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Title: Energy breakdown in capacitive deionization

Abstract

We explored the energy loss mechanisms in capacitive deionization (CDI). We hypothesize that resistive and parasitic losses are two main sources of energy losses. We measured contribution from each loss mechanism in water desalination with constant current (CC) charge/discharge cycling. Resistive energy loss is expected to dominate in high current charging cases, as it increases approximately linearly with current for fixed charge transfer (resistive power loss scales as square of current and charging time scales as inverse of current). On the other hand, parasitic loss is dominant in low current cases, as the electrodes spend more time at higher voltages. We built a CDI cell with five electrode pairs and standard flow between architecture. We performed a series of experiments with various cycling currents and cut-off voltages (voltage at which current is reversed) and studied these energy losses. To this end, we measured series resistance of the cell (contact resistances, resistance of wires, and resistance of solution in spacers) during charging and discharging from voltage response of a small amplitude AC current signal added to the underlying cycling current. We performed a separate set of experiments to quantify parasitic (or leakage) current of the cell versus cell voltage. We thenmore » used these data to estimate parasitic losses under the assumption that leakage current is primarily voltage (and not current) dependent. Our results confirmed that resistive and parasitic losses respectively dominate in the limit of high and low currents. We also measured salt adsorption and report energy-normalized adsorbed salt (ENAS, energy loss per ion removed) and average salt adsorption rate (ASAR). As a result, we show a clear tradeoff between ASAR and ENAS and show that balancing these losses leads to optimal energy efficiency.« less

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1];  [1];  [2];  [1]
  1. Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States)
  2. Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE
OSTI Identifier:
1331457
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1397369
Report Number(s):
LLNL-JRNL-694923
Journal ID: ISSN 0043-1354
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC52-07NA27344; 15-ERD-068
Resource Type:
Journal Article: Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Water Research
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 104; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0043-1354
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; capacitive deionization; water desalination; energy consumption; porous carbon electrodes; performance optimization

Citation Formats

Hemmatifar, Ali, Palko, James W., Stadermann, Michael, and Santiago, Juan G. Energy breakdown in capacitive deionization. United States: N. p., 2016. Web. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.020.
Hemmatifar, Ali, Palko, James W., Stadermann, Michael, & Santiago, Juan G. Energy breakdown in capacitive deionization. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.020
Hemmatifar, Ali, Palko, James W., Stadermann, Michael, and Santiago, Juan G. 2016. "Energy breakdown in capacitive deionization". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.020. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1331457.
@article{osti_1331457,
title = {Energy breakdown in capacitive deionization},
author = {Hemmatifar, Ali and Palko, James W. and Stadermann, Michael and Santiago, Juan G.},
abstractNote = {We explored the energy loss mechanisms in capacitive deionization (CDI). We hypothesize that resistive and parasitic losses are two main sources of energy losses. We measured contribution from each loss mechanism in water desalination with constant current (CC) charge/discharge cycling. Resistive energy loss is expected to dominate in high current charging cases, as it increases approximately linearly with current for fixed charge transfer (resistive power loss scales as square of current and charging time scales as inverse of current). On the other hand, parasitic loss is dominant in low current cases, as the electrodes spend more time at higher voltages. We built a CDI cell with five electrode pairs and standard flow between architecture. We performed a series of experiments with various cycling currents and cut-off voltages (voltage at which current is reversed) and studied these energy losses. To this end, we measured series resistance of the cell (contact resistances, resistance of wires, and resistance of solution in spacers) during charging and discharging from voltage response of a small amplitude AC current signal added to the underlying cycling current. We performed a separate set of experiments to quantify parasitic (or leakage) current of the cell versus cell voltage. We then used these data to estimate parasitic losses under the assumption that leakage current is primarily voltage (and not current) dependent. Our results confirmed that resistive and parasitic losses respectively dominate in the limit of high and low currents. We also measured salt adsorption and report energy-normalized adsorbed salt (ENAS, energy loss per ion removed) and average salt adsorption rate (ASAR). As a result, we show a clear tradeoff between ASAR and ENAS and show that balancing these losses leads to optimal energy efficiency.},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.020},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1331457}, journal = {Water Research},
issn = {0043-1354},
number = C,
volume = 104,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Aug 12 00:00:00 EDT 2016},
month = {Fri Aug 12 00:00:00 EDT 2016}
}

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Cited by: 94 works
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Works referenced in this record:

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journal, January 2015


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