Emergence of the persistent spin helix in semiconductor quantum wells

Koralek, J. D.; Weber, C. P.; Orenstein, J.; Bernevig, B. A.; Zhang, Shou-Cheng; Mack, S.; Awschalom, D. D.

doi:10.1038/nature07871

Title: Emergence of the persistent spin helix in semiconductor quantum wells

Journal Article · Thu Apr 02 00:00:00 EDT 2009 · Nature (London)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07871· OSTI ID:1443050

Koralek, J. D. ^[1]; Weber, C. P. ^[2]; Orenstein, J. ^[3]; Bernevig, B. A. ^[4]; Zhang, Shou-Cheng ^[5]; Mack, S. ^[6]; Awschalom, D. D. ^[6]

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Santa Clara Univ., Santa Clara, CA (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)
Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA (United States)

According to Noether’s theorem, for every symmetry in nature there is a corresponding conservation law. For example, invariance with respect to spatial translation corresponds to conservation of momentum. In another well-known example, invariance with respect to rotation of the electron’s spin, or SU(2) symmetry, leads to conservation of spin polarization. For electrons in a solid, this symmetry is ordinarily broken by spin–orbit coupling, allowing spin angular momentum to flow to orbital angular momentum. Yet, it has recently been predicted that SU(2) can be achieved in a two-dimensional electron gas, despite the presence of spin–orbit coupling. The corresponding conserved quantities include the amplitude and phase of a helical spin density wave termed the ‘persistent spin helix’. SU(2) is realized, in principle, when the strengths of two dominant spin–orbit interactions, the Rashba (strength parameterized by α) and linear Dresselhaus (β₁) interactions, are equal. This symmetry is predicted to be robust against all forms of spin-independent scattering, including electron–electron interactions, but is broken by the cubic Dresselhaus term (β₃) and spin-dependent scattering. When these terms are negligible, the distance over which spin information can propagate is predicted to diverge as α approaches β₁. Here we introduce experimental observation of the emergence of the persistent spin helix in GaAs quantum wells by independently tuning α and β₁. Using transient spin-grating spectroscopy, we find a spin-lifetime enhancement of two orders of magnitude near the symmetry point. Excellent quantitative agreement with theory across a wide range of sample parameters allows us to obtain an absolute measure of all relevant spin–orbit terms, identifying β₃ as the main SU(2)-violating term in our samples. The tunable suppression of spin relaxation demonstrated in this work is well suited for application to spintronics.

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Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22). Materials Sciences & Engineering Division; National Science Foundation (NSF); US Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research (ONR)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515

OSTI ID:: 1443050

Report Number(s):: SLAC-PUB-13988

Journal Information:: Nature (London), Vol. 458, Issue 7238; ISSN 0028-0836

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 417 works

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Spin transport in two-dimensional electron and hole gases Dollinger, Tobias Universität Regensburg https://doi.org/10.5283/epub.29909	text	January 2014
Plasmonics in Topological Insulators Lai, Yi-Ping; Lin, I-Tan; Wu, Kuang-Hsiung Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Vol. 4 https://doi.org/10.5772/58558	journal	January 2014

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