Proposed new accelerator design for homeland security x-ray applications
Abstract
Two goals for security scanning of cargo and freight are the ability to determine the type of material that is being imaged, and to do so at low radiation dose. One commonly used technique to determine the effective Z of the cargo is dual-energy imaging, i.e. imaging with different x-ray energy spectra. Another technique uses the fact that the transmitted x-ray spectrum itself also depends on the effective Z. Spectroscopy is difficult because the energy of individual x rays needs to be measured in a very high count-rate environment. Typical accelerators for security applications offer large but short bursts of x-rays, suitable for current-mode integrated imaging. In order to perform x-ray spectroscopy, a new accelerator design is desired that has the following features: 1) increased duty factor in order to spread out the arrival of x-rays at the detector array over time; 2) x-ray intensity modulation from one delivered pulse to the next by adjusting the accelerator electron beam instantaneous current so as to deliver adequate signal without saturating the spectroscopic detector; and 3) the capability to direct the (forward peaked) x-ray intensity towards high-attenuation areas in the cargo (“fan-beam-steering”). Current sources are capable of 0.1% duty factor, although usuallymore »
- Authors:
-
- Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA (United States)
- Rapiscan Laboratories, Sunnyvale, CA (United States)
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1204542
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC03-7600-515
- Resource Type:
- Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Physics Procedia
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 66; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 1875-3892
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS; High duty factor; accelerator; x-ray; spectroscopy; beam current modulation; material discrimination
Citation Formats
Clayton, James, Shedlock, Daniel, Langeveld, Willem G.J., Bharadwaj, Vinod, and Nosochkov, Yuri. Proposed new accelerator design for homeland security x-ray applications. United States: N. p., 2015.
Web. doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2015.05.032.
Clayton, James, Shedlock, Daniel, Langeveld, Willem G.J., Bharadwaj, Vinod, & Nosochkov, Yuri. Proposed new accelerator design for homeland security x-ray applications. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.05.032
Clayton, James, Shedlock, Daniel, Langeveld, Willem G.J., Bharadwaj, Vinod, and Nosochkov, Yuri. 2015.
"Proposed new accelerator design for homeland security x-ray applications". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.05.032. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1204542.
@article{osti_1204542,
title = {Proposed new accelerator design for homeland security x-ray applications},
author = {Clayton, James and Shedlock, Daniel and Langeveld, Willem G.J. and Bharadwaj, Vinod and Nosochkov, Yuri},
abstractNote = {Two goals for security scanning of cargo and freight are the ability to determine the type of material that is being imaged, and to do so at low radiation dose. One commonly used technique to determine the effective Z of the cargo is dual-energy imaging, i.e. imaging with different x-ray energy spectra. Another technique uses the fact that the transmitted x-ray spectrum itself also depends on the effective Z. Spectroscopy is difficult because the energy of individual x rays needs to be measured in a very high count-rate environment. Typical accelerators for security applications offer large but short bursts of x-rays, suitable for current-mode integrated imaging. In order to perform x-ray spectroscopy, a new accelerator design is desired that has the following features: 1) increased duty factor in order to spread out the arrival of x-rays at the detector array over time; 2) x-ray intensity modulation from one delivered pulse to the next by adjusting the accelerator electron beam instantaneous current so as to deliver adequate signal without saturating the spectroscopic detector; and 3) the capability to direct the (forward peaked) x-ray intensity towards high-attenuation areas in the cargo (“fan-beam-steering”). Current sources are capable of 0.1% duty factor, although usually they are operated at significantly lower duty factors (~0.04%), but duty factors in the range 0.4-1.0% are desired. The higher duty factor can be accomplished, e.g., by moving from 300 pulses per second (pps) to 1000 pps and/or increasing the pulse duration from a typical 4 μs to 10 μs. This paper describes initial R&D to examine cost effective modifications that could be performed on a typical accelerator for these purposes, as well as R&D for fan-beam steering.},
doi = {10.1016/j.phpro.2015.05.032},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1204542},
journal = {Physics Procedia},
issn = {1875-3892},
number = C,
volume = 66,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2015},
month = {Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2015}
}
Web of Science
Works referenced in this record:
Linear accelerator x-ray sources with high duty cycle
conference, January 2013
- Condron, Cathie; Brown, Craig; Gozani, Tsahi
- APPLICATION OF ACCELERATORS IN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY: Twenty-Second International Conference, AIP Conference Proceedings
Noise spectroscopy: Z-determination by statistical count-rate analysis (Z-scan)
journal, October 2011
- Langeveld, Willem G. J.; Condron, Cathie; Elsalim, Mashal
- Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 652, Issue 1
Implementation of Noise Spectroscopy Using Biased Large-Area Photodiodes
journal, April 2013
- Langeveld, Willem G. J.; Condron, Cathie; Elsalim, Mashal
- IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 60, Issue 2
A whole-system approach to x-ray spectroscopy in cargo inspection systems
conference, January 2013
- Langeveld, Willem G. J.; Gozani, Tsahi; Ryge, Peter
- APPLICATION OF ACCELERATORS IN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY: Twenty-Second International Conference, AIP Conference Proceedings
Intensity-Modulated Advanced X-Ray Source (IMAXS) for Homeland Security Applications
journal, June 2009
- Langeveld, Willem Gerhardus Johannes; Johnson, William A.; Owen, Roger D.
- IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 56, Issue 3
Intensity-Modulated Advanced X-ray Source (IMAXS) for Homeland Security Applications
conference, January 2009
- Langeveld, Willem G. J.; Johnson, William A.; Owen, Roger D.
- APPLICATION OF ACCELERATORS IN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY: Twentieth International Conference, AIP Conference Proceedings
Performance Characteristics Of An Intensity Modulated Advanced X-Ray Source (IMAXS) For Homeland Security Applications
conference, January 2011
- Langeveld, Willem G. J.; Brown, Craig; Christensen, Phil. A.
- APPLICATION OF ACCELERATORS IN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY: Twenty-First International Conference, AIP Conference Proceedings
Characterization of ZnO, ${\rm BaF}_{2}$ and ${\rm PbWO}_{4}$ Scintillator Detectors for Cargo Inspection Using Transmitted X-ray Spectroscopy
journal, April 2013
- Sinha, Shrabani; Kwong, John; Langeveld, Willem G. J.
- IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 60, Issue 2
Linac based photofission inspection system employing novel detection concepts
journal, October 2011
- Stevenson, John; Gozani, Tsahi; Elsalim, Mashal
- Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 652, Issue 1
Performance Characteristics Of An Intensity Modulated Advanced X-Ray Source (IMAXS) For Homeland Security Applications
conference, January 2011
- Langeveld, Willem G. J.; Brown, Craig; Christensen, Phil. A.
- APPLICATION OF ACCELERATORS IN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY: Twenty-First International Conference, AIP Conference Proceedings
Works referencing / citing this record:
Recent Advances in Lead Halide Perovskites for Radiation Detectors
journal, August 2019
- Gao, Lei; Yan, Qingfeng
- Solar RRL, Vol. 4, Issue 2