Synthesis and characterization of 2D molybdenum carbide (MXene)

Halim, Joseph; Kota, Sankalp; Lukatskaya, Maria R.; Naguib, Michael; Zhao, Meng -Qiang; Moon, Eun Ju; Pitock, Jeremy; Nanda, Jagjit; May, Steven J.; Gogotsi, Yury; Barsoum, Michel W.

doi:10.1002/adfm.201505328

Title: Synthesis and characterization of 2D molybdenum carbide (MXene)

Journal Article · Wed Feb 17 00:00:00 EST 2016 · Advanced Functional Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201505328· OSTI ID:1324212

Halim, Joseph ^[1]; Kota, Sankalp ^[2]; Lukatskaya, Maria R. ^[2]; Naguib, Michael ^[3]; Zhao, Meng -Qiang ^[2]; Moon, Eun Ju ^[2]; Pitock, Jeremy ^[2]; Nanda, Jagjit ^[3]; May, Steven J. ^[2]; Gogotsi, Yury ^[2]; Barsoum, Michel W. ^[2]

Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States); Linkoping Univ., Linkoping (Sweden)
Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Large scale synthesis and delamination of 2D Mo₂CT _x (where T is a surface termination group) has been achieved by selectively etching gallium from the recently discovered nanolaminated, ternary transition metal carbide Mo₂Ga₂C. Different synthesis and delamination routes result in different flake morphologies. The resistivity of free-standing Mo₂CT _x films increases by an order of magnitude as the temperature is reduced from 300 to 10 K, suggesting semiconductor-like behavior of this MXene, in contrast to Ti₃C₂T _x which exhibits metallic behavior. At 10 K, the magnetoresistance is positive. Additionally, changes in electronic transport are observed upon annealing of the films. When 2 μm thick films are tested as electrodes in supercapacitors, capacitances as high as 700 F cm^–3 in a 1 m sulfuric acid electrolyte and high capacity retention for at least 10,000 cycles at 10 A g^–1 are obtained. Free-standing Mo₂CT _x films, with ≈8 wt% carbon nanotubes, perform well when tested as an electrode material for Li-ions, especially at high rates. In conclusion, at 20 and 131 C cycling rates, stable reversible capacities of 250 and 76 mAh g^–1, respectively, are achieved for over 1000 cycles.

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Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1324212

Journal Information:: Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 18; ISSN 1616-301X

Publisher:: WileyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 693 works

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Two-dimensional nanosheet-based gas separation membranes Liu, Min; Gurr, Paul A.; Fu, Qiang Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta09070j	journal	January 2018
Hierarchically structured cellulose aerogels with interconnected MXene networks and their enhanced microwave absorption properties Jiang, Yue; Xie, Xi; Chen, Yu Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc02900h	journal	January 2018
Accurate detection of intracellular microRNAs using functional Mo ₂ C quantum dots nanoprobe Dai, Wenhao; Lu, Huiting; Yang, Fan Chemical Communications, Vol. 55, Issue 71 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cc04261j	journal	January 2019
Interface Schottky barrier in Hf ₂ NT ₂ /MSSe (T = F, O, OH; M = Mo, W) heterostructures Jing, Tao; Liang, Dongmei; Hao, Jinxin Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cp00028c	journal	January 2019
Ambient oxidation of Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene initialized by atomic defects Xia, Fanjie; Lao, Junchao; Yu, Ruohan Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr07236e	journal	January 2019
Ultrathin MXene/aramid nanofiber composite paper with excellent mechanical properties for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding Xie, Fan; Jia, Fengfeng; Zhuo, Longhai Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr07331k	journal	January 2019
Recent development and prospects of surface modification and biomedical applications of MXenes Huang, Hongye; Jiang, Ruming; Feng, Yulin Nanoscale, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr07616f	journal	January 2020
Formation of toroidal Li ₂ O ₂ in non-aqueous Li–O ₂ batteries with Mo ₂ CT _x MXene/CNT composite Wu, Mihye; Kim, Do Youb; Park, Hyunsoo RSC Advances, Vol. 9, Issue 70 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra07699a	journal	January 2019
Surface nitrogen-modified 2D titanium carbide (MXene) with high energy density for aqueous supercapacitor applications Tian, Yapeng; Que, Wenxiu; Luo, Yangyang Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00076c	journal	January 2019
MXenes and ultrasonication Malaki, Massoud; Maleki, Aziz; Varma, Rajender S. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta01850f	journal	January 2019
Planar NiC ₃ as a reversible anode material with high storage capacity for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries Zhu, Changyan; Qu, Xin; Zhang, Min Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta03494c	journal	January 2019
Silicon carbide/phosphate ceramics composite for electromagnetic shielding applications: Whiskers vs particles Plyushch, A.; Macutkevic, J.; Svirskas, S. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5093421	journal	May 2019
Rendering Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x (MXene) monolayers visible Miranda, A.; Halim, J.; Lorke, A. Materials Research Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1080/21663831.2017.1280707	journal	February 2017
Controllable magnitude and anisotropy of the electrical conductivity of Hf ₃ C ₂ O ₂ MXene Zha, Xian-Hu; Zhou, Jie; Luo, Kan Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 29, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/aa62da	journal	March 2017
Electronic and optical characterization of 2D Ti ₂ C and Nb ₂ C (MXene) thin films Halim, Joseph; Persson, Ingemar; Moon, Eun Ju Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 31, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab00a2	journal	February 2019
Solvent-regulated preparation of well-intercalated Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x MXene nanosheets and application for highly effective electromagnetic wave absorption Xu, Gengfang; Wang, Xiaoxia; Gong, Shida Nanotechnology, Vol. 29, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aac8f6	journal	June 2018
Mo ₂ C/graphene heterostructures: low temperature chemical vapor deposition on liquid bimetallic Sn–Cu and hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalytic properties Chaitoglou, Stefanos; Giannakopoulou, Tatiana; Speliotis, Thanassis Nanotechnology, Vol. 30, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aaf9e8	journal	January 2019
Controlled growth of ultrathin Mo ₂ C superconducting crystals on liquid Cu surface Geng, Dechao; Zhao, Xiaoxu; Li, Linjun 2D Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aa51b7	journal	December 2016
Transdimensional epsilon-near-zero modes in planar plasmonic nanostructures Bondarev, Igor V.; Mousavi, Hamze; Shalaev, Vladimir M. Physical Review Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.2.013070	journal	January 2020
A low‐cost and efficient pathway for preparation of 2D MoN nanosheets via Na ₂ CO ₃ ‐assisted nitridation of MoS ₂ with NH ₃ Sun, Guo‐Dong; Chang, He‐Qiang; Zhang, Guo‐Hua Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 102, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.16649	journal	June 2019
Electromagnetic interference shielding with 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes) Shahzad, F.; Alhabeb, M.; Hatter, C. B. Science, Vol. 353, Issue 6304 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aag2421	journal	September 2016
High-Voltage Symmetric Supercapacitor Based on 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene, Ti ₂ CT _x )/Carbon Nanosphere Composites in a Neutral Aqueous Electrolyte Melchior, Sharona A.; Raju, Kumar; Ike, Innocent S. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0401803jes	journal	January 2018
A Semimetal-Like Molybdenum Carbide Quantum Dots Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Agent with High Photothermal Conversion Efficiency Dai, Wenhao; Dong, Haifeng; Zhang, Xueji Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11091776	journal	September 2018
Flexible MXene/Graphene Films for Ultrafast Supercapacitors with Outstanding Volumetric Capacitance Yan, Jun; Ren, Chang E.; Maleski, Kathleen Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201701264	journal	June 2017
Mutually Exclusive p‐Type and n‐Type Hybrid Electrode of MoS ₂ and Graphene for Artificial Soft Touch Fingers Manzoor, Muhammad Taha; Nguyen, Van Hiep; Umrao, Sima Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201905454	journal	September 2019
Direct Synthesis of Large-Area 2D Mo ₂ C on In Situ Grown Graphene Geng, Dechao; Zhao, Xiaoxu; Chen, Zhongxin Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201700072	journal	July 2017
Transparent, Flexible, and Conductive 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene) Films with High Volumetric Capacitance Zhang, Chuanfang John; Anasori, Babak; Seral-Ascaso, Andrés Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201702678	journal	July 2017
Electronic and Optical Properties of 2D Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) Hantanasirisakul, Kanit; Gogotsi, Yury Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 52 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201804779	journal	November 2018
Preparation of Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x MXene‐Derived Quantum Dots with White/Blue‐Emitting Photoluminescence and Electrochemiluminescence Xu, Gengfang; Niu, Yusheng; Yang, Xuecheng Advanced Optical Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201800951	journal	October 2018
2D Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) as High-Performance Electrode Materials for Lithium-Based Batteries Tang, Xiao; Guo, Xin; Wu, Wenjian Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201801897	journal	September 2018
Fluorine-Free Synthesis of High-Purity Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x (T=OH, O) via Alkali Treatment Li, Tengfei; Yao, Lulu; Liu, Qinglei Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 57, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201800887	journal	April 2018
Hydrothermal synthesis of a two‐dimensional g‐C ₃ N ₄ /MoS ₂ /MnOOH composite material and its potential application as photocatalyst Jiménez‐Rangel, Kristel Yurien; Lartundo‐Rojas, Luis; García‐García, Alejandra Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, Vol. 94, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6088	journal	June 2019
Layer Structured Materials for Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion Guo, Yanpeng; Wei, Yaqing; Li, Huiqiao Small, Vol. 13, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201701649	journal	September 2017
Tailoring Structure, Composition, and Energy Storage Properties of MXenes from Selective Etching of In-Plane, Chemically Ordered MAX Phases Persson, Ingemar; el Ghazaly, Ahmed; Tao, Quanzheng Small, Vol. 14, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201703676	journal	April 2018
Ultrathin MXene Nanosheets Decorated with TiO ₂ Quantum Dots as an Efficient Sulfur Host toward Fast and Stable Li-S Batteries Gao, Xiao-Tian; Xie, Ying; Zhu, Xiao-Dong Small, Vol. 14, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201802443	journal	September 2018
Hybrid Architectures based on 2D MXenes and Low-Dimensional Inorganic Nanostructures: Methods, Synergies, and Energy-Related Applications Liu, Yi-Tao; Zhu, Xiao-Dong; Pan, Long Small, Vol. 14, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201803632	journal	October 2018
Lamellarly Stacking Porous N, P Co-Doped Mo ₂ C/C Nanosheets as High Performance Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries Lyu, Fucong; Zeng, Shanshan; Sun, Zhifang Small, Vol. 15, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201805022	journal	January 2019
Ultrafine Molybdenum Carbide Nanocrystals Confined in Carbon Foams via a Colloid-Confinement Route for Efficient Hydrogen Production Kou, Zongkui; Wang, Tingting; Cai, Yi Small Methods, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201700396	journal	March 2018
Review of MXenes as new nanomaterials for energy storage/delivery and selected environmental applications Jun, Byung-Moon; Kim, Sewoon; Heo, Jiyong Nano Research, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-018-2225-3	journal	October 2018
Two-dimensional Mo1.33C MXene with divacancy ordering prepared from parent 3D laminate with in-plane chemical ordering Tao, Quanzheng; Dahlqvist, Martin; Lu, Jun Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14949	journal	April 2017
Functionalization of 2D materials for enhancing OER/ORR catalytic activity in Li–oxygen batteries Ostadhossein, Alireza; Guo, Jack; Simeski, Filip Communications Chemistry, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-019-0196-2	journal	August 2019
Transition metal carbide-based materials: synthesis and applications in electrochemical energy storage Xiao, Ying; Hwang, Jang-Yeon; Sun, Yang-Kook Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 4, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ta03832h	journal	January 2016
Recent advances in inorganic 2D materials and their applications in lithium and sodium batteries Shi, Le; Zhao, Tianshou Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ta09831b	journal	January 2017
Electrochemical performance of MXenes as K-ion battery anodes Naguib, Michael; Adams, Ryan A.; Zhao, Yunpu Chemical Communications, Vol. 53, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cc02026k	journal	January 2017
Hexagonal Ti ₂ B ₂ monolayer: a promising anode material offering high rate capability for Li-ion and Na-ion batteries Bo, Tao; Liu, Peng-Fei; Xu, Juping Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp03362e	journal	January 2018
Functionalized MXenes as ideal electrodes for Janus MoSSe Wang, Yuanyuan; Wei, Wei; Huang, Baibiao Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp06257a	journal	January 2019
Liquid catalysts: an innovative solution to 2D materials in CVD processes Geng, Dechao; Yu, Gui Materials Horizons, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8mh01088a	journal	January 2018
Carbon-intercalated Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x MXene for high-performance electrochemical energy storage Shen, Lei; Zhou, Xiaoya; Zhang, Xinglin Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta09600g	journal	January 2018
pH-Response of polycation/Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x MXene layer-by-layer assemblies for use as resistive sensors Echols, Ian J.; An, Hyosung; Zhao, Xiaofei Molecular Systems Design & Engineering, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9me00142e	journal	January 2020
The shape-dependent surface oxidation of 2D ultrathin Mo ₂ C crystals Li, Lin; Gao, Min; Baltrusaitis, Jonas Nanoscale Advances, Vol. 1, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9na00504h	journal	January 2019
Heterostructure engineering of Co-doped MoS ₂ coupled with Mo ₂ CT _x MXene for enhanced hydrogen evolution in alkaline media Liang, Junmei; Ding, Chaoying; Liu, Jiapeng Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr02085c	journal	January 2019
Magnetic and electronic properties of single-walled Mo ₂ C nanotube: a first-principles study Jalil, Abdul; Sun, Zhongti; Wang, Dayong Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 30, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/aab397	journal	March 2018
Controlled synthesis of 2D Mo 2 C/graphene heterostructure on liquid Au substrates as enhanced electrocatalytic electrodes Sun, Wenyu; Wang, Xinqi; Feng, Jingqi Nanotechnology, Vol. 30, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab2c0d	journal	July 2019
Laser-sculptured ultrathin transition metal carbide layers for energy storage and energy harvesting applications Zang, Xining; Jian, Cuiying; Zhu, Taishan ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000355321	text	January 2019
Insights into 2D MXenes for Versatile Biomedical Applications: Current Advances and Challenges Ahead Lin, Han; Chen, Yu; Shi, Jianlin Advanced Science, Vol. 5, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201800518	journal	July 2018
Ultrafine α‐Phase Molybdenum Carbide Decorated with Platinum Nanoparticles for Efficient Hydrogen Production in Acidic and Alkaline Media Song, Hee Jo; Sung, Myeong‐Chang; Yoon, Hyunseok Advanced Science, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201802135	journal	February 2019
Surface Modified MXene‐Based Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Yu, Hong; Wang, Yonghui; Jing, Yao Small, Vol. 15, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201901503	journal	May 2019
Synthesis of Ti3AuC2, Ti3Au2C2 and Ti3IrC2 by noble metal substitution reaction in Ti3SiC2 for high-temperature-stable Ohmic contacts to SiC Fashandi, Hossein; Dahlqvist, Martin; Lu, Jun Nature Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4896	journal	May 2017
Applications of 2D MXenes in energy conversion and storage systems Pang, Jinbo; Mendes, Rafael G.; Bachmatiuk, Alicja Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 48, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00324f	journal	January 2019
F or V-induced activation of (Co, Ni) ₂ P during electrocatalysis for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction Liu, Li; Tao, Keyu; Dan, Huamei CrystEngComm, Vol. 21, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ce01094g	journal	January 2019
Interface engineering in transition metal carbides for electrocatalytic hydrogen generation and nitrogen fixation Kuang, Min; Huang, Wenjing; Hegde, Chidanand Materials Horizons, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9mh01094g	journal	January 2020
Colloidal nanoparticle inks for printing functional devices: emerging trends and future prospects Zeng, Minxiang; Zhang, Yanliang Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta07552f	journal	January 2019
Transdimensional epsilon-near-zero modes in planar plasmonic nanostructures Bondarev, Igor V.; Mousavi, Hamze; Shalaev, Vladimir M. Active Photonic Platforms XII https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2567241	conference	September 2020
2D MXene Nanofilms with Tunable Gas Transport Channels Shen, Jie; Liu, Guozhen; Ji, Yufan Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201801511	journal	June 2018
2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for energy storage Anasori, Babak; Lukatskaya, Maria R.; Gogotsi, Yury Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.98	journal	January 2017
Ultra-high-rate pseudocapacitive energy storage in two-dimensional transition metal carbides Lukatskaya, Maria R.; Kota, Sankalp; Lin, Zifeng Nature Energy, Vol. 2, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2017.105	journal	July 2017
Morphology and surface chemistry engineering toward pH-universal catalysts for hydrogen evolution at high current density Luo, Yuting; Tang, Lei; Khan, Usman Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07792-9	journal	January 2019
2D organ-like molybdenum carbide (MXene) coupled with MoS ₂ nanoflowers enhances the catalytic activity in the hydrogen evolution reaction Ren, Jie; Zong, Hui; Sun, Yuyun CrystEngComm, Vol. 22, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ce01777a	journal	January 2020
MXene and MXene-based composites: synthesis, properties and environment-related applications Zhan, Xiaoxue; Si, Chen; Zhou, Jian Nanoscale Horizons, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nh00571d	journal	January 2020
Two-dimensional semiconducting Lu ₂ CT ₂ (T = F, OH) MXene with low work function and high carrier mobility Bai, Xiaojing; Zha, Xian-Hu; Qiao, Yingjie Nanoscale, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr10806h	journal	January 2020
Novel two-dimensional molybdenum carbides as high capacity anodes for lithium/sodium-ion batteries Yu, Yadong; Guo, Zhonglu; Peng, Qiong Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta02650a	journal	January 2019
Layered ternary M _{n +1} AX _n phases and their 2D derivative MXene: an overview from a thin-film perspective Eklund, Per; Rosen, Johanna; Persson, Per O. Å Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 50, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aa57bc	journal	February 2017
Monolayer ${Mg}_{2} C$ : Negative Poisson's ratio and unconventional two-dimensional emergent fermions Wang, Shan-Shan; Liu, Ying; Yu, Zhi-Ming Physical Review Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevmaterials.2.104003	journal	October 2018
Preparation of High-Purity V ₂ C MXene and Electrochemical Properties as Li-Ion Batteries Liu, Fanfan; Zhou, Jie; Wang, Shuwei Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0641704jes	journal	January 2017
Quenching-Induced Structural Distortion of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanostructures: Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity and Electrochemical Hydrogen Production Durairaj, Arulappan; Sakthivel, Thangavel; Ramanathan, Subramanian ACS Omega, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b03279	journal	April 2019

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