Skin penetration and kinetics of pristine fullerenes (C{sub 60}) topically exposed in industrial organic solvents
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606 (United States)
Pristine fullerenes (C{sub 60}) in different solvents will be used in many industrial and pharmaceutical manufacturing and derivatizing processes. This report explores the impact of solvents on skin penetration of C{sub 60} from different types of industrial solvents (toluene, cyclohexane, chloroform and mineral oil). Yorkshire weanling pigs (n = 3) were topically dosed with 500 muL of 200 mug/mL C{sub 60} in a given solvent for 24 h and re-dosed daily for 4 days to simulate the worst scenario in occupational exposures. The dose sites were tape-stripped and skin biopsies were taken after 26 tape-strips for quantitative analysis. When dosed in toluene, cyclohexane or chloroform, pristine fullerenes penetrated deeply into the stratum corneum, the primary barrier of skin. More C{sub 60} was detected in the stratum corneum when dosed in chloroform compared to toluene or cyclohexane. Fullerenes were not detected in the skin when dosed in mineral oil. This is the first direct evidence of solvent effects on the skin penetration of pristine fullerenes. The penetration of C{sub 60} into the stratum corneum was verified using isolated stratum corneum in vitro; the solvent effects on the stratum corneum absorption of C{sub 60} were consistent with those observed in vivo. In vitro flow-through diffusion cell experiments were conducted in pig skin and fullerenes were not detected in the receptor solutions by 24 h. The limit of detection was 0.001 mug/mL of fullerenes in 2 mL of the receptor solutions.
- OSTI ID:
- 21344823
- Journal Information:
- Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Vol. 242, Issue 1; Other Information: DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.09.011; PII: S0041-008X(09)00403-7; Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, All rights reserved.; ISSN 0041-008X
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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ABSORPTION
BIOPSY
CHLOROFORM
CYCLOHEXANE
DOSES
DRUGS
FULLERENES
IN VITRO
IN VIVO
KINETICS
NANOSTRUCTURES
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
SKIN
SWINE
TOLUENE
ALKANES
ALKYLATED AROMATICS
ANIMALS
AROMATICS
BODY
CARBON
CHLORINATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
CYCLOALKANES
DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES
DOMESTIC ANIMALS
ELEMENTS
HALOGENATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
HYDROCARBONS
MAMMALS
NONAQUEOUS SOLVENTS
NONMETALS
ORGANIC CHLORINE COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC HALOGEN COMPOUNDS
ORGANS
SOLVENTS
SORPTION
VERTEBRATES