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Title: Spatial atomic layer deposition for coating flexible porous Li-ion battery electrodes

Abstract

Ultrathin atomic layer deposition (ALD) coatings on the electrodes of Li-ion batteries can enhance the capacity stability of the Li-ion batteries. To commercialize ALD for Li-ion battery production, spatial ALD is needed to decrease coating times and provide a coating process compatible with continuous roll-to-roll (R2R) processing. The porous electrodes of Li-ion batteries provide a special challenge because higher reactant exposures are needed for spatial ALD in porous substrates. This work utilized a modular rotating cylinder spatial ALD reactor operating at rotation speeds up to 200 revolutions/min (RPM) and substrate speeds up to 200 m/min. The conditions for spatial ALD were adjusted to coat flexible porous substrates. The reactor was initially used to characterize spatial Al2O3 and ZnO ALD on flat, flexible metalized polyethylene terephthalate foils. These studies showed that slower rotation speeds and spacers between the precursor module and the two adjacent pumping modules could significantly increase the reactant exposure. The modular rotating cylinder reactor was then used to coat flexible, model porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes. The uniformity of the ZnO ALD coatings on the porous AAO membranes was dependent on the aspect ratio of the pores and the reactant exposures. Larger reactant exposures led to bettermore » uniformity in the pores with higher aspect ratios. The reactant exposures were increased by adding spacers between the precursor module and the two adjacent pumping modules. The modular rotating cylinder reactor was also employed for Al2O3 ALD on porous LiCoO2 (LCO) battery electrodes. Uniform Al coverages were obtained using spacers between the precursor module and the two adjacent pumping modules at rotation speeds of 25 and 50 RPM. The LCO electrodes had a thickness of ~49 um and pores with aspect ratios of ~12-25. Coin cells were then constructed using the ALD-coated LCO electrodes and were tested to determine their battery performance. The capacity of the Al2O3 ALD-coated LCO battery electrodes was measured versus the number of charge-discharge cycles. Both temporal and spatial ALD processing methods led to higher capacity stability compared with uncoated LCO battery electrodes. The results for improved battery performance were comparable for temporal and spatial ALD-coated electrodes. The next steps are also presented for scale-up to R2R spatial ALD using the modular rotating cylinder reactor.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [1];  [1];  [2];  [2];  [3];  [3];  [3];  [1]
  1. Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
  2. Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (United States)
  3. National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Vehicle Technologies Office (EE-3V)
OSTI Identifier:
1423553
Report Number(s):
NREL/JA-5900-71022
Journal ID: ISSN 0734-2101
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC36-08GO28308
Resource Type:
Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 36; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 0734-2101
Publisher:
American Vacuum Society
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
25 ENERGY STORAGE; batteries; atomic layer; deposition; polymers; nanomaterials; electronic devices

Citation Formats

Yersak, Alexander S., Sharma, Kashish, Wallas, Jasmine M., Dameron, Arrelaine A., Li, Xuemin, Yang, Yongan, Hurst, Katherine E., Ban, Chunmei, Tenent, Robert C., and George, Steven M. Spatial atomic layer deposition for coating flexible porous Li-ion battery electrodes. United States: N. p., 2017. Web. doi:10.1116/1.5006670.
Yersak, Alexander S., Sharma, Kashish, Wallas, Jasmine M., Dameron, Arrelaine A., Li, Xuemin, Yang, Yongan, Hurst, Katherine E., Ban, Chunmei, Tenent, Robert C., & George, Steven M. Spatial atomic layer deposition for coating flexible porous Li-ion battery electrodes. United States. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5006670
Yersak, Alexander S., Sharma, Kashish, Wallas, Jasmine M., Dameron, Arrelaine A., Li, Xuemin, Yang, Yongan, Hurst, Katherine E., Ban, Chunmei, Tenent, Robert C., and George, Steven M. 2017. "Spatial atomic layer deposition for coating flexible porous Li-ion battery electrodes". United States. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5006670. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1423553.
@article{osti_1423553,
title = {Spatial atomic layer deposition for coating flexible porous Li-ion battery electrodes},
author = {Yersak, Alexander S. and Sharma, Kashish and Wallas, Jasmine M. and Dameron, Arrelaine A. and Li, Xuemin and Yang, Yongan and Hurst, Katherine E. and Ban, Chunmei and Tenent, Robert C. and George, Steven M.},
abstractNote = {Ultrathin atomic layer deposition (ALD) coatings on the electrodes of Li-ion batteries can enhance the capacity stability of the Li-ion batteries. To commercialize ALD for Li-ion battery production, spatial ALD is needed to decrease coating times and provide a coating process compatible with continuous roll-to-roll (R2R) processing. The porous electrodes of Li-ion batteries provide a special challenge because higher reactant exposures are needed for spatial ALD in porous substrates. This work utilized a modular rotating cylinder spatial ALD reactor operating at rotation speeds up to 200 revolutions/min (RPM) and substrate speeds up to 200 m/min. The conditions for spatial ALD were adjusted to coat flexible porous substrates. The reactor was initially used to characterize spatial Al2O3 and ZnO ALD on flat, flexible metalized polyethylene terephthalate foils. These studies showed that slower rotation speeds and spacers between the precursor module and the two adjacent pumping modules could significantly increase the reactant exposure. The modular rotating cylinder reactor was then used to coat flexible, model porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes. The uniformity of the ZnO ALD coatings on the porous AAO membranes was dependent on the aspect ratio of the pores and the reactant exposures. Larger reactant exposures led to better uniformity in the pores with higher aspect ratios. The reactant exposures were increased by adding spacers between the precursor module and the two adjacent pumping modules. The modular rotating cylinder reactor was also employed for Al2O3 ALD on porous LiCoO2 (LCO) battery electrodes. Uniform Al coverages were obtained using spacers between the precursor module and the two adjacent pumping modules at rotation speeds of 25 and 50 RPM. The LCO electrodes had a thickness of ~49 um and pores with aspect ratios of ~12-25. Coin cells were then constructed using the ALD-coated LCO electrodes and were tested to determine their battery performance. The capacity of the Al2O3 ALD-coated LCO battery electrodes was measured versus the number of charge-discharge cycles. Both temporal and spatial ALD processing methods led to higher capacity stability compared with uncoated LCO battery electrodes. The results for improved battery performance were comparable for temporal and spatial ALD-coated electrodes. The next steps are also presented for scale-up to R2R spatial ALD using the modular rotating cylinder reactor.},
doi = {10.1116/1.5006670},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1423553}, journal = {Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A},
issn = {0734-2101},
number = 1,
volume = 36,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Dec 29 00:00:00 EST 2017},
month = {Fri Dec 29 00:00:00 EST 2017}
}

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Cited by: 16 works
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Figures / Tables:

Fig. 1 Fig. 1: Cross-section of the rotating cylinder reactor configured for ZnO spatial ALD with (a) no spacers and (b) four total spacers between the DEZ precursor module and the two adjacent pumping modules.

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