Particle acceleration and plasma dynamics during magnetic reconnection in the magnetically dominated regime

Guo, Fan; Liu, Yi -Hsin; Daughton, William; Li, Hui

doi:10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/167

Title: Particle acceleration and plasma dynamics during magnetic reconnection in the magnetically dominated regime

Journal Article · Wed Jun 17 00:00:00 EDT 2015 · The Astrophysical Journal (Online)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/806/2/167· OSTI ID:1240428

Guo, Fan ^[1]; Liu, Yi -Hsin ^[2]; Daughton, William ^[1]; Li, Hui ^[1]

Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD (United States)

Magnetic reconnection is thought to be the driver for many explosive phenomena in the universe. The energy release and particle acceleration during reconnection have been proposed as a mechanism for producing high-energy emissions and cosmic rays. We carry out two- and three-dimensional (3D) kinetic simulations to investigate relativistic magnetic reconnection and the associated particle acceleration. The simulations focus on electron–positron plasmas starting with a magnetically dominated, force-free current sheet (σ ≡ B² / (4πn_em_ec²) >> 1). For this limit, we demonstrate that relativistic reconnection is highly efficient at accelerating particles through a first-order Fermi process accomplished by the curvature drift of particles along the electric field induced by the relativistic flows. This mechanism gives rise to the formation of hard power-law spectra f α (γ - 1)^-p and approaches p = 1 for sufficiently large σ and system size. Eventually most of the available magnetic free energy is converted into nonthermal particle kinetic energy. An analytic model is presented to explain the key results and predict a general condition for the formation of power-law distributions. The development of reconnection in these regimes leads to relativistic inflow and outflow speeds and enhanced reconnection rates relative to nonrelativistic regimes. In the 3D simulation, the interplay between secondary kink and tearing instabilities leads to strong magnetic turbulence, but does not significantly change the energy conversion, reconnection rate, or particle acceleration. This paper suggests that relativistic reconnection sites are strong sources of nonthermal particles, which may have important implications for a variety of high-energy astrophysical problems.

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Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF); Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-06NA25396

OSTI ID:: 1240428

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-14-29249

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal (Online), Vol. 806, Issue 2; ISSN 1538-4357

Publisher:: Institute of Physics (IOP)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Deep Chandra observations of Pictor A Hardcastle, M. J.; Lenc, E.; Birkinshaw, M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 455, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2553	journal	November 2015
Radiative signatures of plasmoid-dominated reconnection in blazar jets Christie, I. M.; Petropoulou, M.; Sironi, L. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 482, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2636	journal	October 2018
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Numerical study of the cascading energy conversion of the reconnection current sheet in solar eruptions Ye, Jing; Shen, Chengcai; Raymond, John C. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 482, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2716	journal	October 2018
Spectral energy distribution of the inner accretion flow around Sgr A* – clue for a weak outflow in the innermost region Ma, Ren-Yi; Roberts, Shawn R.; Li, Ya-Ping Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 483, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty3039	journal	November 2018
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Inferring the jet parameters of active galactic nuclei using Bayesian analysis of VLBI data with a non-uniform jet model Pashchenko, Ilya N.; Plavin, Alexander V. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1677	journal	July 2019
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Statistical analysis on X-ray flares from the nucleus and HST-1 knot in the M87 jet Yang, Shenbang; Yan, Dahai; Dai, Benzhong Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 489, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2302	journal	August 2019
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Sources of solar energetic particles Vlahos, Loukas; Anastasiadis, Anastasios; Papaioannou, Athanasios Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 377, Issue 2148 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0095	journal	May 2019
Ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray production by turbulence in gamma-ray burst jets and cosmogenic neutrinos Asano, Katsuaki; Mészáros, Peter Physical Review D, Vol. 94, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.94.023005	journal	July 2016
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The Properties of Reconnection Current Sheets in GRMHD Simulations of Radiatively Inefficient Accretion Flows Ball, David; Özel, Feryal; Psaltis, Dimitrios The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 853, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa42f	journal	February 2018
The Roles of Fluid Compression and Shear in Electron Energization during Magnetic Reconnection Li, Xiaocan; Guo, Fan; Li, Hui The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 855, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaacd5	journal	March 2018
Particle Acceleration Due to Cosmic-ray Viscosity and Fluid Shear in Astrophysical Jets Webb, G. M.; Barghouty, A. F.; Hu, Q. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 855, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaae6c	journal	March 2018
Two-stage Electron Acceleration by 3D Collisionless Guide-field Magnetic Reconnection Muñoz, P. A.; Büchner, J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 864, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aad5e9	journal	September 2018
Betatron Cooling of Suprathermal Electrons in the Terrestrial Magnetotail Liu, C. M.; Liu, Y. Y.; Xu, Y. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 866, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aade8c	journal	October 2018
Large-scale Compression Acceleration during Magnetic Reconnection in a Low- β Plasma Li, Xiaocan; Guo, Fan; Li, Hui The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 866, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aae07b	journal	October 2018
Plasma Energization in Colliding Magnetic Flux Ropes Du, Senbei; Guo, Fan; Zank, Gary P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 867, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aae30e	journal	October 2018
Prompt Emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts from the Wind of Newborn Millisecond Magnetars: A Case Study of GRB 160804A Xiao, Di; Peng, Zong-kai; Zhang, Bin-Bin The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 867, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aae52f	journal	October 2018
The Dynamical Behavior of Reconnection-driven Termination Shocks in Solar Flares: Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations Shen, Chengcai; Kong, Xiangliang; Guo, Fan The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaeed3	journal	December 2018
Particle Acceleration at 5 au Associated with Turbulence and Small-scale Magnetic Flux Ropes Zhao, L. -L.; Zank, G. P.; Chen, Y. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 872, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aafcb2	journal	February 2019
The Role of Magnetic Reconnection–associated Processes in Local Particle Acceleration in the Solar Wind Adhikari, L.; Khabarova, O.; Zank, G. P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 873, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab05c6	journal	March 2019
Effects of Synchrotron Cooling and Pair Production on Collisionless Relativistic Reconnection Hakobyan, Hayk; Philippov, Alexander; Spitkovsky, Anatoly The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 877, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab191b	journal	May 2019
Particle Acceleration in Kinetic Simulations of Nonrelativistic Magnetic Reconnection with Different Ion–Electron Mass Ratios Li, Xiaocan; Guo, Fan; Li, Hui The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 879, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab223b	journal	June 2019
Relativistic Magnetic Reconnection in Electron–Positron–Proton Plasmas: Implications for Jets of Active Galactic Nuclei Petropoulou, Maria; Sironi, Lorenzo; Spitkovsky, Anatoly The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab287a	journal	July 2019
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Relativistic Tearing Mode in Pair Plasmas and Application to Magnetic Giant Flares Yang, S. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab29f6	journal	July 2019
Exploring the Origin of Multiwavelength Activities of High-redshift Flat-spectrum Radio Quasar PKS 1502+106 during 2014–2018 Ding, N.; Gu, Q. S.; Geng, X. F. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2f7e	journal	August 2019
Particle Acceleration by Cosmic Ray Viscosity in Radio-jet Shear Flows Webb, G. M.; Al-Nussirat, S.; Mostafavi, P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2fca	journal	August 2019
Particle Acceleration and Heating in Regions of Magnetic Flux Emergence Isliker, H.; Archontis, V.; Vlahos, L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 882, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab30c6	journal	September 2019
Formation of Power-law Electron Energy Spectra in Three-dimensional Low- β Magnetic Reconnection Li, Xiaocan; Guo, Fan; Li, Hui The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 884, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab4268	journal	October 2019
The Interplay of Magnetically Dominated Turbulence and Magnetic Reconnection in Producing Nonthermal Particles Comisso, Luca; Sironi, Lorenzo The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 886, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab4c33	journal	November 2019
Large-amplitude Blazar Polarization Angle Swing as a Signature of Magnetic Reconnection Zhang, Haocheng; Li, Xiaocan; Guo, Fan The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aad54f	journal	August 2018
Fast Ion Heating in Transient Collisionless Magnetic Reconnection via an Intrinsic Stochastic Mechanism Yoon, Young Dae; Bellan, Paul M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 868, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaf0a3	journal	November 2018
Super-efficient Electron Acceleration by an Isolated Magnetic Reconnection Fu, H. S.; Xu, Y.; Vaivads, A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 870, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aafa75	journal	January 2019
Determining the Dominant Acceleration Mechanism during Relativistic Magnetic Reconnection in Large-scale Systems Guo, Fan; Li, Xiaocan; Daughton, William The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 879, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab2a15	journal	July 2019
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Stochastic Acceleration Model of Gamma-Ray Burst with Decaying Turbulence Asano, Katsuaki; Terasawa, Toshio arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1509.04477	text	January 2015
Particle Acceleration during Magnetic Reconnection in a Low-beta Pair Plasma Guo, Fan; Li, Hui; Daughton, William arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1604.02924	text	January 2016
Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Ray Production by Turbulence in Gamma-Ray Burst Jets and Cosmogenic Neutrinos Asano, Katsuaki; Meszaros, Peter arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1607.00732	text	January 2016
Why does steady-state magnetic reconnection have a maximum local rate of order 0.1? Liu, Yi-Hsin; Hesse, M.; Guo, F. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1611.07859	text	January 2016
Two-stage electron acceleration by 3D collisionless guide field magnetic reconnection Muñoz, P. A.; Büchner, J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1705.01066	text	January 2017
Physics of the saturation of particle acceleration in relativistic magnetic reconnection Kagan, Daniel; Nakar, Ehud; Piran, Tsvi arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1711.08701	text	January 2017
Marginally fast cooling synchrotron models for prompt GRBs Beniamini, Paz; Duran, Rodolfo Barniol; Giannios, Dimitrios arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1801.04944	text	January 2018
Large-Amplitude Blazar Polarization Angle Swing as a Signature of Magnetic Reconnection Zhang, Haocheng; Li, Xiaocan; Guo, Fan arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1807.08420	text	January 2018
Particle Acceleration and Heating in a Turbulent Solar Corona Vlahos, Loukas; Isliker, Heinz arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1808.07136	text	January 2018
Interpreting Crab Nebula synchrotron spectrum: two acceleration mechanisms Lyutikov, Maxim; Temim, Tea; Komissarov, Sergey arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1811.01767	text	January 2018
Spectral Energy Distribution of the inner accretion flow around Sgr A* -- Clue for a weak outflow in the innermost region Ma, Ren-Yi; Roberts, Shawn R.; Li, Ya-Ping arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1811.02190	text	January 2018
Particle acceleration in kinetic simulations of non-relativistic magnetic reconnection with different ion-electron mass ratio Li, Xiaocan; Guo, Fan; Li, Hui arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.08797	text	January 2019
Relativistic Magnetic Reconnection in Electron-Positron-Proton Plasmas: Implications for Jets of Active Galactic Nuclei Petropoulou, Maria; Sironi, Lorenzo; Spitkovsky, Anatoly arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.03297	text	January 2019
Inter-Plasmoid Compton Scattering and the Compton Dominance of BL Lacs Christie, I. M.; Petropoulou, M.; Sironi, L. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.02764	text	January 2019
Statistical analysis on X-ray flares from the nucleus and HST-1 knot in the M87 jet Yang, Shenbang; Yan, Dahai; Dai, Benzhong arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.06048	text	January 2019
3D Turbulent Reconnection: Theory, Tests and Astrophysical Implications Lazarian, Alex; Eyink, Gregory L.; Jafari, Amir arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2001.00868	text	January 2020

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