A Silica-Aerogel-Reinforced Composite Polymer Electrolyte with High Ionic Conductivity and High Modulus

Lin, Dingchang; Yuen, Pak Yan; Liu, Yayuan; Liu, Wei; Liu, Nian; Dauskardt, Reinhold H.; Cui, Yi

doi:10.1002/adma.201802661

Title: A Silica-Aerogel-Reinforced Composite Polymer Electrolyte with High Ionic Conductivity and High Modulus

Journal Article · Mon Jun 25 00:00:00 EDT 2018 · Advanced Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201802661· OSTI ID:1470755

Lin, Dingchang ^[1]; Yuen, Pak Yan ^[2]; Liu, Yayuan ^[1]; Liu, Wei ^[1]; Liu, Nian ^[1]; Dauskardt, Reinhold H. ^[1];

^[3]

Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering; SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States). Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Science (SIMES)

High-energy all-solid-state lithium (Li) batteries have great potential as next-generation energy-storage devices. Among all choices of electrolytes, polymer-based systems have attracted widespread attention due to their low density, low cost, and excellent processability. However, they are generally mechanically too weak to effectively suppress Li dendrites and have lower ionic conductivity for reasonable kinetics at ambient temperature. Here, an ultrastrong reinforced composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) is successfully designed and fabricated by introducing a stiff mesoporous SiO₂ aerogel as the backbone for a polymer-based electrolyte. The interconnected SiO₂ aerogel not only performs as a strong backbone strengthening the whole composite, but also offers large and continuous surfaces for strong anion adsorption, which produces a highly conductive pathway across the composite. As a consequence, a high modulus of ≈0.43 GPa and high ionic conductivity of ≈0.6 mS cm^-1 at 30°C are simultaneously achieved. Furthermore, LiFePO₄–Li full cells with good cyclability and rate capability at ambient temperature are obtained. Full cells with cathode capacity up to 2.1 mAh cm^-2 are also demonstrated. The aerogel-reinforced CPE represents a new design principle for solid-state electrolytes and offers opportunities for future all-solid-state Li batteries.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

View Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Vehicle Technologies Office (EE-3V); National Science Foundation (NSF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515; ECCS-1542152

OSTI ID:: 1470755

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1457072

Journal Information:: Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 32; ISSN 0935-9648

Publisher:: WileyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 381 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (52)

Review on High-Loading and High-Energy Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Peng, Hong-Jie; Huang, Jia-Qi; Cheng, Xin-Bing Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201700260	journal	May 2017
The plastic-crystalline phase of succinonitrile as a universal matrix for solid-state ionic conductors Alarco, Pierre-Jean; Abu-Lebdeh, Yaser; Abouimrane, Ali Nature Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1158	journal	June 2004
Review on gel polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries Manuel Stephan, A. European Polymer Journal, Vol. 42, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.09.017	journal	January 2006
Origin of Outstanding Stability in the Lithium Solid Electrolyte Materials: Insights from Thermodynamic Analyses Based on First-Principles Calculations Zhu, Yizhou; He, Xingfeng; Mo, Yifei ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 7, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b07517	journal	October 2015
Review of selected electrode–solution interactions which determine the performance of Li and Li ion batteries Aurbach, Doron Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 89, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(00)00431-6	journal	August 2000
A lithium superionic conductor Kamaya, Noriaki; Homma, Kenji; Yamakawa, Yuichiro Nature Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 9, p. 682-686 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3066	journal	July 2011
Mechanical properties of SiO ₂ aerogels Gross, J.; Reichenauer, G.; Fricke, J. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/21/9/020	journal	September 1988
Single-ion BAB triblock copolymers as highly efficient electrolytes for lithium-metal batteries Bouchet, Renaud; Maria, Sébastien; Meziane, Rachid Nature Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3602	journal	March 2013
Flexible, solid-state, ion-conducting membrane with 3D garnet nanofiber networks for lithium batteries Fu, Kun (Kelvin); Gong, Yunhui; Dai, Jiaqi Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600422113	journal	June 2016
Representative unit-cell models for open-cell metal foams with or without elastic filler Kwon, Y. W.; Cooke, R. E.; Park, C. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 343, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00360-X	journal	February 2003
Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Rechargeable Batteries Xu, Kang Chemical Reviews, Vol. 104, Issue 10, p. 4303-4418 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030203g	journal	October 2004
Preparation of Li2S-P2S5 Amorphous Solid Electrolytes by Mechanical Milling Hayashi, Akitoshi; Hama, Shigenori; Morimoto, Hideyuki Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 84, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00685.x	journal	February 2001
Flexible Ion-Conducting Composite Membranes for Lithium Batteries Aetukuri, Nagaphani B.; Kitajima, Shintaro; Jung, Edward Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201500265	journal	May 2015
Lithium metal anodes for rechargeable batteries Xu, Wu; Wang, Jiulin; Ding, Fei Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/C3EE40795K	journal	January 2014
3D Fiber-Network-Reinforced Bicontinuous Composite Solid Electrolyte for Dendrite-free Lithium Metal Batteries Li, Dan; Chen, Long; Wang, Tianshi ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b18123	journal	February 2018
The Li-Ion Rechargeable Battery: A Perspective Goodenough, John B.; Park, Kyu-Sung Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 135, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja3091438	journal	January 2013
Layered reduced graphene oxide with nanoscale interlayer gaps as a stable host for lithium metal anodes Lin, Dingchang; Liu, Yayuan; Liang, Zheng Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2016.32	journal	March 2016
Mechanical properties of monolithic silica aerogels made from polyethoxydisiloxanes Wong, Joanna C. H.; Kaymak, Hicret; Brunner, Samuel Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, Vol. 183 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.08.029	journal	January 2014
Lithium Ionic Conductor Thio-LISICON: The Li₂S-GeS₂-P₂S₅ System Kanno, Ryoji; Murayama, Masahiro Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 148, Issue 7, p. A742-A746 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1379028	journal	January 2001
Fast Lithium Ion Conduction in Garnet-Type Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ Murugan, Ramaswamy; Thangadurai, Venkataraman; Weppner, Werner Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 46, Issue 41, p. 7778-7781 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200701144	journal	October 2007
Silica aerogel; synthesis, properties and characterization Soleimani Dorcheh, A.; Abbasi, M. H. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 199, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.10.060	journal	April 2008
Superior Conductive Solid-like Electrolytes: Nanoconfining Liquids within the Hollow Structures Zhang, Jinshui; Bai, Ying; Sun, Xiao-Guang Nano Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00739	journal	April 2015
Nanoporous Polymer-Ceramic Composite Electrolytes for Lithium Metal Batteries Tu, Zhengyuan; Kambe, Yu; Lu, Yingying Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 2, Article No. 1300654 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201300654	journal	September 2013
Resolution of the Modulus versus Adhesion Dilemma in Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries Stone, G. M.; Mullin, S. A.; Teran, A. A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 159, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.030203jes	journal	January 2012
Ionic conductivity in Li ₃ N single crystals Alpen, U. v.; Rabenau, A.; Talat, G. H. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 30, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.89283	journal	June 1977
Elastic Properties of Alkali Superionic Conductor Electrolytes from First Principles Calculations Deng, Zhi; Wang, Zhenbin; Chu, Iek-Heng Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0061602jes	journal	November 2015
Lithium-coated polymeric matrix as a minimum volume-change and dendrite-free lithium metal anode Liu, Yayuan; Lin, Dingchang; Liang, Zheng Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10992	journal	March 2016
Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries Croce, F.; Appetecchi, G. B.; Persi, L. Nature, Vol. 394, Issue 6692 https://doi.org/10.1038/28818	journal	July 1998
Introduction to Instrumented Indentation Testing Hay, J. Experimental Techniques, Vol. 33, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.2009.00541.x	journal	June 2009
Highly conductive, completely amorphous polymer electrolyte membranes fabricated through photo-polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate) in mixtures of solid plasticizer and lithium salt Echeverri, Mauricio; Hamad, Cosette; Kyu, Thein Solid State Ionics, Vol. 254 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2013.10.050	journal	January 2014
Reviving the lithium metal anode for high-energy batteries Lin, Dingchang; Liu, Yayuan; Cui, Yi Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2017.16	journal	March 2017
Conductivity Study of Porous Plasticized Polymer Electrolytes Based on Poly(vinylidene fluoride) A Comparison with Polypropylene Separators Song, J. Y.; Wang, Y. Y.; Wan, C. C. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 147, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1393886	journal	January 2000
The plastic behavior of cellular materials Shaw, M. C.; Sata, T. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Vol. 8, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7403(66)90019-1	journal	July 1966
Structure and properties of PBO-PEO diblock copolymer modified epoxy Wu, Junxian; Thio, Yonathan S.; Bates, Frank S. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol. 43, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.20488	journal	January 2005
Nanocomposite polymer electrolyte based on whisker or microfibrils polyoxyethylene nanocomposites Alloin, Fannie; D’Aprea, Alessandra; Kissi, Nadia El Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 55, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.04.034	journal	July 2010
Electrical properties of amorphous lithium electrolyte thin films Bates, J. B.; Dudney, N. J.; Gruzalski, G. R. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 53-56, Issue Part 1, p. 647-654 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(92)90442-R	journal	July 1992
Building better batteries Armand, M.; Tarascon, J.-M. Nature, Vol. 451, Issue 7179, p. 652-657 https://doi.org/10.1038/451652a	journal	February 2008
The lithium-polymer electrolyte interface. I. Lithium cyclability Bonino, F.; Scrosati, B.; Selvaggi, A. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 18-19 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(86)90307-3	journal	January 1986
Design principles for electrolytes and interfaces for stable lithium-metal batteries Tikekar, Mukul D.; Choudhury, Snehashis; Tu, Zhengyuan Nature Energy, Vol. 1, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2016.114	journal	September 2016
Solid polymer electrolytes: materials designing and all-solid-state battery applications: an overview Agrawal, R. C.; Pandey, G. P. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 41, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/22/223001	journal	October 2008
Nanoporous Hybrid Electrolytes for High-Energy Batteries Based on Reactive Metal Anodes Tu, Zhengyuan; Zachman, Michael J.; Choudhury, Snehashis Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201602367	journal	January 2017
High ionic conductivity in lithium lanthanum titanate Inaguma, Yoshiyuki; Liquan, Chen; Itoh, Mitsuru Solid State Communications, Vol. 86, Issue 10, p. 689-693 https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(93)90841-A	journal	June 1993
Garnet-type solid-state fast Li ion conductors for Li batteries: critical review Thangadurai, Venkataraman; Narayanan, Sumaletha; Pinzaru, Dana Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 43, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cs00020j	journal	January 2014
Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries Meyer, Wolfgang H. Advanced Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 6, p. 439-448 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199804)10:6<439::AID-ADMA439>3.0.CO;2-I	journal	April 1998
High Ionic Conductivity of Composite Solid Polymer Electrolyte via In Situ Synthesis of Monodispersed SiO ₂ Nanospheres in Poly(ethylene oxide) Lin, Dingchang; Liu, Wei; Liu, Yayuan Nano Letters, Vol. 16, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b04117	journal	December 2015
A highly reversible room-temperature lithium metal battery based on crosslinked hairy nanoparticles Choudhury, Snehashis; Mangal, Rahul; Agrawal, Akanksha Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10101	journal	December 2015
Ionic Conductivity of Solid Electrolytes Based on Lithium Titanium Phosphate Aono, Hiromichi Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2086597	journal	January 1990
A review on the separators of liquid electrolyte Li-ion batteries Zhang, Sheng Shui Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 164, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.10.065	journal	January 2007
Direct observation of lithium dendrites inside garnet-type lithium-ion solid electrolyte Ren, Yaoyu; Shen, Yang; Lin, Yuanhua Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 57 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2015.05.001	journal	August 2015
Understanding of Effects of Nano-Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] Particles on Ionic Conductivity of Composite Polymer Electrolytes Wang, Zhaoxiang; Huang, Xuejie; Chen, Liquan Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1615352	journal	January 2003
Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Rechargeable Batteries Xu, Kang ChemInform, Vol. 35, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200450271	journal	December 2004
Fast Lithium Ion Conduction in Garnet-Type Li7La3Zr2O12. Murugan, Ramaswamy; Thangadurai, Venkataraman; Weppner, Werner ChemInform, Vol. 38, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200750009	journal	December 2007

Cited By (26)

High‐Performance Solid Polymer Electrolytes Filled with Vertically Aligned 2D Materials Tang, Wenjing; Tang, Shan; Guan, Xuze Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201900648	journal	February 2019
Electro–Chemo–Mechanical Issues at the Interfaces in Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries Wang, Peng; Qu, Wenjie; Song, Wei‐Li Advanced Functional Materials https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201900950	journal	April 2019
Perpendicular MXene Arrays with Periodic Interspaces toward Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Anodes with High‐Rate Capabilities Cao, Zhenjiang; Zhu, Qi; Wang, Shuai Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201908075	journal	November 2019
Nacre‐Inspired Composite Electrolytes for Load‐Bearing Solid‐State Lithium‐Metal Batteries Li, Aijun; Liao, Xiangbiao; Zhang, Hanrui Advanced Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201905517	journal	November 2019
Ultrathin, Flexible Polymer Electrolyte for Cost‐Effective Fabrication of All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries Wu, Jingyi; Rao, Zhixiang; Cheng, Zexiao Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902767	journal	November 2019
MXene‐Based Mesoporous Nanosheets Toward Superior Lithium Ion Conductors Shi, Yongzheng; Li, Bin; Zhu, Qi Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201903534	journal	January 2020
3D Vertically Aligned Li Metal Anodes with Ultrahigh Cycling Currents and Capacities of 10 mA cm ⁻² /20 mAh cm ⁻² Realized by Selective Nucleation within Microchannel Walls Gao, Xuejie; Yang, Xiaofei; Adair, Keegan Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201903753	journal	January 2020
A Supramolecular Electrolyte for Lithium‐Metal Batteries Xie, Jin; Li, Bo‐Quan; Song, Yun‐Wei Batteries & Supercaps, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.201900206	journal	November 2019
Recent Progress in Organic–Inorganic Composite Solid Electrolytes for All‐Solid‐State Lithium Batteries Zhang, Dechao; Xu, Xijun; Qin, Yanlin Chemistry – A European Journal, Vol. 26, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201904461	journal	November 2019
Li ⁺ ‐Containing, Continuous Silica Nanofibers for High Li ⁺ Conductivity in Composite Polymer Electrolyte Yu, Jianming; Wang, Chao; Li, Shiheng Small, Vol. 15, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201902729	journal	September 2019
Composition Modulation and Structure Design of Inorganic‐in‐Polymer Composite Solid Electrolytes for Advanced Lithium Batteries Liu, Yuan; Xu, Bingqing; Zhang, Wenyu Small, Vol. 16, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201902813	journal	October 2019
Mechanically Robust Gel Polymer Electrolyte for an Ultrastable Sodium Metal Battery Luo, Chengzhao; Shen, Tong; Ji, Haoqing Small, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201906208	journal	December 2019
Two-dimensional molecular brush-functionalized porous bilayer composite separators toward ultrastable high-current density lithium metal anodes Li, Chuanfa; Liu, Shaohong; Shi, Chenguang Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09211-z	journal	March 2019
g-C ₃ N ₄ nanosheets enhanced solid polymer electrolytes with excellent electrochemical performance, mechanical properties, and thermal stability Sun, Zongjie; Li, Yuhan; Zhang, Shuyang Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00634f	journal	January 2019
A borate decorated anion-immobilized solid polymer electrolyte for dendrite-free, long-life Li metal batteries Ma, Cheng; Feng, Yiming; Xing, Fangzhou Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta07551h	journal	January 2019
A functional-gradient-structured ultrahigh modulus solid polymer electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries Liu, Jie; Zhou, Jinqiu; Wang, Mengfan Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta07876b	journal	January 2019
Embedded 3D Li ⁺ channels in a water-in-salt electrolyte to develop flexible supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries Dai, Lixin; Arcelus, Oier; Sun, Lu Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta08699d	journal	January 2019
Engineering a “nanonet”-reinforced polymer electrolyte for long-life Li–O 2 batteries Zhao, Changtai; Liang, Jianneng; Zhao, Yang Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta08778h	journal	January 2019
Realization of the Li ⁺ domain diffusion effect via constructing molecular brushes on the LLZTO surface and its application in all-solid-state lithium batteries Li, Wenwen; Sun, Changzhi; Jin, Jun Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta10400c	journal	January 2019
High-performance all-solid-state batteries enabled by salt bonding to perovskite in poly(ethylene oxide) Xu, Henghui; Chien, Po-Hsiu; Shi, Jianjian Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907507116	journal	August 2019
Review on Polymer-Based Composite Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries Yao, Penghui; Yu, Haobin; Ding, Zhiyu Frontiers in Chemistry, Vol. 7 https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00522	journal	August 2019
Safety Issues in Lithium Ion Batteries: Materials and Cell Design Wu, Xiangkun; Song, Kaifang; Zhang, Xiaoyan Frontiers in Energy Research, Vol. 7 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00065	journal	July 2019
Development of the PEO Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes for All-Solid State Lithium Ion Batteries Jiang, Yu; Yan, Xuemin; Ma, Zhaofei Polymers, Vol. 10, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10111237	journal	November 2018
Preparation and Properties of a High-Performance EOEOEA-Based Gel-Polymer-Electrolyte Lithium Battery Ding, Wenwen; Wei, Chun; Wang, Shiqi Polymers, Vol. 11, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11081296	journal	August 2019
High-Voltage Sulfolane Plasticized UV-Curable Gel Polymer Electrolyte Wang, Shiqi; Wei, Chun; Ding, Wenwen Polymers, Vol. 11, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11081306	journal	August 2019
A Supramolecular Electrolyte for Lithium‐Metal Batteries Xie, Jin; Li, Bo‐Quan; Song, Yun‐Wei Batteries & Supercaps, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.201900112	journal	October 2019

Figures / Tables (5)

Figure 1(p. 3)

Figure 2(p. 4)

2 aerogel, SiO₂-aerogel/PEO composite, and CPE. The inset shows a cross-polarized microscopic image of the residual indents on a composite specimen. c) Modulus of the SiO₂-aerogel/PEO composite as a function of temperature." data-ostiid="1470755">

Figure 3(p. 5)

Table 1(p. 5)

Figure 4(p. 6)

Similar Records

Anomalously high elastic modulus of a poly(ethylene oxide)-based composite electrolyte

Journal Article · Fri Nov 20 00:00:00 EST 2020 · Energy Storage Materials · OSTI ID:1470755

Yang, Guang; Lehmann, Michelle L.; Zhao, Sheng; +7 more

Characterization of the structure and chemistry of the solid–electrolyte interface by cryo-EM leads to high-performance solid-state Li-metal batteries

Journal Article · Thu Jun 30 00:00:00 EDT 2022 · Nature Nanotechnology · OSTI ID:1470755

Lin, Ruoqian; He, Yubin; Wang, Chunyang; +5 more

Solution Blowing Synthesis of Li-Conductive Ceramic Nanofibers

Journal Article · Wed Feb 26 00:00:00 EST 2020 · ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces · OSTI ID:1470755

Huang, Zhennan; Kolbasov, Alexander; Yuan, Yifei; +10 more

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
25 ENERGY STORAGE
composite polymer electrolytes
SiO2 aerogels
solid-state batteries