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Title: Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion: A review

Journal Article · · Physics of Plasmas
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4934714· OSTI ID:1227898

In this study, the direct-drive, laser-based approach to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is reviewed from its inception following the demonstration of the first laser to its implementation on the present generation of high-power lasers. The review focuses on the evolution of scientific understanding gained from target-physics experiments in many areas, identifying problems that were demonstrated and the solutions implemented. The review starts with the basic understanding of laser–plasma interactions that was obtained before the declassification of laser-induced compression in the early 1970s and continues with the compression experiments using infrared lasers in the late 1970s that produced thermonuclear neutrons. The problem of suprathermal electrons and the target preheat that they caused, associated with the infrared laser wavelength, led to lasers being built after 1980 to operate at shorter wavelengths, especially 0.35 um—the third harmonic of the Nd:glass laser—and 0.248 um (the KrF gas laser). The main physics areas relevant to direct drive are reviewed. The primary absorption mechanism at short wavelengths is classical inverse bremsstrahlung. Nonuniformities imprinted on the target by laser irradiation have been addressed by the development of a number of beam-smoothing techniques and imprint-mitigation strategies. The effects of hydrodynamic instabilities are mitigated by a combination of imprint reduction and target designs that minimize the instability growth rates. Several coronal plasma physics processes are reviewed. The two-plasmon–decay instability, stimulated Brillouin scattering (together with cross-beam energy transfer), and (possibly) stimulated Raman scattering are identified as potential concerns, placing constraints on the laser intensities used in target designs, while other processes (self-focusing and filamentation, the parametric decay instability, and magnetic fields), once considered important, are now of lesser concern for mainline direct-drive target concepts. Filamentation is largely suppressed by beam smoothing. Thermal transport modeling, important to the interpretation of experiments and to target design, has been found to be non-local in nature. Advances in shock timing and equation-of-state measurements relevant to direct-drive ICF are reported. Room-temperature implosions have provided an increased understanding of the importance of stability and uniformity. The evolution of cryogenic implosion capabilities, leading to an extensive series carried out on the 60-beam OMEGA laser [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997)], is reviewed together with major advances in cryogenic target formation. A polar-drive concept has been developed that will enable direct-drive–ignition experiments to be performed on the National Ignition Facility [C. A. Haynam et al., Appl. Opt. 46 (16), 3276 (2007)]. The advantages offered by the alternative approaches of fast ignition and shock ignition and the issues associated with these concepts are described. The lessons learned from target-physics and implosion experiments are taken into account in ignition and high-gain target designs for laser wavelengths of 1/3 μm and 1/4 μm. Substantial advances in direct-drive inertial fusion reactor concepts are reviewed. Overall, the progress in scientific understanding over the past five decades has been enormous, to the point that inertial fusion energy using direct drive shows significant promise as a future environmentally attractive energy source.

Research Organization:
Univ. of Rochester, NY (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE
Grant/Contract Number:
NA0001944
OSTI ID:
1227898
Journal Information:
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 22, Issue 11; ISSN 1070-664X
Publisher:
American Institute of Physics (AIP)Copyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 443 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

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Equation-of-state measurements for polystyrene at multi-TPa pressures in laser direct-drive experiments journal December 2005
Improved target stability using picket pulses to increase and shape the ablator adiabat journal May 2005
Laser-driven implosion experiments journal March 1983
One-dimensional planar hydrodynamic theory of shock ignition journal August 2011
Self-consistent analysis of the hot spot dynamics for inertial confinement fusion capsules journal November 2005
A review of laser–plasma interaction physics of indirect-drive fusion journal September 2013
Fast saturation of the two-plasmon-decay instability for shock-ignition conditions journal January 2012
Investigations of the Angular Distribution of Parametrically Driven Ion Acoustic Waves journal May 1986
Initial cone-in-shell fast-ignition experiments on OMEGA journal May 2011
Measurement of a Dispersion Curve for Linear-Regime Rayleigh-Taylor Growth Rates in Laser-Driven Planar Targets journal April 1997
Multiphase equation of state of hydrogen from ab initio calculations in the range 0.2 to 5 g/cc up to 10 eV journal March 2011
Investigation of ion-acoustic-decay-instability thresholds in laser-plasma interactions journal July 1990
The interaction of 1.06 μm laser radiation with high Z disk targets journal January 1979
Laser Imprint Reduction Using a Low-Density Foam Buffer as a Thermal Smoothing Layer at 351-nm Wavelength journal November 1998
High-precision measurements of the equation of state of hydrocarbons at 1–10 Mbar using laser-driven shock waves journal May 2010
Cryogenic deuterium target experiments with the GEKKO XII, green laser system journal June 1995
Temporally Growing Raman Backscattering Instabilities in an Inhomogeneous Plasma journal November 1973
Laser-Generated Implosions journal January 1966
Illumination uniformity of laser‐fusion pellets using induced spatial incoherence journal July 1986
Single-mode, Rayleigh-Taylor growth-rate measurements on the OMEGA laser system journal January 2000
Review of progress in Fast Ignition journal May 2005
SBS reflectivity from spatially smoothed laser beams: Random phase plates versus polarization smoothing journal July 1998
Electron Heat Transport down Steep Temperature Gradients journal December 1982
Reflected shock experiments on the equation-of-state properties of liquid deuterium at 100–600 GPa (1–6 Mbar) journal May 2001
Magnetic collimation of fast electrons produced by ultraintense laser irradiation by structuring the target composition journal August 2007
Fast ignitor target studies for the HiPER project journal May 2008
Shock propagation in deuterium-tritium-saturated foam journal June 2005
Measurements of the divergence of fast electrons in laser-irradiated spherical targets journal September 2013
Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth rates in targets accelerated with a laser beam smoothed by induced spatial incoherence journal June 1987
A Model for Collision Processes in Gases. I. Small Amplitude Processes in Charged and Neutral One-Component Systems journal May 1954
Fast ignitor concept with light ions journal December 2001
Measurements and interpretation of the absorption of 0.35 μm laser radiation on planar targets journal February 1982
Nonlinear Evolution of Ablation-Driven Rayleigh-Taylor Instability journal February 1981
Relativistic Heavy Ions for Fusion Applications journal January 1975
Overview of laser systems for the Orion facility at the AWE journal January 2013
Status of and prospects for the fast ignition inertial fusion concept journal May 2007
Self-Organized Bursts of Coherent Stimulated Raman Scattering and Hot Electron Transport in Speckled Laser Plasma Media journal June 2012
Electron beam pumped krypton fluoride lasers for fusion energy journal July 2004
Saturation of Stimulated Backscattered Radiation in Laser Plasmas journal November 1973
Beta-Layering of Solid Deuterium-Tritium in a Spherical Polycarbonate Shell journal March 1992
Time-dependent filamentation and stimulated Brillouin forward scattering in inertial confinement fusion plasmas journal February 1998
Laser Compression of Matter to Super-High Densities: Thermonuclear (CTR) Applications journal September 1972
Shock ignition of thermonuclear fuel with high areal densities journal May 2008
Cryogenic-target performance and implosion physics studies on OMEGA journal May 2009
Quasi-isentropic compression by ablative laser loading: Response of materials to dynamic loading on nanosecond time scales journal June 2005
Technological aspects of cryogenic laser‐fusion targets a) journal March 1980
Evidence of relativistic laser beam filamentation in back-reflected images journal August 2000
Kinetic simulations of laser filamentation in plasmas journal November 1991
Self‐consistent stability analysis of ablation fronts in inertial confinement fusion journal May 1996
Direct‐drive laser‐fusion experiments with the OMEGA, 60‐beam, >40 kJ, ultraviolet laser system journal May 1996
The Nike KrF laser facility: Performance and initial target experiments journal May 1996
Indirect-direct hybrid target experiments with the GEKKO XII laser journal March 2000
Limitation on Prepulse Level for Cone-Guided Fast-Ignition Inertial Confinement Fusion journal February 2010
Monte Carlo results for the hydrogen Hugoniot journal November 2004
The instability of liquid surfaces when accelerated in a direction perpendicular to their planes. I journal March 1950
Study of instabilities in long scale‐length plasmas with and without laser‐beam‐smoothing techniques journal June 1990
A variational approach to parametric instabilities in inhomogeneous plasmas III: Two-plasmon decay journal November 1997
Direct observations of filamentation and self-focusing in a large underdense plasma journal October 1989
Filamentation on laser irradiated spherical targets journal April 1981
Polar-drive implosions on OMEGA and the National Ignition Facility journal May 2013
Application of lasers to the production of high-temperature and high-pressure plasma journal April 1968
The angular dependence of the absorption of 0.35 μm laser light by high‐ Z , laser‐produced plasmas journal December 1991
Spontaneously Growing Transverse Waves in a Plasma Due to an Anisotropic Velocity Distribution journal February 1959
Megagauss Magnetic Field Profiles in Laser-Produced Plasmas journal August 1978
Novel x‐ray backlighting method for measuring areal densities of Rayleigh–Taylor unstable, ablatively driven targets journal March 1984
Demonstration of high efficiency third harmonic conversion of high power Nd-glass laser radiation journal September 1980
Two-plasmon-decay instability in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion experiments journal May 2009
Performance of direct-drive cryogenic targets on OMEGA journal May 2008
Experimental determination of fuel density‐radius product of inertial confinement fusion targets using secondary nuclear fusion reactions journal September 1986
Enhanced Backscatter with a Structured Laser Pulse journal September 1977
Forming Uniform HD Layers in Shells Using Infrared Radiation journal March 1999
Direct drive double shell target implosion hydrodynamics on OMEGA journal June 2005
Anomalous High-Frequency Resistivity and Heating of a Plasma journal May 1970
Multicrystal designs for efficient third-harmonic generation journal January 1997
Measured hot-electron intensity thresholds quantified by a two-plasmon-decay resonant common-wave gain in various experimental configurations journal May 2013
Interaction Physics of Multipicosecond Petawatt Laser Pulses with Overdense Plasma journal November 2012
Determination of suprathermal electron distributions in laser‐produced plasmas journal May 1975
Self-consistent analytical model of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in inertial confinement fusion journal April 1996
Theory and three‐dimensional simulation of light filamentation in laser‐produced plasma journal July 1993
Faraday-Rotation Measurements of Megagauss Magnetic Fields in Laser-Produced Plasmas journal January 1975
Progress in 2 mm Glow Discharge Polymer Mandrel Development for NIF journal March 2004
Hydrodynamic simulations of long-scale-length two-plasmon–decay experiments at the Omega Laser Facility journal March 2013
Filamentation of an annular laser beam in a short wavelength laser produced plasma journal August 1985
Calorimeters for measurement of ions, x rays, and scattered radiation in laser‐fusion experiments journal November 1977
Direct-drive hydrodynamic instability experiments on the GEKKO XII laser journal November 1997
Shock-tuned cryogenic-deuterium-tritium implosion performance on Omega journal May 2010
Saturation Spectra of the Two-Plasmon Decay Instability journal May 1995
Spherical shock-ignition experiments with the 40 + 20-beam configuration on OMEGA journal October 2012
Refractive index of lithium fluoride ramp compressed to 800 GPa journal June 2011
Neutron Spectra and Tritium Production Measurements in a Lithium Sphere to Check Fusion Reactor Blanket Calculations journal July 1978
Feed-out of Rear Surface Perturbation due to Rarefaction Wave in Laser-Irradiated Targets journal June 2000
Early stage of implosion in inertial confinement fusion: Shock timing and perturbation evolution journal January 2006
Hydrodynamics studies of direct-drive cone-in-shell, fast-ignitor targets on OMEGA journal November 2007
Self‐consistent model of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability in ablatively accelerated laser plasma journal September 1994
Energy transfer between crossing laser beams journal January 1996
High‐speed gated x‐ray imagers (invited) journal August 1988
The physics basis for ignition using indirect-drive targets on the National Ignition Facility journal February 2004
Nonlinear Saturation and Recurrence of the Two-Plasmon Decay Instability journal July 1979
Instability of the interface of two gases accelerated by a shock wave journal January 1972
Two‐dimensional ray‐trace calculations of thermal whole beam self‐focusing journal January 1985
Measurements of electron density evolution and beam self-focusing in a laser-produced plasma journal March 1974
Suppression of the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability due to Self-Radiation in a Multiablation Target journal May 2004
Compressed-shell integrity measurements in spherical implosion experiments journal June 2001
Advanced-ignition-concept exploration on OMEGA journal November 2009
Diagnostics for the laser fusion program - Plasma physics on the scale of microns and picoseconds journal December 1978
X-ray preheating of window materials in direct-drive shock-wave timing experiments journal December 2006
Physics and technology conditions for attaining tritium self-sufficiency for the DT fuel cycle journal February 2006
Dynamical and optical properties of warm dense hydrogen journal April 2001
Fused Silica Final Optics for Inertial Fusion Energy: Radiation Studies and System-Level Analysis journal June 2003
Application of the Theory of Heat Conduction to the Absorption of Blackbody Radiation journal July 1967
Hydrodynamic target response to an induced spatial incoherence‐smoothed laser beam journal September 1991
Symmetry tuning via controlled crossed-beam energy transfer on the National Ignition Facility journal May 2010
Stimulated Raman scattering in self-focused light filaments in laser-produced plasmas journal January 1987
Plasma density scale length determination in a deuterium, laser generated plasma journal March 1975
Observation of Energy Transfer between Frequency-Mismatched Laser Beams in a Large-Scale Plasma journal March 1996
Stopping power and range of energetic electrons in dense plasmas of fast-ignition fusion targets journal January 2008
Measurements of laser-imprinted perturbations and Rayleigh–Taylor growth with the Nike KrF laser journal May 1997
Direct-drive cryogenic target implosion performance on OMEGA journal May 2003
A neutron spectrometer for precise measurements of DT neutrons from 10 to 18 MeV at OMEGA and the National Ignition Facility journal January 2001
Suppression of Instabilities in a Long-Scalelength Preformed Plasma journal September 1989
Three-directional spectral dispersion for smoothing of a laser irradiance profile journal January 2002
Effect of Laser Intensity on Fast-Electron-Beam Divergence in Solid-Density Plasmas journal January 2008
Plastic deformation of solid hydrogen in fusion targets journal May 2009
Foam-buffered spherical implosions at 527 nm journal May 1997
Stimulated Incoherent Scattering of Light from Plasmas journal January 1965
Parametric plasmon-photon interaction journal June 1966
Uniformity of energy deposition for laser driven fusion journal July 1983
Atomic mix in directly driven inertial confinement implosions journal November 2011
Reduction of 3ω 0 /2 emission from laser‐produced plasmas with broad bandwidth, induced spatial incoherence at 0.53 μm journal June 1991
Nonlinear evolution of broad-bandwidth, laser-imprinted nonuniformities in planar targets accelerated by 351-nm laser light journal October 1999
Experimental studies of stimulated Raman scattering in reactor‐size, laser‐produced plasmas journal June 1991
Particle-in-cell simulations of laser–plasma interaction for the shock ignition scenario journal April 2010
Nike direct-drive ICF program
  • Mostovych, A. N.; Aglitskiy, Yefim; Bodner, Stephen E.
  • 26th European Conference on Laser Interaction with Matter (ECLIM 2000), SPIE Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1117/12.425585
conference April 2001
The physics issues that determine inertial confinement fusion target gain and driver requirements: A tutorial journal May 1999
High Density Compression of Hollow-Shell Target by Gekko XII and Laser Fusion Research at Ile, Osaka University book January 1991
Simulations of laser imprint for Nova experiments and for ignition capsules journal May 1997
Forming cryogenic targets for direct-drive experiments journal May 2006
Equation of state and phase diagram of dense hydrogen journal January 1972
Observation de L'Harmonique 2 dans un Plasma cree par Laser journal October 1971
The implosion of cryogenic spherical shell targets journal July 1977
Multibeam Effects on Fast-Electron Generation from Two-Plasmon-Decay Instability journal June 2003
Laser-driven shock experiments on precompressed water: Implications for “icy” giant planets journal July 2006
Hot-electron generation from laser–pre-plasma interactions in cone-guided fast ignition journal May 2013
Measurements of the effects of the intensity pickets on laser imprinting for direct-drive, adiabat-shaping designs on OMEGA journal March 2007
Phase conversion of lasers with low-loss distributed phase plates
  • Kessler, Terrance J.; Lin, Ying; Armstrong, J. Joseph
  • OE/LASE'93: Optics, Electro-Optics, & Laser Applications in Science& Engineering, SPIE Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1117/12.154474
conference May 1993
Instability of a plane centered rarefaction wave journal April 1996
Ion Energies Produced by Laser Giant Pulse journal December 1963
Stability of Ablatively Accelerated Thin Foils journal October 1981
Brillouin Scatter in Laser-Produced Plasmas journal December 1977
Evidence for Collisional Damping in High-Energy Raman-Scattering Experiments at 0.26 μm journal April 1985
Turbulently heated distribution functions and perturbed orbit theory journal January 1973
Reduction of the ablative Rayleigh–Taylor growth rate with Gaussian picket pulses journal April 2004
Observation of Rayleigh–Taylor growth to short wavelengths on Nike journal February 1999
Three‐dimensional filamentation of light in laser plasmas journal January 1991
Filamentation and trapping of electromagnetic radiation in plasmas journal January 1973
Increasing Hydrodynamic Efficiency by Reducing Cross-Beam Energy Transfer in Direct-Drive-Implosion Experiments journal March 2012
A Self-Cooled Liquid Breeder Blanket for a Laser IFE Power Plant with Magnetic Intervention journal October 2007
On the inhomogeneous two-plasmon instability journal January 1983
Scaling laws for laser driven exploding pusher targets journal May 1981
An initial assessment of three-dimensional polar direct drive capsule asymmetries for implosions at the National Ignition Facility journal January 2012
First results from cryogenic target implosions on OMEGA journal May 2002
Absolute measurements of the equations of state of low-Z materials in the multi-Mbar regime using laser-driven shocks journal May 1997
Two-dimensional simulations of the neutron yield in cryogenic deuterium-tritium implosions on OMEGA journal October 2010
Electron transport and shock ignition journal March 2011
Self-Trapping of Optical Beams. journal June 1965
Mechanisms for Production of Neutron-Emitting Plasma by Subnanosecond Laser-Pulse Heating journal January 1970
Optimal conditions for shock ignition of scaled cryogenic deuterium–tritium targets journal February 2013
Experimental Study of Laser Driven Compression of Spherical Glass Shells journal January 1974
Laser Driven Implosion Experiments at Limeil book January 1977
Cylindrical implosion experiments using laser direct drive journal May 1999
High-gain shock ignition of direct-drive ICF targets for the Laser Mégajoule journal April 2010
Divergence of laser-driven relativistic electron beams journal September 2010
Quantum molecular dynamics simulations of hot, dense hydrogen journal December 1995
Prospects of generating power with laser-driven fusion journal January 1976
Observation of Rayleigh-Taylor-like Structures in a Laser-Accelerated Foil journal March 1984
Strong Coupling and Degeneracy Effects in Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions journal June 2010
Multibeam Stimulated Brillouin Scattering from Hot, Solid-Target Plasmas journal October 2002
Electron energy transport in ion waves and its relevance to laser-produced plasmas journal January 1983
Electric and magnetic field generation and target heating by laser-generated fast electrons journal November 2003
Model of hydrodynamic perturbation growth in the start-up phase of laser implosion journal September 1998
Direct-drive cryogenic target implosion performance on OMEGA journal May 2004
Analytic criteria for shock ignition of fusion reactions in a central hot spot journal October 2011
Suppression of interference speckles produced by a random phase plate, using a polarization control plate journal July 1992
Laser–plasma interaction studies in the context of shock ignition: the regime dominated by parametric instabilities journal July 2013
Measurement of areal density modulation of laser-imploded shells through K -edge imaging journal September 2000
Coupling static and dynamic compressions: first measurements in dense hydrogen journal January 2004
Bremsstrahlung emission from laser ‐ produced plasmas journal July 1974
Evolution of Shell Nonuniformities near Peak Compression of a Spherical Implosion journal September 2001
Experimental Observations of Thermal Whole Beam Self-Focusing journal October 1990
Laser interferometer for measuring high velocities of any reflecting surface journal November 1972
A polar-drive–ignition design for the National Ignition Facility journal May 2012
Optical Absorption and Expansion of Laser-Produced Plasmas journal January 1969
Deceleration phase of inertial confinement fusion implosions journal May 2002
Test of Thermal Transport Models through Dynamic Overpressure Stabilization of Ablation-Front Perturbation Growth in Laser-Driven CH Foils journal March 2006
Implosion of a dense plasma by hypervelocity impact journal January 1968
Cryogenic DT and D2 targets for inertial confinement fusion journal May 2007
Rayleigh-Taylor-induced magnetic fields in laser-irradiated plastic foils journal August 2012
Theory of the Stimulated Raman Effect in Plasmas journal January 1966
Ablation driven by hot electrons generated during the ignitor laser pulse in shock ignition journal December 2012
Unified Theory of Stimulated Raman Scattering and Two-Plasmon Decay in Inhomogeneous Plasmas: High Frequency Hybrid Instability journal December 1995
Rayleigh-Taylor Instability and Laser-Pellet Fusion journal September 1974
Direct-drive laser target designs for sub-megajoule energies journal May 2007
Raman backscatter in high temperature, inhomogeneous plasmas journal January 1980
Measurements of laser-speckle-induced perturbations in laser-driven foils journal October 1996
Finite Mach number spherical shock wave, application to shock ignition journal August 2013
Nuclear Fusion Reactions in Solid-Deuterium Laser-Produced Plasma journal March 1970
Shock ignition: modelling and target design robustness journal November 2009
Fast-electron generation in long-scale-length plasmas journal January 2012
Taking Thin Diamonds to Their Limit: Coupling Static-Compression and Laser-Shock Techniques to Generate Dense Water conference January 2002
Uniformity of Laser-Driven, Ablatively Accelerated Targets journal May 1981
Triple-picket warm plastic-shell implosions on OMEGA journal January 2011
Improving cryogenic deuterium–tritium implosion performance on OMEGA journal May 2013
Implosion Experiments using Glass Ablators for Direct-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion journal April 2010
Shock Ignition of Thermonuclear Fuel with High Areal Density journal April 2007
Demonstration of the Highest Deuterium-Tritium Areal Density Using Multiple-Picket Cryogenic Designs on OMEGA journal April 2010
Laser focusing limitations from nonlinear beam instabilities journal June 1976
Feedout and Richtmyer–Meshkov instability at large density difference journal February 2001
Laser-target interaction with induced spatial incoherence journal June 1986
The direct measurement of ablation pressure driven by 351-nm laser radiation journal October 2011
Laser-Plasma Interaction Diagnostics for ICF Fusion Research book January 2002
Time-Dependent Nuclear Measurements of Mix in Inertial Confinement Fusion journal May 2007
Thermonuclear burn characteristics of compressed deuterium-tritium microspheres journal January 1974
Shock formation and the ideal shape of ramp compression waves journal December 2008
Investigation of Plasma Parameters at the Spherical Heating of the Isolated Solid Target by High-Power Laser Radiation book January 1974
Acceleration to high velocities and heating by impact using Nike KrF laser journal May 2010
Nonuniform target illumination in the deflagration regime: Thermal smoothing journal January 1988
Two-Plasmon Decay and Profile Modification Produced by 10.6-μm Radiation at Quarter-Critical Density journal December 1978
Experimental investigation of the stimulated Brillouin scattering growth and saturation at 526 and 351 nm for direct drive and shock ignition journal January 2012
Laser-Induced Implosion and Thermonuclear Burn book January 1974
Mitigation of two-plasmon decay in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion through the manipulation of ion-acoustic and Langmuir wave damping journal May 2013
Laser-Plasma Interactions at 0.53 μm for Disk Targets of Varying Z journal November 1981
Inference of mix in direct-drive implosions on OMEGA journal May 2002
Beta-Layering in Foam-Lined Surrogate IFE Targets journal July 2006
Status of laser fusion research at VNIIEF (Arzamas-16) journal April 2000
Compression of Polymer-Coated Laser-Fusion Targets to Ten Times Liquid DT Density journal June 1980
High-Power, Kilojoule Class Laser Channeling in Millimeter-Scale Underdense Plasma journal March 2011
Magnetic Field Generation by the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability journal December 1978
Study of flux limiter using Fokker–Planck and fluid simulations of planar laser-driven ablation journal June 2010
Calculation of a Deuterium Double Shock Hugoniot from Ab Initio Simulations journal December 2001
Evidence of stimulated Raman scattering occurring in laser filaments in long‐scale‐length plasmas journal May 1992
Shock Ignition: A New Approach to High Gain Inertial Confinement Fusion on the National Ignition Facility journal July 2009
Propagation of Subpicosecond Laser Pulses through a Fully Ionized Plasma journal November 1996
Infrared redistribution of D 2 and HD layers for inertial confinement fusion
  • Collins, G. W.; Bittner, D. N.; Monsler, E.
  • Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 14, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.580241
journal September 1996
Implementation and performance of beam smoothing on 10 beams of the Nova laser
  • Pennington, Deanna M.; Dixit, Sham N.; Weiland, Timothy L.
  • Second International Conference on Solid State Lasers for Application to ICF, SPIE Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1117/12.294250
conference December 1997
Hot-electron generation by “cavitating” Langmuir turbulence in the nonlinear stage of the two-plasmon–decay instability journal October 2012
Unusual Structures Observed in X-ray Emission from Laser-Irradiated Targets journal November 1981
Kinetic theory of laser filamentation in plasmas journal October 1990
Relativistic Magnetic Self-Channeling of Light in Near-Critical Plasma: Three-Dimensional Particle-in-Cell Simulation journal May 1996
Laser-induced adiabat shaping by relaxation in inertial fusion implosions journal January 2004
Shell Mix in the Compressed Core of Spherical Implosions journal August 2002
Shock ignition target design for inertial fusion energy journal April 2010
Progress in the shock-ignition inertial confinement fusion concept journal January 2013
Incompressible description of Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities in laser‐ablated plasmas journal January 1989
Direct drive cryogenic ICF capsules employing D-T wetted foam journal March 1987
Development of a polar direct-drive platform for studying inertial confinement fusion implosion mix on the National Ignition Facility journal May 2013
Evidence for beam self-focusing in the corona of laser-irradiated spherical targets journal March 1981
Evidence of anomalous resistivity for hot electron propagation through a dense fusion core in fast ignition experiments journal September 2009
Early time implosion symmetry from two-axis shock-timing measurements on indirect drive NIF experiments journal September 2014
Laser‐induced thermonuclear fusion journal August 1973
Shock Hugoniot and temperature data for polystyrene obtained with quartz standard journal June 2009
Landau–Darrieus instability in an ablation front journal June 2003
Interferometric Confirmation of Radiation-Pressure Effects in Laser-Plasma Interactions journal January 1978
Thermal heat flux in a plasma for arbitrary collisionality journal January 1981
Measurement of High-Pressure Shock Waves in Cryogenic Deuterium-Tritium Ice Layered Capsule Implosions on NIF journal August 2013
Ion‐expansion energy spectra correlated to laser plasma parameters journal May 1973
Dynamic Behavior of Rippled Shock Waves and Subsequently Induced Areal-Density-Perturbation Growth in Laser-Irradiated Foils journal October 1995
Saturation of Laser Imprint on Ablatively Driven Plastic Targets journal September 1997
Transport Phenomena in a Completely Ionized Gas journal March 1953
Shock ignition: an alternative scheme for HiPER journal December 2008
Polar-drive designs for optimizing neutron yields on the National Ignition Facility journal August 2008
Kinetic effects of electron thermal conduction on implosion hydrodynamics journal February 1992
Theory of high efficiency third harmonic generation of high power Nd-glass laser radiation journal September 1980
Line-imaging velocimeter for shock diagnostics at the OMEGA laser facility journal November 2004
Production of hot electrons by two-plasmon decay instability in uv laser plasmas journal January 1984
Review on spontaneous magnetic fields in laser-produced plasmas: Phenomena and measurements journal December 1991
Symmetric Laser Compression of Argon-Filled Glass Shells to Densities of 4-6 g/ cm 3 journal April 1980
Cryogenic Pellets for Laser-Fusion Research—Theoretical and Practical Considerations book January 1978
Indications of Strongly Flux-Limited Electron Thermal Conduction in Laser-Target Experiments journal March 1975
A New Method for Producing Cryogenic Laser Fusion Targets book January 1978
Measurements of the Equation of State of Deuterium at the Fluid Insulator-Metal Transition journal August 1998
Excitation of Hypersonic Vibrations by Means of Photoelastic Coupling of High‐Intensity Light Waves to Elastic Waves journal January 1965
Decoupling of corona and core of laser-heated pellets journal May 1972
Probing high areal-density cryogenic deuterium-tritium implosions using downscattered neutron spectra measured by the magnetic recoil spectrometer journal May 2010
Reflected Shock Experiments on the Equation-of-State Properties of Liquid Deuterium at 100–600 GPa (1–6 Mbar) journal October 2000
A new twist for inertial fusion energy: Impact ignition
  • Murakami, M.; Nagatomo, H.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 544, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2005.01.195
journal May 2005
Dense plasma heating and Gbar shock formation by a high intensity flux of energetic electrons journal June 2013
Ignition scaling laws and their application to capsule design journal May 2001
Cosmic Radiation and Cosmic Magnetic Fields. II. Origin of Cosmic Magnetic Fields journal June 1951
Irradiation uniformity of directly driven inertial confinement fusion targets in the context of the shock-ignition scheme journal November 2011
Nonlinear Electron Oscillations in a Cold Plasma journal January 1959
Measurement of Thermal Conductivity in a Laser-Heated Plasma journal August 1975
Hydrodynamic stability and the direct drive approach to laser fusion journal May 1990
Time-resolved absorption in cryogenic and room-temperature direct-drive implosions journal May 2008
Status of cryogenic layering for NIF ignition targets journal May 2008
Gain curves for direct-drive fast ignition at densities around 300g∕cc journal October 2006
Kinetic simulations of stimulated Raman backscattering and related processes for the shock-ignition approach to inertial confinement fusion journal September 2011
Effect of the Plasma Density Scale Length on the Direction of Fast Electrons in Relativistic Laser-Solid Interactions journal February 2000
Characterization of inertial confinement fusion targets. journal April 1996
Narrow Raman spectra: The competition between collisional and Landau damping journal November 1989
Crossed-beam energy transfer in direct-drive implosions journal May 2012
Comparison of beam-smoothing methods for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion journal January 1997
Nova experimental facility (invited) journal August 1986
Experimental studies of the advanced fast ignitor scheme journal September 2000
Parametric decay of electromagnetic waves into two plasmons and its consequences journal January 1976
Radioactively induced sublimation in solid tritium journal March 1988
Study of Ablatively Imploded Spherical Shells journal December 1980
Adiabatic release measurements in α -quartz between 300 and 1200 GPa: Characterization of α -quartz as a shock standard in the multimegabar regime journal November 2013
Ablative Rayleigh-Taylor Instability at Short Wavelengths Observed with Moiré Interferometry journal March 2002
Gain curves and hydrodynamic modeling for shock ignition journal May 2010
Rayleigh-Taylor Growth Stabilization in Direct-Drive Plastic Targets at Laser Intensities of 1 × 10 15 W / cm 2 journal July 2008
Nonlocal Heat Transport Due to Steep Temperature Gradients journal October 1983
Moiré interferometry of short wavelength Rayleigh–Taylor growth journal January 1999
Numerical and Experimental Analysis of a Fluidized Bed for IFE Target Layering journal July 2009
LMJ project status journal May 2008
Characterization of the State of Hydrogen at High Temperature and Density journal January 1999
Direct Drive Fusion Energy Shock Ignition Designs for Sub-MJ Lasers journal July 2009
Megagauss Magnetic Field Profiles in Laser-Produced Plasmas journal October 1978
Experiments on the observation of neutron emission at a focus of high-power laser radiation on a lithium deuteride surface journal November 1968
Anomalous ion heating in a laser heated plasma journal January 1973
Thermonuclear gain of ICF targets with direct heating of ignitor journal January 1992
Numerical simulation of filamentation in laser-plasma interactions journal May 1986
Path Integral Monte Carlo Calculation of the Deuterium Hugoniot journal August 2000
Mass Production Methods for IFE Targets journal May 2005
Fast Ignition by Intense Laser-Accelerated Proton Beams journal January 2001
Interaction of 1.06 μm laser radiation with variable Z̃ targets journal January 1978
Random phase plates for beam smoothing on the Nova laser journal January 1993
Measuring fuel ρ R for inertial fusion experiments using neutron elastic‐scattering reactions journal April 1981
Growth rates of the ablative Rayleigh–Taylor instability in inertial confinement fusion journal May 1998
Effect of experimentally observed hydrogenic fractionation on inertial confinement fusion ignition target performance journal October 2006
Growth and Saturation of Convective Modes of the Two-Plasmon Decay Instability in Inertial Confinement Fusion journal October 2009
High‐energy ions from a CO 2 laser‐produced plasma journal June 1975
A high-power laser fusion facility for Europe journal January 2006
3 2 ω 0 Radiation from the Laser-Driven Two-Plasmon Decay Instability in an Inhomogeneous Plasma journal January 2001
The calculated performance of structured laser fusion pellets journal December 1975
Self-Consistent Reduction of the Spitzer-Härm Electron Thermal Heat Flux in Steep Temperature Gradients in Laser-Produced Plasmas journal July 1981
Pulsed-X-Ray Shadowgraphy of Dense, Cool, Laser-Imploded Plasma journal November 1978
The development of a Krook model for nonlocal transport in laser produced plasmas. I. Basic theory journal August 2008
Ablation Pressure Driven by an Energetic Electron Beam in a Dense Plasma journal December 2012
Fast-ignition transport studies: Realistic electron source, integrated particle-in-cell and hydrodynamic modeling, imposed magnetic fields journal July 2012
Analysis of a direct-drive ignition capsule designed for the National Ignition Facility journal May 2001
Steady-state model of the corona of spherical laser targets allowing for energy transfer by fast electrons journal April 1983
Retention and Surface Pore Formation in Helium Implanted Tungsten as a Fusion First Wall Material journal July 2009
Laser implosion of thick low‐ Z foam coated glass microballoon journal February 1983
Generation of shock waves by hot electron explosions driven by a CO 2 laser journal February 1981
Demonstration of the shock-timing technique for ignition targets on the National Ignition Facility journal May 2009
Determination of pressure and density of shocklessly compressed beryllium from x-ray radiography of a magnetically driven cylindrical liner implosion
  • Lemke, R. W.; Martin, Matthew R.; McBride, Ryan D.
  • SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER - 2011: Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3686320
conference January 2012
Progress in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion journal May 2008
The development of a Krook model for nonlocal transport in laser produced plasmas. II. Application of the theory and comparisons with other models journal August 2008
Mitigating Laser Imprint in Direct-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions with High- Z Dopants journal May 2012
Experiment in Planar Geometry for Shock Ignition Studies journal May 2012
Magnetic Field Generation by the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability in Laser-Driven Planar Plastic Targets journal September 2012
Effect of Laser Wavelength and Pulse Duration on Laser-Light Absorption and Back Reflection journal April 1982
Hot-electron production and suprathermal heat flux scaling with laser intensity from the two-plasmon–decay instability journal October 2012
Stimulated Raman scattering, two-plasmon decay, and hot electron generation from underdense plasmas at 0.35 μm journal January 1984
Measurement of Rayleigh–Taylor instability in a laser-accelerated target journal September 1982
Enhanced reflection of laser light from an expanding plasma journal November 1976
Design of a deuterium and tritium-ablator shock ignition target for the National Ignition Facility journal November 2012
Onset of Hydrodynamic Mix in High-Velocity, Highly Compressed Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions journal August 2013
Simulations of electron transport and ignition for direct-drive fast-ignition targets journal November 2008
Systematic study of Rayleigh–Taylor growth in directly driven plastic targets in a laser-intensity range from ∼2×1014to∼1.5×1015W∕cm2 journal August 2008
Collective parametric instabilities of many overlapping laser beams with finite bandwidth journal January 1992
Nd-doped phosphate glass laser systems for laser-fusion research journal September 1981
Instability-generated laser reflection in plasmas journal December 1973
Measurements of the effect of laser beam smoothing on direct-drive inertial-confinement-fusion capsule implosions journal May 1992
Stagnation Pressure of Imploding Shells and Ignition Energy Scaling of Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets journal April 2001
Anomalous Heating of a Plasma by a Laser journal December 1972
Critical elements of high gain laser fusion journal July 1981
Backscatter Experiments book January 1974
Shock timing experiments on the National Ignition Facility: Initial results and comparison with simulation journal April 2012
The applicability of Fourier's theory of heat conduction on laser produced plasmas journal October 1972
Advances in the national inertial fusion program of China journal January 2013
Powder diffraction from solids in the terapascal regime journal November 2012
Threshold of the 2ωpe instability in a laser produced plasma journal March 1976
Magnetic-field generation in laser fusion and hot-electron transport journal August 1986
Performance of 1-THz-bandwidth, two-dimensional smoothing by spectral dispersion and polarization smoothing of high-power, solid-state laser beams journal January 2005
Thermal electron transport in direct-drive laser fusion journal August 1986
Interactions between Light Waves in a Nonlinear Dielectric journal September 1962
Elecron Energy Transport in Steep Temperature Gradients in Laser-Produced Plasmas journal January 1981
Equation of state measurements of hydrogen isotopes on Nova journal May 1998
Measurements of core and pusher conditions in surrogate capsule implosions on the OMEGA laser system journal May 1998
Experimental Evidence of Impact Ignition: 100-Fold Increase of Neutron Yield by Impactor Collision journal June 2009
Cryogenic laser fusion target material design considerations journal December 1979
Stimulated Raman scattering in large plasmas journal January 1982
Direct Evidence of Ponderomotive Filamentation in a Laser-Produced Plasma journal November 1988
Nonlinear effects of multifrequency hydrodynamic instabilities on ablatively accelerated thin shells journal January 1982
Comprehensive Diagnosis of Growth Rates of the Ablative Rayleigh-Taylor Instability journal January 2007
Evidence for Collisional Damping in High-Energy Raman-Scattering Experiments at 0.26 μm journal January 1985
Enhanced Direct-Drive Implosions with Thin High- Z Ablation Layers journal February 2008
Absolutely uniform illumination of laser fusion pellets journal February 1984
Evidence for large heat fluxes from the mass ablation rate of laser-irradiated spherical targets journal January 1982
Studies on targets for inertial fusion ignition demonstration at the HiPER facility journal April 2009
Implementation of focal zooming on the Nike KrF laser journal January 2013
Laser Target Model journal October 1973
The reduced-description particle-in-cell model for the two plasmon decay instability journal July 2010
X-ray imaging of cryogenic deuterium-tritium layers in a beryllium shell journal November 2005
Tritium recovery system for Li–Pb loop of inertial fusion reactor journal October 2008
Direct-drive laser fusion: Status and prospects journal May 1998
On the Production of Plasma by Giant Pulse Lasers journal January 1964
Computational modeling of direct-drive fusion pellets and KrF-driven foil experiments journal May 1998
National Ignition Facility laser performance status journal January 2007
Laser-plasma interactions in long-scale-length plasmas under direct-drive National Ignition Facility conditions journal May 1999
Short-pulse-laser-heated plasma experiments journal December 1973
Theory of the Ablative Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability journal March 1999
Diffusion de la lumière et des rayons X par un corps transparent homogène: Influence de l'agitation thermique journal January 1922

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Effect of ‘wandering’ and other features of energy transfer by fast electrons in a direct-drive inertial confinement fusion target journal March 2019
Laser-driven strong shocks with infrared lasers at intensity of 10 16 W/cm 2 journal November 2019
The National Direct-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Program journal December 2018
A wave-based model for cross-beam energy transfer in direct-drive inertial confinement fusion journal May 2017
Mitigation of cross-beam energy transfer in symmetric implosions on OMEGA using wavelength detuning journal June 2017
Power-law scaling of plasma pressure on laser-ablated tin microdroplets journal January 2018
Glassy Microspheres for Energy Applications journal July 2018
Effective suppression of parametric instabilities with decoupled broadband lasers in plasma journal November 2017
On analytical approximations for the structure of a shock wave in a fully ionized plasma journal August 2019
The influence of the solid to plasma phase transition on the generation of plasma instabilities journal November 2017
Suppression of parametric instabilities in inhomogeneous plasma with multi-frequency light journal October 2019
Modeling of laser ponderomotive self-focusing in plasma within the paraxial complex geometrical optics approach journal October 2019
Magnetized fast isochoric laser heating for efficient creation of ultra-high-energy-density states journal September 2018
Diffusion-driven fluid dynamics in ideal gases and plasmas journal June 2018
Long-duration direct drive hydrodynamics experiments on the National Ignition Facility: Platform development and numerical modeling with CHIC journal August 2019
Theoretical and simulation research of hydrodynamic instabilities in inertial-confinement fusion implosions journal March 2017
Effect of fast electrons on the gain of a direct-drive laser fusion target journal September 2019
Turbulent mixing and transition criteria of flows induced by hydrodynamic instabilities journal August 2019
Production of relativistic electrons, MeV deuterons and protons by sub-nanosecond terawatt laser journal November 2018
The physics of long- and intermediate-wavelength asymmetries of the hot spot: Compression hydrodynamics and energetics journal October 2017
Theory of alpha heating in inertial fusion: Alpha-heating metrics and the onset of the burning-plasma regime journal July 2018
Inhibition of crossed-beam energy transfer induced by expansion-velocity fluctuations journal February 2018
Improvement in Thomson scattering diagnostic precision via fitting the multiple-wavenumber spectra simultaneously journal August 2019
X-ray spectroscopy of planar laser-plasma interaction experiments at the National Ignition Facility journal January 2019
Hydrodynamic instabilities seeded by the X-ray shadow of ICF capsule fill-tubes journal August 2018
Dynamics of the Electromagnetic Fields Induced by Fast Electron Propagation in Near-Solid-Density Media journal January 2019
A high temporal resolution numerical algorithm for shock wave velocity diagnosis journal June 2019
Direct Laser Writing of Low-Density Interdigitated Foams for Plasma Drive Shaping journal September 2017
Unabsorbed light beamlets for diagnosing cross-beam energy transfer journal October 2018
Linear theory of multibeam parametric instabilities in homogeneous plasmas journal June 2019
Study of high-Z-coated ignition target by detailed configuration accounting atomic physics for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion journal November 2018
Channel optimization of high-intensity laser beams in millimeter-scale plasmas journal April 2018
First experiments on Revolver shell collisions at the OMEGA laser journal July 2019
Multi-species plasma transport in 1D direct-drive ICF simulations journal March 2019
Examining the radiation drive asymmetries present in the high foot series of implosion experiments at the National Ignition Facility journal May 2017

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