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Title: Water clouds in Y dwarfs and exoplanets

Abstract

The formation of clouds affects brown dwarf and planetary atmospheres of nearly all effective temperatures. Iron and silicate condense in L dwarf atmospheres and dissipate at the L/T transition. Minor species such as sulfides and salts condense in mid- to late T dwarfs. For brown dwarfs below T {sub eff} ∼ 450 K, water condenses in the upper atmosphere to form ice clouds. Currently, over a dozen objects in this temperature range have been discovered, and few previous theoretical studies have addressed the effect of water clouds on brown dwarf or exoplanetary spectra. Here we present a new grid of models that include the effect of water cloud opacity. We find that they become optically thick in objects below T {sub eff} ∼ 350-375 K. Unlike refractory cloud materials, water-ice particles are significantly nongray absorbers; they predominantly scatter at optical wavelengths through the J band and absorb in the infrared with prominent features, the strongest of which is at 2.8 μm. H{sub 2}O, NH{sub 3}, CH{sub 4}, and H{sub 2} CIA are dominant opacity sources; less abundant species may also be detectable, including the alkalis, H{sub 2}S, and PH{sub 3}. PH{sub 3}, which has been detected in Jupiter, is expectedmore » to have a strong signature in the mid-infrared at 4.3 μm in Y dwarfs around T {sub eff} = 450 K; if disequilibrium chemistry increases the abundance of PH{sub 3}, it may be detectable over a wider effective temperature range than models predict. We show results incorporating disequilibrium nitrogen and carbon chemistry and predict signatures of low gravity in planetary mass objects. Finally, we make predictions for the observability of Y dwarfs and planets with existing and future instruments, including the James Webb Space Telescope and Gemini Planet Imager.« less

Authors:
;  [1]; ; ;  [2];  [3];  [4]
  1. Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 (United States)
  2. NASA Ames Research Center, Naval Air Station, Moffett Field, Mountain View, CA 94035 (United States)
  3. Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 (United States)
  4. Washington University in St Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, St Louis, MO 63130 (United States)
Publication Date:
OSTI Identifier:
22356809
Resource Type:
Journal Article
Journal Name:
Astrophysical Journal
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 787; Journal Issue: 1; Other Information: Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); Journal ID: ISSN 0004-637X
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTROPHYSICS, COSMOLOGY AND ASTRONOMY; ABUNDANCE; AMMONIA; CARBON; DETECTION; GRAVITATION; HYDROGEN; HYDROGEN SULFIDES; IRON; MASS; METHANE; NITROGEN; OPACITY; PHOSPHORUS HYDRIDES; PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES; SATELLITE ATMOSPHERES; SILICATES; SPECTRA; STARS; TELESCOPES; WATER

Citation Formats

Morley, Caroline V., Fortney, Jonathan J., Marley, Mark S., Lupu, Roxana, Greene, Tom, Saumon, Didier, and Lodders, Katharina. Water clouds in Y dwarfs and exoplanets. United States: N. p., 2014. Web. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/787/1/78.
Morley, Caroline V., Fortney, Jonathan J., Marley, Mark S., Lupu, Roxana, Greene, Tom, Saumon, Didier, & Lodders, Katharina. Water clouds in Y dwarfs and exoplanets. United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/787/1/78
Morley, Caroline V., Fortney, Jonathan J., Marley, Mark S., Lupu, Roxana, Greene, Tom, Saumon, Didier, and Lodders, Katharina. 2014. "Water clouds in Y dwarfs and exoplanets". United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/787/1/78.
@article{osti_22356809,
title = {Water clouds in Y dwarfs and exoplanets},
author = {Morley, Caroline V. and Fortney, Jonathan J. and Marley, Mark S. and Lupu, Roxana and Greene, Tom and Saumon, Didier and Lodders, Katharina},
abstractNote = {The formation of clouds affects brown dwarf and planetary atmospheres of nearly all effective temperatures. Iron and silicate condense in L dwarf atmospheres and dissipate at the L/T transition. Minor species such as sulfides and salts condense in mid- to late T dwarfs. For brown dwarfs below T {sub eff} ∼ 450 K, water condenses in the upper atmosphere to form ice clouds. Currently, over a dozen objects in this temperature range have been discovered, and few previous theoretical studies have addressed the effect of water clouds on brown dwarf or exoplanetary spectra. Here we present a new grid of models that include the effect of water cloud opacity. We find that they become optically thick in objects below T {sub eff} ∼ 350-375 K. Unlike refractory cloud materials, water-ice particles are significantly nongray absorbers; they predominantly scatter at optical wavelengths through the J band and absorb in the infrared with prominent features, the strongest of which is at 2.8 μm. H{sub 2}O, NH{sub 3}, CH{sub 4}, and H{sub 2} CIA are dominant opacity sources; less abundant species may also be detectable, including the alkalis, H{sub 2}S, and PH{sub 3}. PH{sub 3}, which has been detected in Jupiter, is expected to have a strong signature in the mid-infrared at 4.3 μm in Y dwarfs around T {sub eff} = 450 K; if disequilibrium chemistry increases the abundance of PH{sub 3}, it may be detectable over a wider effective temperature range than models predict. We show results incorporating disequilibrium nitrogen and carbon chemistry and predict signatures of low gravity in planetary mass objects. Finally, we make predictions for the observability of Y dwarfs and planets with existing and future instruments, including the James Webb Space Telescope and Gemini Planet Imager.},
doi = {10.1088/0004-637X/787/1/78},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22356809}, journal = {Astrophysical Journal},
issn = {0004-637X},
number = 1,
volume = 787,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue May 20 00:00:00 EDT 2014},
month = {Tue May 20 00:00:00 EDT 2014}
}