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Title: THE DARK ENERGY CAMERA

Abstract

The Dark Energy Camera is a new imager with a 2.°2 diameter field of view mounted at the prime focus of the Victor M. Blanco 4 m telescope on Cerro Tololo near La Serena, Chile. The camera was designed and constructed by the Dark Energy Survey Collaboration and meets or exceeds the stringent requirements designed for the wide-field and supernova surveys for which the collaboration uses it. The camera consists of a five-element optical corrector, seven filters, a shutter with a 60 cm aperture, and a charge-coupled device (CCD) focal plane of 250 μm thick fully depleted CCDs cooled inside a vacuum Dewar. The 570 megapixel focal plane comprises 62 2k × 4k CCDs for imaging and 12 2k × 2k CCDs for guiding and focus. The CCDs have 15 μm × 15 μm pixels with a plate scale of 0.″263 pixel{sup −1}. A hexapod system provides state-of-the-art focus and alignment capability. The camera is read out in 20 s with 6–9 electron readout noise. This paper provides a technical description of the camera's engineering, construction, installation, and current status.

Authors:
; ; ; ; ;  [1];  [2]; ;  [3]; ;  [4]; ;  [5];  [6];  [7];  [8]; ;  [9];  [10];
  1. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, IL 60510 (United States)
  2. Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 (United States)
  3. Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory, Casilla 603, La Serena (Chile)
  4. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT (United Kingdom)
  5. Institut de Física d’Altes Energies, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona (Spain)
  6. Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 (United States)
  7. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (United States)
  8. Carnegie Observatories, 813 Santa Barbara St., Pasadena, CA 91101 (United States)
  9. Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (United States)
  10. Centro de Investigaciones Energèticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid (Spain)
Publication Date:
OSTI Identifier:
22520108
Resource Type:
Journal Article
Journal Name:
Astronomical Journal (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 150; Journal Issue: 5; Other Information: Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); Journal ID: ISSN 1538-3881
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTROPHYSICS, COSMOLOGY AND ASTRONOMY; 46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; ALIGNMENT; APERTURES; CAMERAS; CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICES; COSMOLOGY; DESIGN; FILTERS; IMAGES; NOISE; NONLUMINOUS MATTER; PHOTOMETERS; READOUT SYSTEMS; SUPERNOVAE; TELESCOPES

Citation Formats

Flaugher, B., Diehl, H. T., Alvarez, O., Angstadt, R., Annis, J. T., Buckley-Geer, E. J., Honscheid, K., Abbott, T. M. C., Bonati, M., Antonik, M., Brooks, D., Ballester, O., Cardiel-Sas, L., Beaufore, L., Bernstein, G. M., Bernstein, R. A., Bigelow, B., Boprie, D., Campa, J., Castander, F. J., E-mail: diehl@fnal.gov, Collaboration: DES Collaboration, and others, and. THE DARK ENERGY CAMERA. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/5/150.
Flaugher, B., Diehl, H. T., Alvarez, O., Angstadt, R., Annis, J. T., Buckley-Geer, E. J., Honscheid, K., Abbott, T. M. C., Bonati, M., Antonik, M., Brooks, D., Ballester, O., Cardiel-Sas, L., Beaufore, L., Bernstein, G. M., Bernstein, R. A., Bigelow, B., Boprie, D., Campa, J., Castander, F. J., E-mail: diehl@fnal.gov, Collaboration: DES Collaboration, & others, and. THE DARK ENERGY CAMERA. United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/150/5/150
Flaugher, B., Diehl, H. T., Alvarez, O., Angstadt, R., Annis, J. T., Buckley-Geer, E. J., Honscheid, K., Abbott, T. M. C., Bonati, M., Antonik, M., Brooks, D., Ballester, O., Cardiel-Sas, L., Beaufore, L., Bernstein, G. M., Bernstein, R. A., Bigelow, B., Boprie, D., Campa, J., Castander, F. J., E-mail: diehl@fnal.gov, Collaboration: DES Collaboration, and others, and. 2015. "THE DARK ENERGY CAMERA". United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/150/5/150.
@article{osti_22520108,
title = {THE DARK ENERGY CAMERA},
author = {Flaugher, B. and Diehl, H. T. and Alvarez, O. and Angstadt, R. and Annis, J. T. and Buckley-Geer, E. J. and Honscheid, K. and Abbott, T. M. C. and Bonati, M. and Antonik, M. and Brooks, D. and Ballester, O. and Cardiel-Sas, L. and Beaufore, L. and Bernstein, G. M. and Bernstein, R. A. and Bigelow, B. and Boprie, D. and Campa, J. and Castander, F. J., E-mail: diehl@fnal.gov and Collaboration: DES Collaboration and others, and},
abstractNote = {The Dark Energy Camera is a new imager with a 2.°2 diameter field of view mounted at the prime focus of the Victor M. Blanco 4 m telescope on Cerro Tololo near La Serena, Chile. The camera was designed and constructed by the Dark Energy Survey Collaboration and meets or exceeds the stringent requirements designed for the wide-field and supernova surveys for which the collaboration uses it. The camera consists of a five-element optical corrector, seven filters, a shutter with a 60 cm aperture, and a charge-coupled device (CCD) focal plane of 250 μm thick fully depleted CCDs cooled inside a vacuum Dewar. The 570 megapixel focal plane comprises 62 2k × 4k CCDs for imaging and 12 2k × 2k CCDs for guiding and focus. The CCDs have 15 μm × 15 μm pixels with a plate scale of 0.″263 pixel{sup −1}. A hexapod system provides state-of-the-art focus and alignment capability. The camera is read out in 20 s with 6–9 electron readout noise. This paper provides a technical description of the camera's engineering, construction, installation, and current status.},
doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/150/5/150},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22520108}, journal = {Astronomical Journal (Online)},
issn = {1538-3881},
number = 5,
volume = 150,
place = {United States},
year = {Sun Nov 15 00:00:00 EST 2015},
month = {Sun Nov 15 00:00:00 EST 2015}
}

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Preliminary optical design for a 2.2 degree diameter prime focus corrector for the Blanco 4 meter telescope
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0.250mm-thick CCD packaging for the Dark Energy Survey Camera array
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The Dark Energy Survey CCD imager design
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The Dark Energy Camera (DECam)
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Front-end electronics for the Dark Energy Camera (DECam)
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CCD charge transfer efficiency test with the new DES clock board
conference, August 2008


Measuring the flatness of focal plane for very large mosaic CCD camera
conference, July 2010


DTS: the NOAO Data Transport System
conference, July 2010


Assembly of the Dark Energy Survey CCD Imager
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Focus and alignment using out-of-focus stellar images at the Dark Energy Camera
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Cooling the dark energy camera CCD array using a closed-loop two-phase liquid nitrogen system
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conference, September 2012


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conference, September 2012


Dark Energy Camera installation at CTIO: technical challenges
conference, September 2012


A modern approach to upgrading the telescope control system of the CTIO Blanco 4-m telescope
conference, September 2012


CCD research and development at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
conference, September 2012


Focus and alignment of the Dark Energy Camera using out-of-focus stars
conference, September 2012


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On-Sky Measurements of the Transverse Electric Fields’ Effects in the Dark Energy Camera CCDs
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An update on the status and performance of the Radiometric All-Sky Infrared Camera (RASICAM)
conference, August 2014


The DECam DAQ System: lessons learned after one year of operations
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Mounting large lenses in wide-field instruments for the converted MMT
conference, July 1998


New wide-field corrector for the Kitt Peak Mayall 4-m telescope
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Monitoring the atmospheric throughput at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory with aTmCam
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Readout electronics for the Dark Energy Camera
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Spectrophotometric calibration system for DECam
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Works referencing / citing this record:

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Dark energy two decades after: observables, probes, consistency tests
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The Zwicky Transient Facility: System Overview, Performance, and First Results
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Deep learning dark matter map reconstructions from DES SV weak lensing data
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CMB lensing tomography with the DES Science Verification galaxies
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The evolution of active galactic nuclei in clusters of galaxies from the Dark Energy Survey
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Cross-correlation of gravitational lensing from DES Science Verification data with SPT and Planck lensing
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Evidence of differential tidal effects in the old globular cluster population of the Large Magellanic Cloud
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Discovery of two neighbouring satellites in the Carina constellation with MagLiteS
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Dark Energy Survey Year 1 results: weak lensing mass calibration of redMaPPer galaxy clusters
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Weak lensing magnification in the Dark Energy Survey Science Verification data
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Redshift inference from the combination of galaxy colours and clustering in a hierarchical Bayesian model
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Cosmological lensing ratios with DES Y1, SPT, and Planck
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Testing a quintessence model with Yukawa interaction from cosmological observations and N-body simulations
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Detection of Cross-Correlation between Gravitational Lensing and γ Rays
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Substructures and Tidal Distortions in the Magellanic Stellar Periphery
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Compact Survey Telescope with a Diameter of 3.6 m
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Dark Energy Survey Year 1 Results: Detection of Intracluster Light at Redshift ∼ 0.25
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The DECam Plane Survey: Optical Photometry of Two Billion Objects in the Southern Galactic Plane
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Discovery of Distant RR Lyrae Stars in the Milky Way Using DECam
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The Dark Energy Survey: more than dark energy - an overview
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Astrometric calibration and performance of the Dark Energy Camera
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The Zwicky Transient Facility: System Overview, Performance, and First Results
text, January 2019


Deblending and Classifying Astronomical Sources with Mask R-CNN Deep Learning
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Optimizing galaxy samples for clustering measurements in photometric surveys
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Automated Transient Detection with Shapelet Analysis in Image-subtracted Data
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