Global Λ hyperon polarization in nuclear collisions

Adamczyk, L.; Adkins, J. K.; Agakishiev, G.; Aggarwal, M. M.; Ahammed, Z.; Ajitanand, N. N.; Alekseev, I.; Anderson, D. M.; Aoyama, R.; Aparin, A.; Arkhipkin, D.; Aschenauer, E. C.; Ashraf, M. U.; Attri, A.; Averichev, G. S.; Bai, X.; Bairathi, V.; Behera, A.; Bellwied, R.; Bhasin, A.; Bhati, A. K.; Bhattarai, P.; Bielcik, J.; Bielcikova, J.; Bland, L. C.; Bordyuzhin, I. G.; Bouchet, J.; Brandenburg, J. D.; Brandin, A. V.; Brown, D.; Bunzarov, I.; Butterworth, J.; Caines, H.; de la Barca Sánchez, M. Calderón; Campbell, J. M.; Cebra, D.; Chakaberia, I.; Chaloupka, P.; Chang, Z.; Chankova-Bunzarova, N.; Chatterjee, A.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Chen, X.; Chen, J. H.; Chen, X.; Cheng, J.; Cherney, M.; Christie, W.; Contin, G.; Crawford, H. J.; Das, S.; De Silva, L. C.; Debbe, R. R.; Dedovich, T. G.; Deng, J.; Derevschikov, A. A.; Didenko, L.; Dilks, C.; Dong, X.; Drachenberg, J. L.; Draper, J. E.; Dunkelberger, L. E.; Dunlop, J. C.; Efimov, L. G.; Elsey, N.; Engelage, J.; Eppley, G.; Esha, R.; Esumi, S.; Evdokimov, O.; Ewigleben, J.; Eyser, O.; Fatemi, R.; Fazio, S.; Federic, P.; Federicova, P.; Fedorisin, J.; Feng, Z.; Filip, P.; Finch, E.; Fisyak, Y.; Flores, C. E.; Fulek, L.; Gagliardi, C. A.; Garand, D.; Geurts, F.; Gibson, A.; Girard, M.; Grosnick, D.; Gunarathne, D. S.; Guo, Y.; Gupta, A.; Gupta, S.; Guryn, W.; Hamad, A. I.; Hamed, A.; Harlenderova, A.; Harris, J. W.; He, L.; Heppelmann, S.; Heppelmann, S.; Hirsch, A.; Hoffmann, G. W.; Horvat, S.; Huang, T.; Huang, B.; Huang, X.; Huang, H. Z.; Humanic, T. J.; Huo, P.; Igo, G.; Jacobs, W. W.; Jentsch, A.; Jia, J.; Jiang, K.; Jowzaee, S.; Judd, E. G.; Kabana, S.; Kalinkin, D.; Kang, K.; Kauder, K.; Ke, H. W.; Keane, D.; Kechechyan, A.; Khan, Z.; Kikoła, D. P.; Kisel, I.; Kisiel, A.; Kochenda, L.; Kocmanek, M.; Kollegger, T.; Kosarzewski, L. K.; Kraishan, A. F.; Kravtsov, P.; Krueger, K.; Kulathunga, N.; Kumar, L.; Kvapil, J.; Kwasizur, J. H.; Lacey, R.; Landgraf, J. M.; Landry, K. D.; Lauret, J.; Lebedev, A.; Lednicky, R.; Lee, J. H.; Li, X.; Li, C.; Li, W.; Li, Y.; Lidrych, J.; Lin, T.; Lisa, M. A.; Liu, H.; Liu, P.; Liu, Y.; Liu, F.; Ljubicic, T.; Llope, W. J.; Lomnitz, M.; Longacre, R. S.; Luo, S.; Luo, X.; Ma, G. L.; Ma, L.; Ma, Y. G.; Ma, R.; Magdy, N.; Majka, R.; Mallick, D.; Margetis, S.; Markert, C.; Matis, H. S.; Meehan, K.; Mei, J. C.; Miller, Z. W.; Minaev, N. G.; Mioduszewski, S.; Mishra, D.; Mizuno, S.; Mohanty, B.; Mondal, M. M.; Morozov, D. A.; Mustafa, M. K.; Nasim, Md.; Nayak, T. K.; Nelson, J. M.; Nie, M.; Nigmatkulov, G.; Niida, T.; Nogach, L. V.; Nonaka, T.; Nurushev, S. B.; Odyniec, G.; Ogawa, A.; Oh, K.; Okorokov, V. A.; Olvitt, D.; Page, B. S.; Pak, R.; Pandit, Y.; Panebratsev, Y.; Pawlik, B.; Pei, H.; Perkins, C.; Pile, P.; Pluta, J.; Poniatowska, K.; Porter, J.; Posik, M.; Poskanzer, A. M.; Pruthi, N. K.; Przybycien, M.; Putschke, J.; Qiu, H.; Quintero, A.; Ramachandran, S.; Ray, R. L.; Reed, R.; Rehbein, M. J.; Ritter, H. G.; Roberts, J. B.; Rogachevskiy, O. V.; Romero, J. L.; Roth, J. D.; Ruan, L.; Rusnak, J.; Rusnakova, O.; Sahoo, N. R.; Sahu, P. K.; Salur, S.; Sandweiss, J.; Saur, M.; Schambach, J.; Schmah, A. M.; Schmidke, W. B.; Schmitz, N.; Schweid, B. R.; Seger, J.; Sergeeva, M.; Seyboth, P.; Shah, N.; Shahaliev, E.; Shanmuganathan, P. V.; Shao, M.; Sharma, A.; Sharma, M. K.; Shen, W. Q.; Shi, Z.; Shi, S. S.; Shou, Q. Y.; Sichtermann, E. P.; Sikora, R.; Simko, M.; Singha, S.; Skoby, M. J.; Smirnov, N.; Smirnov, D.; Solyst, W.; Song, L.; Sorensen, P.; Spinka, H. M.; Srivastava, B.; Stanislaus, T. D.  S.; Strikhanov, M.; Stringfellow, B.; Sugiura, T.; Sumbera, M.; Summa, B.; Sun, Y.; Sun, X. M.; Sun, X.; Surrow, B.; Svirida, D. N.; Tang, A. H.; Tang, Z.; Taranenko, A.; Tarnowsky, T.; Tawfik, A.; Thäder, J.; Thomas, J. H.; Timmins, A. R.; Tlusty, D.; Todoroki, T.; Tokarev, M.; Trentalange, S.; Tribble, R. E.; Tribedy, P.; Tripathy, S. K.; Trzeciak, B. A.; Tsai, O. D.; Ullrich, T.; Underwood, D. G.; Upsal, I.; Van Buren, G.; van Nieuwenhuizen, G.; Vasiliev, A. N.; Videbæk, F.; Vokal, S.; Voloshin, S. A.; Vossen, A.; Wang, G.; Wang, Y.; Wang, F.; Wang, Y.; Webb, J. C.; Webb, G.; Wen, L.; Westfall, G. D.; Wieman, H.; Wissink, S. W.; Witt, R.; Wu, Y.; Xiao, Z. G.; Xie, W.; Xie, G.; Xu, J.; Xu, N.; Xu, Q. H.; Xu, Y. F.; Xu, Z.; Yang, Y.; Yang, Q.; Yang, C.; Yang, S.; Ye, Z.; Ye, Z.; Yi, L.; Yip, K.; Yoo, I. -K.; Yu, N.; Zbroszczyk, H.; Zha, W.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, X. P.; Zhang, J. B.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, S.; Zhao, J.; Zhong, C.; Zhou, L.; Zhou, C.; Zhu, X.; Zhu, Z.; Zyzak, M.

doi:10.1038/nature23004

Title: Global Λ hyperon polarization in nuclear collisions

Journal Article · Wed Aug 02 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Nature (London)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature23004· OSTI ID:1392218

Adamczyk, L.; Adkins, J. K.; Agakishiev, G.; Aggarwal, M. M.; Ahammed, Z.; Ajitanand, N. N.; Alekseev, I.; Anderson, D. M.; Aoyama, R.; Aparin, A.; Arkhipkin, D.; Aschenauer, E. C.; Ashraf, M. U.; Attri, A.; Averichev, G. S.; Bai, X.; Bairathi, V.; Behera, A.; Bellwied, R.; Bhasin, A. more »

The extreme energy densities generated by ultra-relativistic collisions between heavy atomic nuclei produce a state of matter that behaves surprisingly like a fluid, with exceptionally high temperature and low viscosity. Non-central collisions have angular momenta of the order of 1,000h, and the resulting fluid may have a strong vortical structure that must be understood to describe the fluid properly. The vortical structure is also of particular interest because the restoration of fundamental symmetries of quantum chromodynamics is expected to produce novel physical effects in the presence of strong vorticity. However, no experimental indications of fluid vorticity in heavy ion collisions have yet been found. Since vorticity represents a local rotational structure of the fluid, spin-orbit coupling can lead to preferential orientation of particle spins along the direction of rotation. Here we present measurements of an alignment between the global angular momentum of a non-central collision and the spin of emitted particles (in this case the collision occurs between gold nuclei and produces Λ baryons), revealing that the fluid produced in heavy ion collisions is the most vortical system so far observed. (At high energies, this fluid is a quark-gluon plasma.) We find that Λ and hyperons show a positive polarization of the order of a few per cent, consistent with some hydrodynamic predictions. (A hyperon is a particle composed of three quarks, at least one of which is a strange quark; the remainder are up and down quarks, found in protons and neutrons.) A previous measurement that reported a null result, that is, zero polarization, at higher collision energies is seen to be consistent with the trend of our observations, though with larger statistical uncertainties. These data provide experimental access to the vortical structure of the nearly ideal liquid created in a heavy ion collision and should prove valuable in the development of hydrodynamic models that quantitatively connect observations to the theory of the strong force.

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Research Organization:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

Contributing Organization:: STAR Collaboration; The STAR Collaboration

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012704; AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1392218

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1532256

Report Number(s):: BNL-114181-2017-JA; R&D Project: PO 004; KB0202012

Journal Information:: Nature (London), Vol. 548, Issue 7665; ISSN 0028-0836

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 392 works

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Disentangling covariant Wigner functions for chiral fermions Gao, Jian-Hua; Liang, Zuo-Tang; Wang, Qun Physical Review D, Vol. 98, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.98.036019	journal	August 2018
Chiral magnetic effect and an experimental bound on the late time magnetic field strength Müller, Berndt; Schäfer, Andreas Physical Review D, Vol. 98, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.98.071902	journal	October 2018
Longitudinal conductivity of hot magnetized collisional QCD medium in the inhomogeneous electric field Kurian, Manu; Chandra, Vinod Physical Review D, Vol. 99, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.99.116018	journal	June 2019
Stability analysis for a thermodynamically consistent model of relativistic fluid dynamics Stricker, Laura; Öttinger, Hans Christian Physical Review E, Vol. 99, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.99.013105	journal	January 2019
Collective Longitudinal Polarization in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions at Very High Energy Becattini, F.; Karpenko, Iu. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 120, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.120.012302	journal	January 2018
Pion Condensation by Rotation in a Magnetic Field Liu, Yizhuang; Zahed, Ismail Physical Review Letters, Vol. 120, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.120.032001	journal	January 2018
Dynamics of Vortices in Chiral Media: The Chiral Propulsion Effect Hirono, Yuji; Kharzeev, Dmitri E.; Sadofyev, Andrey V. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 121, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.121.142301	journal	October 2018
Kaon Photoproduction and the $Λ$ Decay Parameter $α_{-}$ Ireland, D. G.; Döring, M.; Glazier, D. I. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 123, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.123.182301	journal	October 2019
Local spin polarization in high energy heavy ion collisions Wu, Hong-Zhong; Pang, Long-Gang; Huang, Xu-Guang Physical Review Research, Vol. 1, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.1.033058	journal	October 2019
Coherent vortex dynamics in a strongly interacting superfluid on a silicon chip Sachkou, Yauhen P.; Baker, Christopher G.; Harris, Glen I. Science, Vol. 366, Issue 6472 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw9229	journal	December 2019
Transport coefficients of hot magnetized QCD matter beyond the lowest Landau level approximation Kurian, Manu; Mitra, Sukanya; Ghosh, Snigdha The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 79, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-019-6649-z	journal	February 2019
Applied holography of the AdS ₅ –Kerr space–time McInnes, Brett International Journal of Modern Physics A, Vol. 34, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19501380	journal	August 2019
Holography of low-centrality heavy ion collisions McInnes, Brett International Journal of Modern Physics A, Vol. 34, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19501744	journal	October 2019
Neutron Star Mergers: Probing the EoS of Hot, Dense Matter by Gravitational Waves Hanauske, Matthias; Steinheimer, Jan; Motornenko, Anton Particles, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/particles2010004	journal	January 2019
Reworking Zubarev’s Approach to Nonequilibrium Quantum Statistical Mechanics Becattini, Francesco; Buzzegoli, Matteo; Grossi, Eduardo Particles, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/particles2020014	journal	April 2019
Polarized Baryon Production in Heavy Ion Collisions: An Analytic Hydrodynamical Study Boldizsár, Bálint; Nagy, Márton I.; Csanád, Máté Universe, Vol. 5, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/universe5050101	journal	May 2019
Latest Results from RHIC + Progress on Determining q ^ L in RHI Collisions Using Di-Hadron Correlations Tannenbaum, Michael J. Universe, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/universe5060140	journal	June 2019
Chiral magnetic effect and an experimental bound on the late time magnetic field strength Müller, Berndt; Schäfer, Andreas Universität Regensburg https://doi.org/10.5283/epub.38346	text	January 2018
Stability analysis for a thermodynamically consistent model of relativistic fluid dynamics Stricker, Laura; Öttinger, Hans Christian ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000315037	text	January 2019
Thermodynamic equilibrium with acceleration and the Unruh effect Becattini, F. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1712.08031	text	January 2017
Disentangling covariant Wigner functions for chiral fermions Gao, Jian-Hua; Liang, Zuo-Tang; Wang, Qun arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1802.06216	text	January 2018
Dynamics of vortices in chiral media: the chiral propulsion effect Hirono, Yuji; Kharzeev, Dmitri E.; Sadofyev, Andrey V. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.00381	text	January 2018
Applied Holography of the AdS$_5$-Kerr Spacetime McInnes, Brett arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.02528	text	January 2018
Transport coefficients of hot magnetized QCD matter beyond the lowest Landau level approximation Kurian, Manu; Mitra, Sukanya; Ghosh, Snigdha arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1805.07313	text	January 2018
Holography of Low-Centrality Heavy Ion Collisions McInnes, Brett arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1805.09558	text	January 2018
The Chiral Magnetic Effect and an experimental bound on the late time magnetic field strength Müller, Berndt; Schäfer, Andreas arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1806.10907	text	January 2018
Stability analysis for a thermodynamically consistent model of relativistic fluid dynamics Stricker, Laura; Öttinger, Hans Christian arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1809.04956	text	January 2018
Thermal vorticity and spin polarization in heavy-ion collisions Wei, De-Xian; Deng, Wei-Tian; Huang, Xu-Guang arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1810.00151	text	January 2018
The chiral vortical effect in Wigner function approach Gao, Jian-hua; Pang, Jin-yi; Wang, Qun arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1810.02028	text	January 2018
Polarized baryon production in heavy ion collisions: an analytic hydrodynamical study Boldizsar, Balint; Nagy, Marton I.; Csanad, Mate arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1812.05587	text	January 2018
Relativistic Quantum Kinetic Theory for Massive Fermions and Spin Effects Gao, Jian-Hua; Liang, Zuo-Tang arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.06510	text	January 2019
Lattice-based equation of state at finite baryon number, electric charge and strangeness chemical potentials Noronha-Hostler, J.; Parotto, P.; Ratti, C. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.06723	text	January 2019
Longitudinal conductivity of hot magnetized collisional QCD medium in the inhomogeneous electric field Kurian, Manu; Chandra, Vinod arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.09200	text	January 2019
Axial Kinetic Theory and Spin Transport for Fermions with Arbitrary Mass Hattori, Koichi; Hidaka, Yoshimasa; Yang, Di-Lun arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1903.01653	text	January 2019
A microscopic description for polarization in particle scatterings Zhang, Jun-jie; Fang, Ren-hong; Wang, Qun arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.09152	text	January 2019
Feed-down effect on $Λ$ spin polarization Xia, Xiao-Liang; Li, Hui; Huang, Xu-Guang arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.03120	text	January 2019
Quantum Kinetic Theory of Spin Polarization of Massive Quarks in Perturbative QCD: Leading Log Li, Shiyong; Yee, Ho-Ung arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.10463	text	January 2019
Local spin polarization in high energy heavy ion collisions Wu, Hong-Zhong; Pang, Long-Gang; Huang, Xu-Guang arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.09385	text	January 2019
Relaxation Time for Strange Quark Spin in Rotating Quark-Gluon Plasma Kapusta, Joseph I.; Rrapaj, Ermal; Rudaz, Serge arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1907.10750	text	January 2019
Rotation induced charged pion condensation in a strong magnetic field: A Nambu--Jona-Lasino model study Cao, Gaoqing; He, Lianyi arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1910.02728	text	January 2019
Spin Hydrodynamic Generation in the Charged Subatomic Swirl Guo, Xingyu; Liao, Jinfeng; Wang, Enke arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.04704	text	January 2019

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Global $\Lambda$ hyperon polarization in nuclear collisions: evidence for the most vortical fluid Collaboration, Star https://doi.org/10.17182/hepdata.77494.v1 The current record is supplemented by this collection	collection	January 2017
"Figure 4" of "Global $\Lambda$ hyperon polarization in nuclear collisions: evidence for the most vortical fluid" Collaboration, Star https://doi.org/10.17182/hepdata.77494.v1/t1 The current record is supplemented by this dataset	dataset	January 2017
"Figure 5" of "Global $\Lambda$ hyperon polarization in nuclear collisions: evidence for the most vortical fluid" Collaboration, Star https://doi.org/10.17182/hepdata.77494.v1/t2 The current record is supplemented by this dataset	dataset	January 2017
"Figure 4 with New Alpha" of "Global $\Lambda$ hyperon polarization in nuclear collisions: evidence for the most vortical fluid" Collaboration, Star https://doi.org/10.17182/hepdata.77494.v2/t2 The current record is supplemented by this dataset	dataset	January 2022
"Figure 4" of "Global $\Lambda$ hyperon polarization in nuclear collisions: evidence for the most vortical fluid" Collaboration, Star https://doi.org/10.17182/hepdata.77494.v2/t1 The current record is supplemented by this dataset	dataset	January 2022