skip to main content
OSTI.GOV title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: A MEASUREMENT OF SECONDARY COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND ANISOTROPIES FROM THE 2500 SQUARE-DEGREE SPT-SZ SURVEY

Journal Article · · Astrophysical Journal
; ; ;  [1]; ;  [2]; ; ; ;  [3]; ; ;  [4];  [5]; ; ; ;  [6];  [7];
  1. Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA 94720 (United States)
  2. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 (United States)
  3. Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 (United States)
  4. Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 (United States)
  5. NIST Quantum Devices Group, Boulder, CO 80305 (United States)
  6. Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8 (Canada)
  7. Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 (United States)
+ Show Author Affiliations

We present measurements of secondary cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies and cosmic infrared background (CIB) fluctuations using data from the South Pole Telescope (SPT) covering the complete 2540 deg{sup 2} SPT-SZ survey area. Data in the three SPT-SZ frequency bands centered at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, are used to produce six angular power spectra (three single-frequency auto-spectra and three cross-spectra) covering the multipole range 2000 < ℓ < 11, 000 (angular scales 5' ≳ θ ≳ 1'). These are the most precise measurements of the angular power spectra at ℓ > 2500 at these frequencies. The main contributors to the power spectra at these angular scales and frequencies are the primary CMB, CIB, thermal and kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effects (tSZ and kSZ), and radio galaxies. We include a constraint on the tSZ power from a measurement of the tSZ bispectrum from 800 deg{sup 2} of the SPT-SZ survey. We measure the tSZ power at 143  GHz to be D{sub 3000}{sup tSZ}=4.08{sub −0.67}{sup +0.58} μK{sup 2} and the kSZ power to be D{sub 3000}{sup kSZ}=2.9±1.3 μK{sup 2}. The data prefer positive kSZ power at 98.1% CL. We measure a correlation coefficient of ξ=0.113{sub −0.054}{sup +0.057} between sources of tSZ and CIB power, with ξ < 0 disfavored at a confidence level of 99.0%. The constraint on kSZ power can be interpreted as an upper limit on the duration of reionization. When the post-reionization homogeneous kSZ signal is accounted for, we find an upper limit on the duration Δz < 5.4  at 95% CL.

OSTI ID:
22364338
Journal Information:
Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 799, Issue 2; Other Information: Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); ISSN 0004-637X
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (106)

Dusty starburst galaxies in the early Universe as revealed by gravitational lensing journal March 2013
The Sunyaev-Zel'dovich angular power spectrum as a probe of cosmological parameters journal November 2002
SUMSS: a wide-field radio imaging survey of the southern sky - II. The source catalogue journal July 2003
Dust emissivity variations in the Milky Way journal August 2009
Planck early results. XVIII. The power spectrum of cosmic infrared background anisotropies journal December 2011
Planck early results. XIII. Statistical properties of extragalactic radio sources in the Planck Early Release Compact Source Catalogue journal December 2011
Planck 2013 results. XX. Cosmology from Sunyaev–Zeldovich cluster counts journal October 2014
Planck 2013 results. XXI. Power spectrum and high-order statistics of the Planck all-sky Compton parameter map journal October 2014
Predictions for high-frequency radio surveys of extragalactic sources journal February 2005
Spectrum and anisotropy of the cosmic infrared background journal July 1986
Cosmic backgrounds from primeval dust journal February 1991
Temperature Dependence of the Absorption Coefficient of Cosmic Analog Grains in the Wavelength Range 20 Microns to 2 Millimeters journal April 1998
The Spectrum of the Extragalactic Far‐Infrared Background from the COBE FIRAS Observations journal November 1998
Secondary Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies in a Universe Reionized in Patches journal December 1998
Extrapolation of Galactic Dust Emission at 100 Microns to Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Frequencies Using FIRAS journal October 1999
Efficient Computation of Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies in Closed Friedmann‐Robertson‐Walker Models journal August 2000
A Tentative Detection of the Cosmic Infrared Background at 3.5 μ[CLC]m[/CLC] from [ITAL]COBE[/ITAL]/DIRBE Observations journal November 1998
Probing Early Structure Formation with Far‐Infrared Background Correlations journal March 2001
MASTER of the Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy Power Spectrum: A Fast Method for Statistical Analysis of Large and Complex Cosmic Microwave Background Data Sets journal March 2002
Temperature Dependence of the Submillimeter Absorption Coefficient of Amorphous Silicate Grains journal November 2005
Pico: Parameters for the Impatient Cosmologist journal January 2007
Toward a Halo Mass Function for Precision Cosmology: The Limits of Universality journal December 2008
The 10 Meter South Pole Telescope
  • Carlstrom, J. E.; Ade, P. A. R.; Aird, K. A.
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 123, Issue 903 https://doi.org/10.1086/659879
journal May 2011
Spectral Energy Distribution of Radio Sources in Nearby Clusters of Galaxies: Implications for Sunyaev-Zel'Dovich Effect Surveys journal March 2009
Exploring the Energetics of Intracluster gas with a Simple and Accurate Model journal July 2009
BLAST: CORRELATIONS IN THE COSMIC FAR-INFRARED BACKGROUND AT 250, 350, AND 500 μm REVEAL CLUSTERING OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES journal December 2009
A Measurement of Arcminute Anisotropy in the Cosmic Microwave Background with the Sunyaev-Zel’Dovich Array journal March 2010
Extragalactic Millimeter-Wave Sources in South pole Telescope Survey Data: Source Counts, Catalog, and Statistics for an 87 Square-Degree Field journal July 2010
Measurements of Secondary Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies with the South pole Telescope journal July 2010
Impact of Cluster Physics on the Sunyaev-Zel'Dovich Power Spectrum journal November 2010
THE ATACAMA COSMOLOGY TELESCOPE: A MEASUREMENT OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND POWER SPECTRUM AT 148 AND 218 GHz FROM THE 2008 SOUTHERN SURVEY journal February 2011
THE ATACAMA COSMOLOGY TELESCOPE: EXTRAGALACTIC SOURCES AT 148 GHz IN THE 2008 SURVEY journal March 2011
Improved Constraints on Cosmic Microwave Background Secondary Anisotropies from the Complete 2008 South pole Telescope data journal July 2011
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Cosmological Parameters from the 2008 Power Spectrum journal September 2011
A Measurement of the Damping tail of the Cosmic Microwave Background Power Spectrum with the South pole Telescope journal November 2011
Modeling Extragalactic Foregrounds and Secondaries for Unbiased Estimation of Cosmological Parameters from Primary Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy journal January 2012
A Measurement of Secondary Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies with two Years of South pole Telescope Observations journal July 2012
Deconstructing the Kinetic sz Power Spectrum journal August 2012
Cosmic Microwave Background Constraints on the Duration and Timing of Reionization from the South pole Telescope journal August 2012
On the Cluster Physics of Sunyaev-Zel'Dovich and X-Ray Surveys. ii. Deconstructing the Thermal sz Power Spectrum journal September 2012
Bispectrum of the Sunyaev-Zel'Dovich Effect journal October 2012
The Kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'Dovich Effect as a Probe of the Physics of Cosmic Reionization: the Effect of Self-Regulated Reionization journal May 2013
HerMES: COSMIC INFRARED BACKGROUND ANISOTROPIES AND THE CLUSTERING OF DUSTY STAR-FORMING GALAXIES journal July 2013
Reionization on Large Scales. iii. Predictions for Low-ℓ Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization and High-ℓ Kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'Dovich Observables journal October 2013
HerMES: THE CONTRIBUTION TO THE COSMIC INFRARED BACKGROUND FROM GALAXIES SELECTED BY MASS AND REDSHIFT journal November 2013
A Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background Damping tail from the 2500-Square-Degree Spt-Sz Survey journal November 2013
CONSTRAINTS ON COSMOLOGY FROM THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND POWER SPECTRUM OF THE 2500 deg 2 SPT-SZ SURVEY journal January 2014
NINE-YEAR WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE ( WMAP ) OBSERVATIONS: COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETER RESULTS journal September 2013
Galaxy Clusters Discovered via the Sunyaev-Zel'Dovich Effect in the 2500-Square-Degree Spt-Sz Survey journal January 2015
Unbiased estimation of an angular power spectrum journal November 2005
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: likelihood for small-scale CMB data journal July 2013
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: temperature and gravitational lensing power spectrum measurements from three seasons of data journal April 2014
Constraining thermal dust emission in distant galaxies with number counts and angular power spectra journal October 2013
XSPECT, estimation of the angular power spectrum by computing cross-power spectra with analytical error bars journal April 2005
Herschel-ATLAS: statistical properties of Galactic cirrus in the GAMA-9 Hour Science Demonstration Phase Field: Statistical properties of Galactic cirrus journal February 2011
The 6dF Galaxy Survey: baryon acoustic oscillations and the local Hubble constant: 6dFGS: BAOs and the local Hubble constant journal July 2011
Improved models for cosmic infrared background anisotropies: new constraints on the infrared galaxy population: Improved models for CIB anisotropies journal March 2012
The kinetic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich signal from inhomogeneous reionization: a parameter space study: kSZ signal from patchy reionization journal March 2012
A 2 per cent distance to z = 0.35 by reconstructing baryon acoustic oscillations – I. Methods and application to the Sloan Digital Sky Survey : A 2 per cent distance to z = 0.35 journal November 2012
The clustering of galaxies in the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: baryon acoustic oscillations in the Data Release 9 spectroscopic galaxy sample journal December 2012
Turbulent pressure support in the outer parts of galaxy clusters: Turbulent pressure support in galaxy clusters journal November 2011
The South Pole Telescope conference October 2004
SPTpol: an instrument for CMB polarization measurements with the South Pole Telescope conference September 2012
The Detection of a Population of Submillimeter-Bright, Strongly Lensed Galaxies journal November 2010
Dusty Infrared Galaxies: Sources of the Cosmic Infrared Background journal September 2005
The universal galaxy cluster pressure profile from a representative sample of nearby systems (REXCESS) and the Y SZ – M 500 relation journal July 2010
Planck 2013 results. XV. CMB power spectra and likelihood journal October 2014
Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters journal October 2014
Far-infrared to millimeter astrophysical dust emission: I. A model based on physical properties of amorphous solids journal March 2007
Radio Point Sources and the Thermal Sunyaev‐Zeldovich Power Spectrum journal November 2002
Sharpening the Precision of the Sunyaev-Zel'Dovich Power Spectrum journal August 2009
Simulations of the Microwave sky journal January 2010
Angular Power Spectra of the Millimeter-Wavelength Background Light from Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies with the South pole Telescope journal July 2010
Templates for the Sunyaev-Zel’Dovich Angular Power Spectrum journal January 2011
A 3% SOLUTION: DETERMINATION OF THE HUBBLE CONSTANT WITH THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE AND WIDE FIELD CAMERA 3 journal March 2011
Power-Law Template for Infrared Point-Source Clustering journal June 2012
ON THE CLUSTER PHYSICS OF SUNYAEV-ZEL'DOVICH AND X-RAY SURVEYS. I. THE INFLUENCE OF FEEDBACK, NON-THERMAL PRESSURE, AND CLUSTER SHAPES ON Y - M SCALING RELATIONS journal September 2012
A MEASUREMENT OF THE SECONDARY-CMB AND MILLIMETER-WAVE-FOREGROUND BISPECTRUM USING 800 deg 2 OF SOUTH POLE TELESCOPE DATA journal March 2014
The velocity of clusters of galaxies relative to the microwave background. The possibility of its measurement journal March 1980
The thermal Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect power spectrum in light of Planck journal April 2014
Modelling the correlation between the thermal Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect and the cosmic infrared background: tSZ–CIB correlation journal November 2012
Cosmic Star-Formation History journal August 2014
Blast: Resolving the Cosmic Submillimeter Background journal December 2009
EXTRAGALACTIC MILLIMETER-WAVE POINT-SOURCE CATALOG, NUMBER COUNTS AND STATISTICS FROM 771 deg 2 OF THE SPT-SZ SURVEY journal November 2013
Reionization on Large Scales III: Predictions for Low-ell Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization and High-ell Kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Observables text January 2012
The Angular Clustering of Lyman‐Break Galaxies at Redshift z ∼ 3 journal August 1998
Laboratory Results on Millimeter-Wave Absorption in Silicate Grain Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures journal May 1996
Reionization on Large Scales III: Predictions for Low-ell Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization and High-ell Kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Observables text January 2012
Templates for the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Angular Power Spectrum text January 2010
Sharpening the Precision of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Power Spectrum text January 2009
Exploring the Energetics of Intracluster Gas with a Simple and Accurate Model text January 2009
Extragalactic millimeter-wave sources in South Pole Telescope survey data: source counts, catalog, and statistics for an 87 square-degree field text January 2009
Angular Power Spectra of the Millimeter Wavelength Background Light from Dusty Star-forming Galaxies with the South Pole Telescope text January 2009
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Extragalactic Sources at 148 GHz in the 2008 Survey text January 2010
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background Power Spectrum at 148 and 218 GHz from the 2008 Southern Survey text January 2010
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Cosmological Parameters from the 2008 Power Spectra text January 2010
Planck Early Results: Statistical properties of extragalactic radio sources in the Planck Early Release Compact Source Catalogue text January 2011
A Measurement of the Damping Tail of the Cosmic Microwave Background Power Spectrum with the South Pole Telescope text January 2011
Deconstructing the kinetic SZ Power Spectrum text January 2011
On the Cluster Physics of Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Surveys II: Deconstructing the Thermal SZ Power Spectrum text January 2011
The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Temperature and Gravitational Lensing Power Spectrum Measurements from Three Seasons of Data text January 2013
Dusty starburst galaxies in the early Universe as revealed by gravitational lensing text January 2013
HerMES: The Contribution to the Cosmic Infrared Background from Galaxies Selected by Mass and Redshift text January 2013
Predictions for high-frequency radio surveys of extragalactic sources text January 2004
The South Pole Telescope text January 2004
Dusty Infrared Galaxies: Sources of the Cosmic Infrared Background text January 2005

Cited By (72)

Planck 2015 results : XXIII. The thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect-cosmic infrared background correlation journal September 2016
Relieving tensions related to the lensing of the cosmic microwave background temperature power spectra journal January 2017
Planck intermediate results : LI. Features in the cosmic microwave background temperature power spectrum and shifts in cosmological parameters journal November 2017
Deconstructing Thermal Sunyaev–Zel’Dovich—Gravitational Lensing Cross-Correlations: Implications for the Intracluster Medium journal October 2015
Dark matter and dark energy interactions: theoretical challenges, cosmological implications and observational signatures journal August 2016
Measuring galaxy cluster masses with CMB lensing using a Maximum Likelihood estimator: statistical and systematic error budgets for future experiments journal August 2017
The Simons Observatory: science goals and forecasts journal February 2019
Fractional Dark Matter decay: cosmological imprints and observational constraints journal January 2020
The clustering of galaxies in the completed SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: cosmological analysis of the DR12 galaxy sample journal March 2017
Cosmological constraints from thermal Sunyaev–Zeldovich power spectrum revisited journal March 2017
The kinematic Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect of the large-scale structure (II): the effect of modified gravity journal August 2018
The BAHAMAS project: the CMB–large-scale structure tension and the roles of massive neutrinos and galaxy formation journal February 2018
CMB foreground measurements through broad-band radio spectro-polarimetry: prospects of the SKA-MPG telescope journal June 2019
The escape fraction of ionizing photons during the Epoch of Reionization: observability with the Square Kilometre Array journal June 2019
Model-independent constraints on the hydrogen-ionizing emissivity at z > 6 journal August 2019
Constraints on reionization from the z = 7.5 QSO ULASJ1342+0928 journal January 2019
Fractional polarization of extragalactic sources in the 500 deg2 SPTpol survey journal October 2019
The impact of inhomogeneous subgrid clumping on cosmic reionization journal October 2019
Bias to CMB lensing reconstruction from temperature anisotropies due to large-scale galaxy motions journal January 2018
Measurement of the pairwise kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect with Planck and BOSS data journal January 2018
Transverse Velocities with the Moving Lens Effect journal August 2019
CMB Polarization B -mode Delensing with SPTpol and Herschel journal August 2017
A 2500 deg 2 CMB Lensing Map from Combined South Pole Telescope and Planck Data journal November 2017
A Comparison of Cosmological Parameters Determined from CMB Temperature Power Spectra from the South Pole Telescope and the Planck Satellite journal November 2017
Measurements of the Temperature and E-mode Polarization of the CMB from 500 Square Degrees of SPTpol Data journal January 2018
Unlocking Sensitivity for Visibility-based Estimators of the 21 cm Reionization Power Spectrum journal January 2018
The Impact of Baryonic Physics on the Kinetic Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Effect journal January 2018
A Comparison of Maps and Power Spectra Determined from South Pole Telescope and Planck Data journal January 2018
SCORCH. II. Radiation-hydrodynamic Simulations of Reionization with Varying Radiation Escape Fractions journal December 2018
Heating of the Intergalactic Medium by Hydrogen Reionization journal April 2019
Measurements of the Cross-spectra of the Cosmic Infrared and Microwave Backgrounds from 95 to 1200 GHz journal August 2019
A Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background Lensing Potential and Power Spectrum from 500 deg 2 of SPTpol Temperature and Polarization Data journal October 2019
Maps of the Southern Millimeter-wave Sky from Combined 2500 deg 2 SPT-SZ and Planck Temperature Data journal November 2018
Parametrizing the Reionization History with the Redshift Midpoint, Duration, and Asymmetry journal May 2018
Planck intermediate results: VI. The dynamical structure of PLCKG214.6+37.0, a Planck discovered triple system of galaxy clusters journal February 2013
Planck 2015 results : XIII. Cosmological parameters journal September 2016
Constraints from thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich cluster counts and power spectrum combined with CMB journal June 2018
Measurements of E-Mode Polarization and Temperature-E-Mode Correlation in the Cosmic Microwave Background from 100 Square Degrees of Sptpol data journal May 2015
Recent discoveries from the cosmic microwave background: a review of recent progress journal February 2018
Thermodynamic profiles of galaxy clusters from a joint X-ray/SZ analysis journal August 2018
Dark energy constraints from the thermal Sunyaev–Zeldovich power spectrum journal March 2018
Impact of the mean pressure profile of galaxy clusters on the cosmological constraints from the Planck tSZ power spectrum journal September 2019
The duration of reionization constrains the ionizing sources journal March 2018
Dark Energy Survey Year 1 results: Methodology and projections for joint analysis of galaxy clustering, galaxy lensing, and CMB lensing two-point functions journal January 2019
Novel Neutrino-Floor and Dark Matter Searches with Deformed Shell Model Calculations journal August 2018
The Simons Observatory: Science goals and forecasts text January 2019
A Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background B -mode Polarization Power Spectrum at Subdegree Scales from Two Years of polarbear Data journal October 2017
Mass Calibration of Optically Selected DES Clusters Using a Measurement of CMB-cluster Lensing with SPTpol Data journal February 2019
The Borg Cube Simulation: Cosmological Hydrodynamics with CRK-SPH journal May 2019
Suppressing the Thermal SZ-induced Variance in CMB-cluster Lensing Estimators journal December 2019
Planck intermediate results: XVII. Emission of dust in the diffuse interstellar medium from the far-infrared to microwave frequencies⋆ journal June 2014
Planck intermediate results : XXIV. Constraints on variations in fundamental constants⋆ journal July 2015
Planck 2015 results : VI. LFI mapmaking journal September 2016
Planck 2015 results : X. Diffuse component separation: Foreground maps journal September 2016
Planck intermediate results : XLVII. journal December 2016
COSMIC REIONIZATION AND EARLY STAR-FORMING GALAXIES: A JOINT ANALYSIS OF NEW CONSTRAINTS FROM PLANCK AND THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE journal April 2015
Planck 2015 results : XXVI. The Second journal September 2016
Planck 2015 results. XXII. A map of the thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect text January 2015
Planck 2015 results. XI. CMB power spectra, likelihoods, and robustness of parameters text January 2015
Dark Matter and Dark Energy Interactions: Theoretical Challenges, Cosmological Implications and Observational Signatures text January 2016
CMB Polarization B-mode Delensing with SPTpol and Herschel text January 2017
A Comparison of Cosmological Parameters Determined from CMB Temperature Power Spectra from the South Pole Telescope and the Planck Satellite text January 2017
Measurements of the Temperature and E-Mode Polarization of the CMB from 500 Square Degrees of SPTpol Data text January 2017
Constraints from thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich cluster counts and power spectrum combined with CMB text January 2017
Parametrizing the Reionization History with the Redshift Midpoint, Duration, and Asymmetry text January 2018
Novel neutrino-floor and dark matter searches with deformed shell model calculations text January 2018
The Simons Observatory: Science goals and forecasts text January 2018
Mass Calibration of Optically Selected DES clusters using a Measurement of CMB-Cluster Lensing with SPTpol Data text January 2018
The Escape Fraction of Ionizing Photons During the Epoch of Reionization: observability with the Square Kilometre Array text January 2019
A Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background Lensing Potential and Power Spectrum from 500 deg$^2$ of SPTpol Temperature and Polarization Data text January 2019
The impact of inhomogeneous subgrid clumping on cosmic reionization text January 2019
CMB foreground measurements through broad-band radio spectro-polarimetry: prospects of the SKA-MPG telescope text January 2019

Similar Records

A MEASUREMENT OF SECONDARY COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND ANISOTROPIES FROM THE 2500 SQUARE-DEGREE SPT-SZ SURVEY
Journal Article · Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 EST 2015 · The Astrophysical Journal (Online) · OSTI ID:22364338
+45 more
A measurement of secondary cosmic microwave background anisotropies from the 2500 square-degree SPT-SZ survey
Journal Article · Wed Jan 28 00:00:00 EST 2015 · The Astrophysical Journal (Online) · OSTI ID:22364338
+45 more
An Improved Measurement of the Secondary Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies from the SPT-SZ + SPTpol Surveys
Journal Article · Wed Feb 24 00:00:00 EST 2021 · The Astrophysical Journal (Online) · OSTI ID:22364338
+74 more

Related Subjects

79 ASTROPHYSICS
COSMOLOGY AND ASTRONOMY
ANISOTROPY
BACKGROUND RADIATION
CORRELATIONS
COSMOLOGY
FLUCTUATIONS
GHZ RANGE
INFRARED RADIATION
LIMITING VALUES
RELICT RADIATION
STARS
TELESCOPES
UNIVERSE