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Title: Localization and broadband follow-up of the gravitational-wave transient GW150914

Journal Article · · The Astrophysical Journal. Letters (Online)
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A gravitational-wave (GW) transient was identified in data recorded by the Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) detectors on 2015 September 14. The event, initially designated G184098 and later given the name GW150914, is described in detail elsewhere. By prior arrangement, preliminary estimates of the time, significance, and sky location of the event were shared with 63 teams of observers covering radio, optical, near-infrared, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths with ground- and space-based facilities. In this Letter we describe the low-latency analysis of the GW data and present the sky localization of the first observed compact binary merger. We summarize the follow-up observations reported by 25 teams via private Gamma-ray Coordinates Network circulars, giving an overview of the participating facilities, the GW sky localization coverage, the timeline and depth of the observations. As this event turned out to be a binary black hole merger, there is little expectation of a detectable electromagnetic (EM) signature. Nevertheless, this first broadband campaign to search for a counterpart of an Advanced LIGO source represents a milestone and highlights the broad capabilities of the transient astronomy community and the observing strategies that have been developed to pursue neutron star binary merger events. Furthermore, detailed investigations of the EM data and results of the EM follow-up campaign are being disseminated in papers by the individual teams.

Research Organization:
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
Contributing Organization:
The LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration; The Australian Square Kilometer Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) Collaboration; The BOOTES Collaboration; The Dark Energy Survey and the Dark Energy Camera GW-EM Collaborations; The Fermi GBM Collaboration; The Fermi LAT Collaboration; The GRAvitational Wave Inaf TeAm (GRAWITA; The INTEGRAL Collaboration; The Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF) Collaboration; The InterPlanetary Network; The J-GEM Collaboration; The La Silla–QUEST Survey; The Liverpool Telescope Collaboration; The Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) Collaboration; The MASTER Collaboration; The MAXI Collaboration; The Murchison Wide-field Array (MWA) Collaboration; The Pan-STARRS Collaboration; The PESSTO Collaboration; The Pi of the Sky Collaboration; The SkyMapper Collaboration; The Swift Collaboration; The TAROT, Zadko, Algerian National Observatory, and C2PU Collaboration; The TOROS Collaboration; The VISTA Collaboration; LIGO Scientific; Virgo; ASKAP; BOOTES; DES; Fermi GBM; Fermi-LAT; GRAWITA; INTEGRAL; iPTF; InterPlanetary Network; J-GEM; La Silla-QUEST Survey; Liverpool Telescope; LOFAR; MASTER; MAXI; MWA; Pan-STARRS; PESSTO; Pi of the Sky; SkyMapper; Swift; C2PU; TOROS; VISTA
Grant/Contract Number:
AC02-76SF00515; AC02-07CH11359; AC02-05CH11231
OSTI ID:
1355704
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1260384; OSTI ID: 1456952
Report Number(s):
LIGO-P1500227; LIGO-P1500227-V11; FERMILAB-PUB-16-148-AE-E; LIGO-P1500227-V12; arXiv:1602.08492
Journal Information:
The Astrophysical Journal. Letters (Online), Vol. 826, Issue 1; ISSN 2041-8213
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)Copyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 173 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

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Observing gravitational-wave transient GW150914 with minimal assumptions text January 2016
Properties of the Binary Black Hole Merger GW150914 other January 2016
First Searches for Optical Counterparts to Gravitational-Wave Candidate Events text January 2014
FERMI-LAT Observations of the LIGO Event GW150914 text January 2016
Effect of a High Opacity on the Light Curves of Radioactively Powered Transients from Compact Object Mergers text January 2013
Radiative Transfer Simulations for Neutron Star Merger Ejecta text January 2013
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Robust parameter estimation for compact binaries with ground-based gravitational-wave observations using the LALInference software library text January 2014
Mass ejection from neutron star mergers: different components and expected radio signals text January 2015
Method for detection and reconstruction of gravitational wave transients with networks of advanced detectors text January 2015
GW150914: First results from the search for binary black hole coalescence with Advanced LIGO text January 2016
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Transient Events from Neutron Star Mergers text January 1998

Cited By (100)

Insight-HXMT observations of the first binary neutron star merger GW170817 journal October 2017
Discovery of a kilonova and prospects for future hunts journal January 2019
INTEGRAL search for GW counterparts and the GRB170817A/GW170817 detection journal February 2019
Kilonovae journal May 2017
Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA journal April 2018
Kilonovae journal December 2019
The Phase II Murchison Widefield Array: Design overview journal January 2018
Science with the Murchison Widefield Array: Phase I results and Phase II opportunities journal January 2019
On the host galaxy properties of stellar binary black hole mergers journal October 2017
General relativistic simulations of compact binary mergers as engines for short gamma-ray bursts journal March 2017
Modeling dynamical ejecta from binary neutron star mergers and implications for electromagnetic counterparts journal April 2017
First gravitational-wave burst GW150914: MASTER optical follow-up observations journal December 2016
Host galaxy properties of mergers of stellar binary black holes and their implications for advanced LIGO gravitational wave sources journal December 2017
Impact of ejecta morphology and composition on the electromagnetic signatures of neutron star mergers journal April 2018
A pilot survey for transients and variables with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder journal May 2018
Testing the magnetar scenario for superluminous supernovae with circular polarimetry journal May 2018
Effect of gravitational lensing on the distribution of gravitational waves from distant binary black hole mergers journal August 2018
Deep and rapid observations of strong-lensing galaxy clusters within the sky localization of GW170814 journal March 2019
Using negative-latency gravitational wave alerts to detect prompt radio bursts from binary neutron star mergers with the Murchison Widefield Array journal August 2019
Performance of particle swarm optimization on the fully-coherent all-sky search for gravitational waves from compact binary coalescences journal June 2017
Localization accuracy of compact binary coalescences detected by the third-generation gravitational-wave detectors and implication for cosmology journal March 2018
Binary neutron star mergers and third generation detectors: Localization and early warning journal June 2018
Testing the Speed of Gravitational Waves over Cosmological Distances with Strong Gravitational Lensing journal March 2017
The Athena X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) conference August 2016
The Concept of a Multi-Functional Astronomy Complex and Dynamically Integrated Database Applied to Multi-Channel Observations with the MASTER Global Network journal April 2019
Hunting for Dwarf Galaxies Hosting the Formation and Coalescence of Compact Binaries journal December 2019
The First Detection of Gravitational Waves journal July 2017
Arrival time Differences Between Gravitational Waves and Electromagnetic Signals due to Gravitational Lensing journal January 2017
Detecting Binary Compact-object Mergers with Gravitational Waves: Understanding and Improving the Sensitivity of the PyCBC Search journal November 2017
Properties of Kilonovae from Dynamical and Post-merger Ejecta of Neutron Star Mergers journal January 2018
Jets in Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae: Constraints from a Comprehensive Analysis of Radio Observations journal March 2018
A Case Study of On-the-fly Wide-field Radio Imaging Applied to the Gravitational Wave Event GW151226 journal April 2018
An Empirical Study of Contamination in Deep, Rapid, and Wide-field Optical Follow-up of Gravitational Wave Events journal April 2018
A Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor Search for Electromagnetic Signals Coincident with Gravitational-wave Candidates in Advanced LIGO's First Observing Run journal January 2019
Optical Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Events during the Second Advanced LIGO/VIRGO Observing Run with the DLT40 Survey journal April 2019
Low-latency Gravitational-wave Alerts for Multimessenger Astronomy during the Second Advanced LIGO and Virgo Observing Run journal April 2019
Limits on Electromagnetic Counterparts of Gravitational-wave-detected Binary Black Hole Mergers journal April 2019
AGN Disks Harden the Mass Distribution of Stellar-mass Binary Black Hole Mergers journal May 2019
Fermi -GBM Follow-up of LIGO-Virgo Binary Black Hole Mergers: Detection Prospects journal September 2019
An Information Retrieval and Recommendation System for Astronomical Observatories journal March 2018
Upper Limits on the Rates of Binary Neutron star and Neutron Star–Black hole Mergers from Advanced Ligo’S First Observing run journal November 2016
Electromagnetic Signals Following Stellar-mass Black Hole Mergers journal April 2017
A Deep Chandra X-Ray Study of Neutron Star Coalescence GW170817 journal October 2017
The Discovery of the Electromagnetic Counterpart of GW170817: Kilonova AT 2017gfo/DLT17ck journal October 2017
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. I. Discovery of the Optical Counterpart Using the Dark Energy Camera journal October 2017
Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger journal October 2017
MASTER Optical Detection of the First LIGO/Virgo Neutron Star Binary Merger GW170817 journal November 2017
On the Interpretation of the Fermi -GBM Transient Observed in Coincidence with LIGO Gravitational-wave Event GW150914 journal January 2018
Improvements in Gravitational-wave Sky Localization with Expanded Networks of Interferometers journal February 2018
Searches after Gravitational Waves Using ARizona Observatories (SAGUARO): System Overview and First Results from Advanced LIGO/Virgo’s Third Observing Run journal August 2019
Rapid And Bright Stellar-Mass Binary Black Hole Mergers In Active Galactic Nuclei text January 2016
INTEGRAL IBIS, SPI, and JEM-X observations of LVT151012 journal July 2017
Optimizing searches for electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational wave triggers journal April 2018
A Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor Search for Electromagnetic Signals Coincident with Gravitational-wave Candidates in Advanced LIGO's First Observing Run other January 2019
The Discovery of the Electromagnetic Counterpart of GW170817: Kilonova AT 2017gfo/DLT17ck text January 2017
Rapid and Bright Stellar-mass Binary Black Hole Mergers in Active Galactic Nuclei journal January 2017
Limits on the Electromagnetic Counterpart of Binary Black Hole Coalescence at Visible Wavelengths journal November 2019
The ATHENA x-ray integral field unit (X-IFU) conference July 2018
Low-latency Gravitational-wave Alerts for Multimessenger Astronomy during the Second Advanced LIGO and Virgo Observing Run other January 2019
Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA text January 2020
Search for high-energy neutrinos from gravitational wave event GW151226 and candidate LVT151012 with ANTARES and IceCube text January 2017
Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA other January 2020
Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger text January 2017
Calibration of the Advanced LIGO detectors for the discovery of the binary black-hole merger GW150914 text January 2016
Testing the speed of gravitational waves over cosmological distances with strong gravitational lensing text January 2016
An achromatic break in the afterglow of the short GRB 140903A: evidence for a narrow jet text January 2016
Arrival time differences between gravitational waves and electromagnetic signals due to gravitational lensing text January 2016
CALET Upper Limits on X-ray and Gamma-ray Counterparts of GW 151226 text January 2016
General relativistic simulations of compact binary mergers as engines of short gamma-ray bursts text January 2016
All-sky search for short gravitational-wave bursts in the first Advanced LIGO run text January 2016
Modeling dynamical ejecta from binary neutron star mergers and implications for electromagnetic counterparts text January 2016
General relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of binary neutron star mergers forming a long-lived neutron star text January 2017
Search for High-energy Neutrinos from Gravitational Wave Event GW151226 and Candidate LVT151012 with ANTARES and IceCube text January 2017
Electromagnetic signals following stellar-mass black hole mergers text January 2017
INTEGRAL IBIS, SPI, and JEM-X observations of LVT151012 text January 2017
Impact of ejecta morphology and composition on the electromagnetic signatures of neutron star mergers text January 2017
The First Detection of Gravitational Waves text January 2017
An Empirical Study of Contamination in Deep, Rapid, and Wide-Field Optical Follow-Up of Gravitational Wave Events text January 2017
Localization accuracy of compact binary coalescences detected by the third-generation gravitational-wave detectors and implication for cosmology text January 2017
Information Retrieval and Recommendation System for Astronomical Observatories text January 2017
A Deep Chandra X-ray Study of Neutron Star Coalescence GW170817 text January 2017
The discovery of the electromagnetic counterpart of GW170817: kilonova AT 2017gfo/DLT17ck text January 2017
Jets in Hydrogen-poor Super-luminous Supernovae: Constraints from a Comprehensive Analysis of Radio Observations text January 2017
Host galaxy properties of mergers of stellar binary black holes and their implications for advanced LIGO gravitational wave sources text January 2017
On the interpretation of the Fermi GBM transient observed in coincidence with LIGO Gravitational Wave Event GW150914 text January 2018
Optimizing searches for electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational wave triggers text January 2018
A Case Study of On-the-Fly Wide-Field Radio Imaging Applied to the Gravitational-wave Event GW 151226 text January 2018
Binary Neutron Star Mergers and Third Generation Detectors: Localization and Early Warning text January 2018
Testing the magnetar scenario for superluminous supernovae with circular polarimetry text January 2018
Effect of gravitational lensing on the distribution of gravitational waves from distant binary black hole mergers text January 2018
The Phase II Murchison Widefield Array: Design Overview text January 2018
A Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor Search for Electromagnetic Signals Coincident with Gravitational-Wave Candidates in Advanced LIGO's First Observing Run text January 2018
The second RIT binary black hole simulations catalog and its application to gravitational waves parameter estimation text January 2019
Low-Latency Gravitational Wave Alerts for Multi-Messenger Astronomy During the Second Advanced LIGO and Virgo Observing Run text January 2019
Limits on electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational wave-detected binary black hole mergers text January 2019
AGN Disks Harden the Mass Distribution of Stellar-mass Binary Black Hole Mergers text January 2019
Searches After Gravitational-waves Using ARizona Observatories (SAGUARO): System Overview and First Results from Advanced LIGO/Virgo's Third Observing Run text January 2019
Using negative-latency gravitational wave alerts to detect prompt radio bursts from binary neutron star mergers with the Murchison Widefield Array text January 2019
GW170814: a three-detector observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole coalescence text January 2017
Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger text January 2017


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