-19-20906; LLNL-JRNL-747349
Journal ID: ISSN 2073-4433; ATMOCZ

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; AC52-07NA27344; AC05-76RL01830; 89233218CNA000001

Resource Type:: Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Atmosphere (Basel)

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 9; Journal Issue: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 2073-4433

Publisher:: MDPI

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; Earth Sciences; interfacial surface tension and pressure; gas precursors; primary aerosol; heat and momentum flux; biogeochemical mapping; organic macromolecules; surfactants; elasticity; proteins; lipids; compressio

Citation Formats


                    Elliott, Scott M., Burrows, Susannah, Cameron-Smith, Philip, Hoffman, Forrest, Hunke, Elizabeth Clare, Jeffery, Nicole, Liu, Yina, Maltrud, Mathew Einar, Menzo, Zachary Michael, Ogunro, Oluwaseun, Van Roekel, Luke, Wang, Shanlin, Brunke, Michael, Jin, Meibing, Letscher, Robert, Meskhidze, Nicholas, Russell, Lynn, Simpson, Isla, Stokes, Dale, and Wingenter, Oliver. Does Marine Surface Tension Have Global Biogeography? Addition for the OCEANFILMS Package.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
        Web.  doi:10.3390/atmos9060216.

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                    Elliott, Scott M., Burrows, Susannah, Cameron-Smith, Philip, Hoffman, Forrest, Hunke, Elizabeth Clare, Jeffery, Nicole, Liu, Yina, Maltrud, Mathew Einar, Menzo, Zachary Michael, Ogunro, Oluwaseun, Van Roekel, Luke, Wang, Shanlin, Brunke, Michael, Jin, Meibing, Letscher, Robert, Meskhidze, Nicholas, Russell, Lynn, Simpson, Isla, Stokes, Dale, & Wingenter, Oliver. Does Marine Surface Tension Have Global Biogeography? Addition for the OCEANFILMS Package.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9060216

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                    Elliott, Scott M., Burrows, Susannah, Cameron-Smith, Philip, Hoffman, Forrest, Hunke, Elizabeth Clare, Jeffery, Nicole, Liu, Yina, Maltrud, Mathew Einar, Menzo, Zachary Michael, Ogunro, Oluwaseun, Van Roekel, Luke, Wang, Shanlin, Brunke, Michael, Jin, Meibing, Letscher, Robert, Meskhidze, Nicholas, Russell, Lynn, Simpson, Isla, Stokes, Dale, and Wingenter, Oliver. 2018.  
        "Does Marine Surface Tension Have Global Biogeography? Addition for the OCEANFILMS Package".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9060216.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1474516.

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@article{osti_1474516,

  title        = {Does Marine Surface Tension Have Global Biogeography? Addition for the OCEANFILMS Package},

  author       = {Elliott, Scott M. and Burrows, Susannah and Cameron-Smith, Philip and Hoffman, Forrest and Hunke, Elizabeth Clare and Jeffery, Nicole and Liu, Yina and Maltrud, Mathew Einar and Menzo, Zachary Michael and Ogunro, Oluwaseun and Van Roekel, Luke and Wang, Shanlin and Brunke, Michael and Jin, Meibing and Letscher, Robert and Meskhidze, Nicholas and Russell, Lynn and Simpson, Isla and Stokes, Dale and Wingenter, Oliver},

  abstractNote = {We apply principles of Gibbs phase plane chemistry across the entire ocean-atmosphere interface to investigate aerosol generation and geophysical transfer issues. Marine surface tension differences comprise a tangential pressure field controlling trace gas fluxes, primary organic inputs, and sea spray salt injections, in addition to heat and momentum fluxes. Mapping follows from the organic microlayer composition, now represented in ocean system models. Organic functional variations drive the microforcing, leading to (1) reduced turbulence and (by extension) laminar gas-energy diffusion; plus (2) altered bubble film mass emission into the boundary layer. Interfacial chemical behaviors are, therefore, closely reviewed as the background. We focus on phase transitions among two dimensional “solid, liquid, and gaseous” states serving as elasticity indicators. From the pool of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) only proteins and lipids appear to occupy significant atmospheric interfacial areas. The literature suggests albumin and stearic acid as the best proxies, and we distribute them through ecodynamic simulation. Consensus bulk distributions are obtained to control their adsorptive equilibria. We devise parameterizations for both the planar free energy and equation of state, relating excess coverage to the surface pressure and its modulus. Constant settings for the molecular surrogates are drawn from laboratory study and successfully reproduce surfactant solid-to-gas occurrence in compression experiments. Since DOC functionality measurements are rare, we group them into super-ecological province tables to verify aqueous concentration estimates. Outputs are then fed into a coverage, tension, elasticity code. The resulting two dimensional pressure contours cross a critical range for the regulation of precursor piston velocity, bubble breakage, and primary aerosol sources plus ripple damping. Concepts extend the water-air adsorption theory currently embodied in our OCEANFILMS aerosol emissions package, and the two approaches could be inserted into Earth System Models together. Uncertainties in the logic include kinetic and thermochemical factors operating at multiple scales.},

  doi          = {10.3390/atmos9060216},

  url          = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1474516},
  journal      = {Atmosphere (Basel)},

  issn         = {2073-4433},

  number       = 6,

  volume       = 9,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Jun 04 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Mon Jun 04 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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Abstract

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Microbial degradation of peptidoglycan in seawater journal, March 2003

Standard Entropy of Adsorption journal, September 1946

Determination of Molecular Weights of Proteins in Spread Monolayers journal, July 1950

Surface chemical properties of banded sea slicks journal, January 1974

The influence of monomolecular surface films on the production of condensation nuclei from bubbled sea water journal, August 1968

Drag and bulk transfer coefficients associated with a shallow water surface journal, March 1974

Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol journal, October 2004

Dust and pollution: A recipe for enhanced ocean fertilization? journal, January 2005

Surfactants and submicron sea spray generation journal, January 2006

The effect of water temperature on air entrainment, bubble plumes, and surface foam in a laboratory breaking-wave analog journal, November 2014

The surface tension of aqueous solutions of some atmospheric water-soluble organic compounds journal, November 2004

THE CONSTITUTION AND FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS. II. LIQUIDS. 1 journal, September 1917

Collection of Slick-Forming Materials from the sea Surface journal, April 1965

Surface film effect on short wind waves journal, February 1986

The role of particulate carbohydrate exudates in the flocculation of diatom blooms journal, February 1994

An intermediate complexity marine ecosystem model for the global domain journal, January 2001

Microbiology of aquatic surface microlayers journal, March 2011

A negative surface energy for alumina journal, April 2004

The Statistical Mechanical Theory of Surface Tension journal, March 1949

Recent work on spread monolayers, adsorption and desorption journal, August 1956

Open Ocean Momentum Flux Measurements in Moderate to Strong Winds journal, March 1981

Oceanographic implications of non-newtonian properties found in phytoplankton cultures journal, October 1986

Flux of Gases across the Air-Sea Interface journal, January 1974

Properties of capillary waves journal, March 1970

Upper ocean ecosystem dynamics and iron cycling in a global three-dimensional model: GLOBAL ECOSYSTEM-BIOGEOCHEMICAL MODEL journal, December 2004

Dissolved amino acids in the equatorial Pacific, the Sargasso Sea, and Biscayne Bay1: Seawater dissolved amino acids journal, May 1977

Hydrophobically Associating Alginate Derivatives: Surface Tension Properties of Their Mixed Aqueous Solutions with Oppositely Charged Surfactants journal, May 2000

Marine methane cycle simulations for the period of early global warming journal, January 2011

Surface Tension of Slick Patches near Kelp Beds journal, August 1966

Homogeneous Nucleation of Methane Hydrate in Microsecond Molecular Dynamics Simulations journal, September 2012

Atmospheric photochemistry at a fatty acid-coated air-water interface journal, August 2016

Factors influencing the organic carbon content of marine aerosols: A laboratory study journal, July 1976

Potential impact of ocean ecosystem changes due to global warming on marine organic carbon aerosols: SENSITIVITY OF MARINE OC TO CHLOROPHYLL journal, March 2010

Air–sea dimethylsulfide (DMS) gas transfer in the North Atlantic: evidence for limited interfacial gas exchange at high wind speed journal, January 2013

Surfactant effect on cloud condensation nuclei for two-component internally mixed aerosols: CCN ACTIVITY OF SURFACTANTS journal, February 2016

A Diagnosis of the Seasonally and Longitudinally Varying Midlatitude Circulation Response to Global Warming* journal, July 2014

Statistical Thermodynamic Model for Surface Tension of Aqueous Organic Acids with Consideration of Partial Dissociation journal, June 2016

Statistical Thermodynamic Model for Surface Tension of Aqueous Organic Acids with Consideration of Partial Dissociation journal, June 2016

The effect of monomolecular films on surface temperature and convective motion at the water/air interface journal, August 1962

Stability of stearic acid monolayers on Artificial Sea Water journal, August 2012

Wind-induced growth of water waves journal, October 1982

The gelatinous nature of the sea-surface microlayer journal, May 2008

Global distribution and climate forcing of marine organic aerosol: 1. Model improvements and evaluation journal, January 2011

Which Bulk Aerodynamic Algorithms are Least Problematic in Computing Ocean Surface Turbulent Fluxes? journal, February 2003

Link between iron and sulphur cycles suggested by detection of Fe(n) in remote marine aerosols journal, February 1992

Bioavailability of organically bound Fe to model phytoplankton of the Southern Ocean journal, January 2009

Phytoplankton and Cloudiness in the Southern Ocean journal, December 2006

Surface tension of aqueous solutions of water-soluble organic and inorganic compounds journal, September 2007

Oceanic Primary Production: Estimation by Remote Sensing at Local and Regional Scales journal, September 1988

Effect of Degree, Type, and Position of Unsaturation on the pKa of Long-Chain Fatty Acids journal, December 2002

Benjamin Franklin, Philadelphia’s Favorite Son, was a Membrane Biophysicist journal, January 2013

A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline II. The general theory and its consequences journal, January 1967

Adsorption of Hydrophobically Modified Starch at Oil/Water Interfaces during Emulsification journal, October 2006

Climate–Carbon Cycle Feedback Analysis: Results from the C 4 MIP Model Intercomparison journal, July 2006

Adsorption of Surface-Active Material at the Sea-Air Interface1: Adsorption of Surface-Active Material journal, April 1967

Fate of Dispersants Associated with the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill journal, February 2011

Evidence of negative surface pressure induced by β-lactoglobulin and β-casein at water/air interface journal, January 2014

Experimentelle Studien über kapillare Eigenschaften der wässerigen Lösungen von Fettsäuren journal, January 1908

Surface films and the production of sea-salt aerosol journal, July 1969

Global warming amplified by reduced sulphur fluxes as a result of ocean acidification journal, August 2013

Surface Tensions of Inorganic Multicomponent Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions and Melts journal, November 2010

The electrification of the atmosphere by particles from bubbles in the sea journal, January 1963

Surface Chemical Characterization of Surface-Active Material in Seawater: Properties of Surface-Active Material in Seawater journal, April 1967

Two Chemically Distinct Pools of Organic Nitrogen Accumulate in the Ocean journal, May 2005

The bubble mechanism for methane transport from the shallow sea bed to the surface: A review and sensitivity study journal, November 2002

Exopolymer alteration of physical properties of sea ice and implications for ice habitability and biogeochemistry in a warmer Arctic journal, February 2011

Surface potential and film pressure measurements in seawater systems1: Surface potential and film pressure journal, May 1983

Recalcitrant dissolved organic matter in the ocean: major contribution of small amphiphilics journal, June 2003

Global distribution and surface activity of macromolecules in offline simulations of marine organic chemistry journal, October 2015

Isolation of marine microlayer film surfactants for ex situ study of their surface physical and chemical properties journal, January 1992

Static and dynamic response of natural multicomponent oceanic surface films to compression and dilation: Laboratory and field observations journal, January 1993

Microbial degradation of peptidoglycan in seawater journal, March 2003

A stability dependent theory for air-sea gas exchange journal, May 1993

Observed variation in the decay time of oceanic whitecap foam: WHITECAP FOAM DECAY journal, September 2012

The surface tension of aqueous solutions of some atmospheric water-soluble organic compounds journal, November 2004

THE CONSTITUTION AND FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS. II. LIQUIDS. 1 journal, September 1917

Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol journal, October 2004

Microbial degradation of peptidoglycan in seawater
journal, March 2003

Standard Entropy of Adsorption
journal, September 1946

Determination of Molecular Weights of Proteins in Spread Monolayers
journal, July 1950

Surface chemical properties of banded sea slicks
journal, January 1974

The influence of monomolecular surface films on the production of condensation nuclei from bubbled sea water
journal, August 1968

Drag and bulk transfer coefficients associated with a shallow water surface
journal, March 1974

Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol
journal, October 2004

Dust and pollution: A recipe for enhanced ocean fertilization?
journal, January 2005

Surfactants and submicron sea spray generation
journal, January 2006

The effect of water temperature on air entrainment, bubble plumes, and surface foam in a laboratory breaking-wave analog
journal, November 2014

The surface tension of aqueous solutions of some atmospheric water-soluble organic compounds
journal, November 2004

THE CONSTITUTION AND FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS. II. LIQUIDS. ¹
journal, September 1917

Collection of Slick-Forming Materials from the sea Surface
journal, April 1965

Surface film effect on short wind waves
journal, February 1986

The role of particulate carbohydrate exudates in the flocculation of diatom blooms
journal, February 1994

An intermediate complexity marine ecosystem model for the global domain
journal, January 2001

Microbiology of aquatic surface microlayers
journal, March 2011

A negative surface energy for alumina
journal, April 2004

The Statistical Mechanical Theory of Surface Tension
journal, March 1949

Recent work on spread monolayers, adsorption and desorption
journal, August 1956

Open Ocean Momentum Flux Measurements in Moderate to Strong Winds
journal, March 1981

Oceanographic implications of non-newtonian properties found in phytoplankton cultures
journal, October 1986

Flux of Gases across the Air-Sea Interface
journal, January 1974

Properties of capillary waves
journal, March 1970

Upper ocean ecosystem dynamics and iron cycling in a global three-dimensional model: GLOBAL ECOSYSTEM-BIOGEOCHEMICAL MODEL
journal, December 2004

Dissolved amino acids in the equatorial Pacific, the Sargasso Sea, and Biscayne Bay1: Seawater dissolved amino acids
journal, May 1977

Hydrophobically Associating Alginate Derivatives: Surface Tension Properties of Their Mixed Aqueous Solutions with Oppositely Charged Surfactants
journal, May 2000

Marine methane cycle simulations for the period of early global warming
journal, January 2011

Surface Tension of Slick Patches near Kelp Beds
journal, August 1966

Homogeneous Nucleation of Methane Hydrate in Microsecond Molecular Dynamics Simulations
journal, September 2012

Atmospheric photochemistry at a fatty acid-coated air-water interface
journal, August 2016

Factors influencing the organic carbon content of marine aerosols: A laboratory study
journal, July 1976

Potential impact of ocean ecosystem changes due to global warming on marine organic carbon aerosols: SENSITIVITY OF MARINE OC TO CHLOROPHYLL
journal, March 2010

Air–sea dimethylsulfide (DMS) gas transfer in the North Atlantic: evidence for limited interfacial gas exchange at high wind speed
journal, January 2013

Surfactant effect on cloud condensation nuclei for two-component internally mixed aerosols: CCN ACTIVITY OF SURFACTANTS
journal, February 2016

A Diagnosis of the Seasonally and Longitudinally Varying Midlatitude Circulation Response to Global Warming*
journal, July 2014

Statistical Thermodynamic Model for Surface Tension of Aqueous Organic Acids with Consideration of Partial Dissociation
journal, June 2016

Statistical Thermodynamic Model for Surface Tension of Aqueous Organic Acids with Consideration of Partial Dissociation
journal, June 2016

The effect of monomolecular films on surface temperature and convective motion at the water/air interface
journal, August 1962

Stability of stearic acid monolayers on Artificial Sea Water
journal, August 2012

Wind-induced growth of water waves
journal, October 1982

The gelatinous nature of the sea-surface microlayer
journal, May 2008

Global distribution and climate forcing of marine organic aerosol: 1. Model improvements and evaluation
journal, January 2011

Which Bulk Aerodynamic Algorithms are Least Problematic in Computing Ocean Surface Turbulent Fluxes?
journal, February 2003

Link between iron and sulphur cycles suggested by detection of Fe(n) in remote marine aerosols
journal, February 1992

Bioavailability of organically bound Fe to model phytoplankton of the Southern Ocean
journal, January 2009

Phytoplankton and Cloudiness in the Southern Ocean
journal, December 2006

Surface tension of aqueous solutions of water-soluble organic and inorganic compounds
journal, September 2007

Oceanic Primary Production: Estimation by Remote Sensing at Local and Regional Scales
journal, September 1988

Effect of Degree, Type, and Position of Unsaturation on the pKa of Long-Chain Fatty Acids
journal, December 2002

Benjamin Franklin, Philadelphia’s Favorite Son, was a Membrane Biophysicist
journal, January 2013

A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline II. The general theory and its consequences
journal, January 1967

Adsorption of Hydrophobically Modified Starch at Oil/Water Interfaces during Emulsification
journal, October 2006

Climate–Carbon Cycle Feedback Analysis: Results from the C ⁴ MIP Model Intercomparison
journal, July 2006

Adsorption of Surface-Active Material at the Sea-Air Interface1: Adsorption of Surface-Active Material
journal, April 1967

Fate of Dispersants Associated with the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
journal, February 2011

Evidence of negative surface pressure induced by β-lactoglobulin and β-casein at water/air interface
journal, January 2014

Experimentelle Studien über kapillare Eigenschaften der wässerigen Lösungen von Fettsäuren
journal, January 1908

Surface films and the production of sea-salt aerosol
journal, July 1969

Global warming amplified by reduced sulphur fluxes as a result of ocean acidification
journal, August 2013

Surface Tensions of Inorganic Multicomponent Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions and Melts
journal, November 2010

The electrification of the atmosphere by particles from bubbles in the sea
journal, January 1963

Surface Chemical Characterization of Surface-Active Material in Seawater: Properties of Surface-Active Material in Seawater
journal, April 1967

Two Chemically Distinct Pools of Organic Nitrogen Accumulate in the Ocean
journal, May 2005

The bubble mechanism for methane transport from the shallow sea bed to the surface: A review and sensitivity study
journal, November 2002

Exopolymer alteration of physical properties of sea ice and implications for ice habitability and biogeochemistry in a warmer Arctic
journal, February 2011

Surface potential and film pressure measurements in seawater systems1: Surface potential and film pressure
journal, May 1983

Recalcitrant dissolved organic matter in the ocean: major contribution of small amphiphilics
journal, June 2003

Global distribution and surface activity of macromolecules in offline simulations of marine organic chemistry
journal, October 2015

Isolation of marine microlayer film surfactants for ex situ study of their surface physical and chemical properties
journal, January 1992

Static and dynamic response of natural multicomponent oceanic surface films to compression and dilation: Laboratory and field observations
journal, January 1993

Microbial degradation of peptidoglycan in seawater
journal, March 2003

A stability dependent theory for air-sea gas exchange
journal, May 1993

Observed variation in the decay time of oceanic whitecap foam: WHITECAP FOAM DECAY
journal, September 2012

The surface tension of aqueous solutions of some atmospheric water-soluble organic compounds
journal, November 2004

THE CONSTITUTION AND FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS. II. LIQUIDS. ¹
journal, September 1917

Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol
journal, October 2004

Toward a minimal representation of aerosols in climate models: description and evaluation in the Community Atmosphere Model CAM5
journal, January 2012

Statistical mechanical calculations of the surface tension of fluids
journal, October 1975

Scale dependence of bubble creation mechanisms in breaking waves
journal, August 2002