X-ray fluorescence measurements of dissolved gas and cavitation
Abstract
The dynamics of dissolved gas and cavitation are strongly coupled, yet these phenomena are difficult to measure in-situ. Both create voids in the fluid that can be difficult to distinguish. In this paper, we present an application of X-ray fluorescence in which liquid density and total noncondensible gas concentration (both dissolved and nucleated) are simultaneously measured. The liquid phase is doped with 400 ppm of a bromine tracer, and dissolved air is removed and substituted with krypton. Fluorescent emission at X-ray wavelengths is simultaneously excited from the Br and Kr with a focused monochromatic X-ray beam from a synchrotron source. We measure the flow in a cavitating nozzle 0.5 mm in diameter. From Br fluorescence, total displacement of the liquid is measured. From Kr fluorescence, the mass fraction of both dissolved and nucleated gas is measured. Volumetric displacement of liquid due to both cavitation and gas precipitation can be separated through estimation of the local equilibrium dissolved mass fraction. The uncertainty in the line of sight projected densities of the liquid and gas phases is 4–6 %. The high fluorescence yields and energies of Br and Kr allow small mass fractions of gas to be measured, down to 10-5, withmore »
- Authors:
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Vehicle Technologies Office (EE-3V)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1349057
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-06CH11357
- Resource Type:
- Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Experiments in Fluids
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 57; Journal Issue: 10; Journal ID: ISSN 0723-4864
- Publisher:
- Springer
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Citation Formats
Duke, Daniel J., Kastengren, Alan L., Swantek, Andrew B., Matusik, Katarzyna E, and Powell, Christopher F. X-ray fluorescence measurements of dissolved gas and cavitation. United States: N. p., 2016.
Web. doi:10.1007/s00348-016-2250-5.
Duke, Daniel J., Kastengren, Alan L., Swantek, Andrew B., Matusik, Katarzyna E, & Powell, Christopher F. X-ray fluorescence measurements of dissolved gas and cavitation. United States. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-016-2250-5
Duke, Daniel J., Kastengren, Alan L., Swantek, Andrew B., Matusik, Katarzyna E, and Powell, Christopher F. 2016.
"X-ray fluorescence measurements of dissolved gas and cavitation". United States. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-016-2250-5. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1349057.
@article{osti_1349057,
title = {X-ray fluorescence measurements of dissolved gas and cavitation},
author = {Duke, Daniel J. and Kastengren, Alan L. and Swantek, Andrew B. and Matusik, Katarzyna E and Powell, Christopher F.},
abstractNote = {The dynamics of dissolved gas and cavitation are strongly coupled, yet these phenomena are difficult to measure in-situ. Both create voids in the fluid that can be difficult to distinguish. In this paper, we present an application of X-ray fluorescence in which liquid density and total noncondensible gas concentration (both dissolved and nucleated) are simultaneously measured. The liquid phase is doped with 400 ppm of a bromine tracer, and dissolved air is removed and substituted with krypton. Fluorescent emission at X-ray wavelengths is simultaneously excited from the Br and Kr with a focused monochromatic X-ray beam from a synchrotron source. We measure the flow in a cavitating nozzle 0.5 mm in diameter. From Br fluorescence, total displacement of the liquid is measured. From Kr fluorescence, the mass fraction of both dissolved and nucleated gas is measured. Volumetric displacement of liquid due to both cavitation and gas precipitation can be separated through estimation of the local equilibrium dissolved mass fraction. The uncertainty in the line of sight projected densities of the liquid and gas phases is 4–6 %. The high fluorescence yields and energies of Br and Kr allow small mass fractions of gas to be measured, down to 10-5, with an uncertainty of 8 %. Finally, these quantitative measurements complement existing optical diagnostic techniques and provide new insight into the diffusion of gas into cavitation bubbles, which can increase their internal density, pressure and lifetimes by orders of magnitude.},
doi = {10.1007/s00348-016-2250-5},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1349057},
journal = {Experiments in Fluids},
issn = {0723-4864},
number = 10,
volume = 57,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Sep 28 00:00:00 EDT 2016},
month = {Wed Sep 28 00:00:00 EDT 2016}
}
Web of Science
Works referenced in this record:
Dissolved oxygen quantitation in fuel through measurements of dynamically quenched fluorescence lifetimes
conference, January 1995
- Gord, J. R.; Buckner, S. W.; Weaver, W. L.
- ICIASF '95 Record. International Congress on Instrumentation in Aerospace Simulation Facilities
Development of a real-size optical injector nozzle for studies of cavitation, spray formation and flash-boiling at conditions relevant to direct-injection spark-ignition engines
journal, October 2013
- Butcher, Adrian J.; Aleiferis, Pavlos G.; Richardson, Dave
- International Journal of Engine Research, Vol. 14, Issue 6
Dissolved gas and ultrasonic cavitation – A review
journal, January 2013
- Rooze, Joost; Rebrov, Evgeny V.; Schouten, Jaap C.
- Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, Vol. 20, Issue 1
Measurement of gas transfer across wind-forced wavy air–water interfaces using laser-induced fluorescence
journal, October 2007
- Walker, James W.; Peirson, William L.
- Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 44, Issue 2
Time-resolved two-dimensional X-ray densitometry of a two-phase flow downstream of a ventilated cavity
journal, June 2013
- Mäkiharju, Simo A.; Gabillet, Celine; Paik, Bu-Geun
- Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 54, Issue 7
Analytical Prediction of the exit flow of Cavitating Orifices
journal, January 1997
- Schmidt, David P.; Corradini, Michael L.
- Atomization and Sprays, Vol. 7, Issue 6
Characterization of scalar mixing in dense gaseous jets using X-ray computed tomography
journal, September 2015
- Dunnmon, Jared; Sobhani, Sadaf; Kim, Tae Wook
- Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 56, Issue 10
The effect of dissolve gas concentration in the initial growth stage of multi cavitation bubbles
journal, April 2008
- Yanagida, Hirotaka
- Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, Vol. 15, Issue 4
X-Ray Radiography Measurements of Cavitating Nozzle flow
journal, January 2013
- Duke, Daniel J.; Kastengren, Alan L.; Tilocco, F. Zak
- Atomization and Sprays, Vol. 23, Issue 9
Application of X-ray fluorescence to turbulent mixing
journal, July 2011
- Kastengren, Alan; Powell, Christopher F.; Dufresne, Eric M.
- Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, Vol. 18, Issue 5
Effects of Noncondensable gas on Cavitating Nozzles
journal, January 2015
- Battistoni, Michele; Duke, Daniel J.; Swantek, Andrew B.
- Atomization and Sprays, Vol. 25, Issue 6
Cavitation Inside High-Pressure Optically Transparent Fuel Injector Nozzles
journal, December 2015
- Falgout, Z.; Linne, M.
- Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 656
Recent Developments in X-ray Diagnostics for Cavitation
journal, April 2015
- Duke, Daniel; Swantek, Andrew; Kastengren, Alan
- SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants, Vol. 8, Issue 1
In situ soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy of flames
journal, June 2014
- Frank, Jonathan H.; Shavorskiy, Andrey; Bluhm, Hendrik
- Applied Physics B, Vol. 117, Issue 1
The Solubility of Helium, Neon, Argon and Krypton in Some Hydrocarbon Solvents
journal, August 1957
- Clever, H. Lawrence; Battino, Rubin; Saylor, J. H.
- The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 61, Issue 8
Quantitative measurement of binary liquid distributions using multiple-tracer x-ray fluorescence and radiography
journal, January 2015
- Halls, Benjamin R.; Meyer, Terrence R.; Kastengren, Alan L.
- Optics Express, Vol. 23, Issue 2
20-kHz-rate three-dimensional tomographic imaging of the concentration field in a turbulent jet
journal, January 2017
- Halls, Benjamin R.; Gord, James R.; Meyer, Terrence R.
- Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 36, Issue 3
Handbook of Practical X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis
book, June 2006
- Beckhoff, Burkhard; Kanngießer, habil. Birgit; Langhoff, Norbert
Scaling of Gas Diffusion Into Limited Partial Cavities
journal, January 2016
- Lee, In-ho; Mäkiharju, Simo A.; Ganesh, Harish
- Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 138, Issue 5
X-Ray Interactions: Photoabsorption, Scattering, Transmission, and Reflection at E = 50-30,000 eV, Z = 1-92
journal, July 1993
- Henke, B. L.; Gullikson, E. M.; Davis, J. C.
- Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, Vol. 54, Issue 2, p. 181-342
Cavitation in Two-Dimensional Asymmetric Nozzles
conference, March 1999
- Schmidt, David P.; Rutland, C. J.; Corradini, M. L.
- International Congress & Exposition, SAE Technical Paper Series
High-resolution large eddy simulations of cavitating gasoline–ethanol blends
journal, October 2013
- Duke, Daniel J.; Schmidt, David P.; Neroorkar, Kshitij
- International Journal of Engine Research, Vol. 14, Issue 6
On the Stability of Gas Bubbles in Liquid‐Gas Solutions
journal, November 1950
- Epstein, P. S.; Plesset, M. S.
- The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 11
The Solubility of Nitrogen and Air in Liquids
journal, April 1984
- Battino, Rubin; Rettich, Timothy R.; Tominaga, Toshihiro
- Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, Vol. 13, Issue 2
A Review, Bibliography, and Tabulation of K , L , and Higher Atomic Shell X‐Ray Fluorescence Yields
journal, March 1994
- Hubbell, J. H.; Trehan, P. N.; Singh, Nirmal
- Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, Vol. 23, Issue 2
Experimental Study of Cavitation in the Nozzle Hole of Diesel Injectors Using Transparent Nozzles
conference, February 1995
- Chaves, H.; Knapp, M.; Kubitzek, A.
- International Congress & Exposition, SAE Technical Paper Series
Optical measurements of gas bubbles in oil behind a cavitating micro-orifice flow
journal, May 2015
- Iben, Uwe; Wolf, Fabian; Freudigmann, Hans-Arndt
- Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 56, Issue 6
A benchmark experiment on gas cavitation
journal, July 2014
- Peters, Franz; Honza, Rene
- Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 55, Issue 8
Application of LIF to investigate gas transfer near the air-water interface in a grid-stirred tank
journal, May 2004
- Herlina, ; Jirka, G. H.
- Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 37, Issue 3, p. 341-349
Synchrotron X-ray techniques for fluid dynamics
journal, February 2014
- Kastengren, Alan; Powell, Christopher F.
- Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 55, Issue 3
Reevaluation of X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels
journal, January 1967
- Bearden, J. A.; Burr, A. F.
- Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 39, Issue 1
Visualization of gas–liquid mass transfer and wake structure of rising bubbles using pH-sensitive PLIF
journal, March 2009
- Stöhr, M.; Schanze, J.; Khalili, A.
- Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 47, Issue 1
Investigation of cavitation in real size diesel injection nozzles
journal, October 1999
- Badock, C.; Wirth, R.; Fath, A.
- International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol. 20, Issue 5
Air release measurements of V-oil 1404 downstream of a micro orifice at choked flow conditions
journal, December 2015
- Freudigmann, H-A; Iben, U.; Pelz, P. F.
- Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 656
Corrections for matrix effects in X-ray fluorescence analysis—A tutorial
journal, July 2006
- Rousseau, Richard M.
- Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol. 61, Issue 7
A molecular simulation study on gas diffusion in a dense poly(ether–ether–ketone) membrane
journal, January 2001
- Tocci, E.; Hofmann, D.; Paul, D.
- Polymer, Vol. 42, Issue 2
Empirical dead-time corrections for energy-resolving detectors at synchrotron sources
journal, September 2011
- Walko, D. A.; Arms, D. A.; Miceli, A.
- Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 649, Issue 1
The internal flow of diesel fuel injector nozzles: A review
journal, February 2001
- Schmidt, D. P.; Corradini, M. L.
- International Journal of Engine Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1
Temporally and Spatially Resolved x-ray Fluorescence Measurements of in-situ Drug Concentration in Metered-Dose Inhaler Sprays
journal, November 2015
- Duke, Daniel J.; Kastengren, Alan L.; Mason-Smith, Nicholas
- Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 33, Issue 4
X-ray Diagnostics for Cavitating Nozzle Flow
journal, December 2015
- Duke, Daniel J.; Swantek, Andrew B.; Kastengren, Alan L.
- Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 656
Magnetic resonance imaging of velocity fields, the void fraction and gas dynamics in a cavitating liquid
journal, October 2011
- Mastikhin, Igor V.; Arbabi, Aidin; Newling, Benedict
- Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 52, Issue 1
Spray measurement technology: a review
journal, December 2014
- Fansler, Todd D.; Parrish, Scott E.
- Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 26, Issue 1
Effect of dissolved gases in water on acoustic cavitation and bubble growth rate in 0.83MHz megasonic of interest to wafer cleaning
journal, July 2014
- Kang, Bong-Kyun; Kim, Min-Su; Park, Jin-Goo
- Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, Vol. 21, Issue 4
The 7BM beamline at the APS: a facility for time-resolved fluid dynamics measurements
journal, May 2012
- Kastengren, Alan; Powell, Christopher F.; Arms, Dohn
- Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, Vol. 19, Issue 4
X-ray Imaging of Cavitation in Diesel Injectors
journal, April 2014
- Duke, Daniel; Swantek, Andrew; Tilocco, Zak
- SAE International Journal of Engines, Vol. 7, Issue 2
Cavitation in Real-Size Multi-Hole Diesel Injector Nozzles
conference, March 2000
- Arcoumanis, C.; Flora, H.; Gavaises, M.
- SAE 2000 World Congress, SAE Technical Paper Series
Production of gas bubbles in fluids by tribonucleation
journal, April 1970
- Ikels, Kenneth G.
- Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 28, Issue 4
On the stability of gas bubbles in liquid-gas solutions
journal, January 1982
- Plesset, Milton S.; Sadhal, Satwindar S.
- Applied Scientific Research, Vol. 38, Issue 1
Works referencing / citing this record:
An experimental study on the cavitation of water with dissolved gases
journal, November 2017
- Li, Buxuan; Gu, Youwei; Chen, Min
- Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 58, Issue 12
High-speed x-ray CT imaging of a strongly cavitating nozzle flow
journal, July 2018
- Bauer, D.; Barthel, F.; Hampel, U.
- Journal of Physics Communications, Vol. 2, Issue 7