Nature and Consequences of Biological Reductionism for the Immunological Study of Infectious Diseases

Rivas, Ariel L.; Leitner, Gabriel; Jankowski, Mark D.; Hoogesteijn, Almira L.; Iandiorio, Michelle J.; Chatzipanagiotou, Stylianos; Ioannidis, Anastasios; Blum, Shlomo E.; Piccinini, Renata; Antoniades, Athos; Fazio, Jane C.; Apidianakis, Yiorgos; Fair, Jeanne M.; Van Regenmortel, Marc H.  V.

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00612

Title: Nature and Consequences of Biological Reductionism for the Immunological Study of Infectious Diseases

Journal Article · Wed May 31 00:00:00 EDT 2017 · Frontiers in Immunology

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00612· OSTI ID:1374353

Rivas, Ariel L. ^[1]; Leitner, Gabriel ^[2]; Jankowski, Mark D. ^[3]; Hoogesteijn, Almira L. ^[4]; Iandiorio, Michelle J. ^[1]; Chatzipanagiotou, Stylianos ^[5]; Ioannidis, Anastasios ^[6]; Blum, Shlomo E. ^[2]; Piccinini, Renata ^[7]; Antoniades, Athos ^[8]; Fazio, Jane C. ^[9]; Apidianakis, Yiorgos ^[10];

^[11]; Van Regenmortel, Marc H. V. ^[12]

Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Kimron Veterinary Inst., Bet Dagan (Israel). National Mastitis Center
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Seattle, WA (United States); Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)
Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Inst. (CINVESTAV), Merida (Mexico)
National and Kapodistrian Univ., Athens (Greece)
Univ. of Peloponnese, Sparta (Greece)
Univ. of Milan (Italy)
Univ. of Cyprus, Nicosia (Cyprus)
Univ. of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (United States). Dept. of Internal Medicine
Univ. of Cyprus, Nicosia (Cyprus). Dept. of Biological Sciences
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States). Biosecurity and Public Health
Univ. of Strasbourg (France). National Center of Scientific Research

Evolution has conserved “economic” systems that perform many functions, faster or better, with less. For example, three to five leukocyte types protect from thousands of pathogens. In order to achieve so much with so little, biological systems combine their limited elements, creating complex structures. Yet, the prevalent research paradigm is reductionist. Focusing on infectious diseases, reductionist and non-reductionist views are here described. Furthermore, the literature indicates that reductionism is associated with information loss and errors, while non-reductionist operations can extract more information from the same data. When designed to capture one-to-many/many-to-one interactions—including the use of arrows that connect pairs of consecutive observations—non-reductionist (spatial–temporal) constructs eliminate data variability from all dimensions, except along one line, while arrows describe the directionality of temporal changes that occur along the line. To validate the patterns detected by non-reductionist operations, reductionist procedures are needed. Integrated (non-reductionist and reductionist) methods can (i) distinguish data subsets that differ immunologically and statistically; (ii) differentiate false-negative from -positive errors; (iii) discriminate disease stages; (iv) capture in vivo, multilevel interactions that consider the patient, the microbe, and antibiotic-mediated responses; and (v) assess dynamics. Integrated methods provide repeatable and biologically interpretable information.

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Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-06NA25396

OSTI ID:: 1374353

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-17-22486

Journal Information:: Frontiers in Immunology, Vol. 8; ISSN 1664-3224

Publisher:: Frontiers Research FoundationCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 14 works

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Title: Nature and Consequences of Biological Reductionism for the Immunological Study of Infectious Diseases

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