Greening of the Earth and its drivers

Zhu, Zaichun; Piao, Shilong; Myneni, Ranga B.; Huang, Mengtian; Zeng, Zhenzhong; Canadell, Josep G.; Ciais, Philippe; Sitch, Stephen; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Arneth, Almut; Cao, Chunxiang; Cheng, Lei; Kato, Etsushi; Koven, Charles; Li, Yue; Lian, Xu; Liu, Yongwen; Liu, Ronggao; Mao, Jiafu; Pan, Yaozhong; Peng, Shushi; Peñuelas, Josep; Poulter, Benjamin; Pugh, Thomas A. M.; Stocker, Benjamin D.; Viovy, Nicolas; Wang, Xuhui; Wang, Yingping; Xiao, Zhiqiang; Yang, Hui; Zaehle, Sonke; Zeng, Ning

doi:10.1038/nclimate3004

Title: Greening of the Earth and its drivers

Journal Article · Mon Apr 25 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Nature Climate Change

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3004· OSTI ID:1328357

Zhu, Zaichun ^[1]; Piao, Shilong ^[1]; Myneni, Ranga B. ^[2]; Huang, Mengtian ^[3]; Zeng, Zhenzhong ^[3];

^[4]; Ciais, Philippe ^[5]; Sitch, Stephen ^[6];

^[6]; Arneth, Almut ^[7]; Cao, Chunxiang ^[8]; Cheng, Lei ^[9];

^[10];

^[11]; Li, Yue ^[3]; Lian, Xu ^[3]; Liu, Yongwen ^[3]; Liu, Ronggao ^[8]; Mao, Jiafu ^[12]; Pan, Yaozhong ^[13] more »

Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing (China); Peking Univ., Beijing (China)
Boston Univ., Boston, MA (United States)
Peking Univ., Beijing (China)
CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra Australian Capital Territory (Australia)
Peking Univ., Beijing (China); Lab. des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif Sur Yvette (France)
Univ. of Exeter, Exeter (United Kingdom)
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany)
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing (China)
CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra (Australia)
Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Tokyo (Japan)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Beijing Normal Univ., Beijing (China)
CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB, Catalonia (Spain); CREAF, Catalonia (Spain)
Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT (United States)
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany); Univ. of Birmingham, Birmingham (United Kingdom)
Imperial College London, Ascot (United Kingdom); Univ. of Bern, Bern (Switzerland)
Lab. des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif Sur Yvette (France)
CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, VIC (Australia)
Max-Planck-Institut fur Biogeochemie, Jena (Germany)
Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)

Global environmental change is rapidly altering the dynamics of terrestrial vegetation, with consequences for the functioning of the Earth system and provision of ecosystem services^{1, 2}. Yet how global vegetation is responding to the changing environment is not well established. Here we use three long-term satellite leaf area index (LAI) records and ten global ecosystem models to investigate four key drivers of LAI trends during 1982 2009. We show a persistent and widespread increase of growing season integrated LAI (greening) over 25% to 50% of the global vegetated area, whereas less than 4% of the globe shows decreasing LAI (browning). Factorial simulations with multiple global ecosystem models suggest that CO₂ fertilization effects explain 70% of the observed greening trend, followed by nitrogen deposition (9%), climate change (8%) and land cover change (LCC) (4%). CO₂ fertilization effects explain most of the greening trends in the tropics, whereas climate change resulted in greening of the high latitudes and the Tibetan Plateau. LCC contributed most to the regional greening observed in southeast China and the eastern United States. In conclusion, the regional effects of unexplained factors suggest that the next generation of ecosystem models will need to explore the impacts of forest demography, differences in regional management intensities for cropland and pastures, and other emerging productivity constraints such as phosphorus availability.

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Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; AC02-05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1328357

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1439992

Journal Information:: Nature Climate Change, Vol. 6, Issue 8; ISSN 1758-678X

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 1406 works

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Triggers of tree mortality under drought Choat, Brendan; Brodribb, Timothy J.; Brodersen, Craig R. Nature, Vol. 558, Issue 7711 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0240-x	journal	June 2018
Elevated CO ₂ did not affect the hydrological balance of a mature native Eucalyptus woodland Gimeno, Teresa E.; McVicar, Tim R.; O'Grady, Anthony P. Global Change Biology, Vol. 24, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14139	journal	April 2018
Acceleration of global vegetation greenup from combined effects of climate change and human land management Wang, Lanhui; Tian, Feng; Wang, Yuhang Global Change Biology, Vol. 24, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14369	journal	July 2018
Increased Vegetation Greenness Aggravates Water Conflicts during Lasting and Intensifying Drought in the Poyang Lake Watershed, China Tang, Lin-Ling; Cai, Xiao-Bin; Gong, Wei-Shu Forests, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/f9010024	journal	January 2018
A Critical Comparison of Remote Sensing Leaf Area Index Estimates over Rice-Cultivated Areas: From Sentinel-2 and Landsat-7/8 to MODIS, GEOV1 and EUMETSAT Polar System Campos-Taberner, Manuel; García-Haro, Francisco; Busetto, Lorenzo Remote Sensing, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10050763	journal	May 2018
Time Series of Landsat Imagery Shows Vegetation Recovery in Two Fragile Karst Watersheds in Southwest China from 1988 to 2016 Pei, Jie; Wang, Li; Wang, Xiaoyue Remote Sensing, Vol. 11, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11172044	journal	August 2019
Climatic Drivers of Greening Trends in the Alps Filippa, Gianluca; Cremonese, Edoardo; Galvagno, Marta Remote Sensing, Vol. 11, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11212527	journal	October 2019
An Overview of Global Leaf Area Index (LAI): Methods, Products, Validation, and Applications Fang, Hongliang; Baret, Frédéric; Plummer, Stephen Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-182535	text	January 2019
Changes in the aerosol direct radiative forcing from 2001 to 2015: observational constraints and regional mechanisms Paulot, Fabien; Paynter, David; Ginoux, Paul Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-13265-2018	journal	January 2018
Sensitivity of Stomatal Conductance to Soil Moisture: Implications for Tropospheric Ozone Anav, Alessandro; Proietti, Chiara; Menut, Laurent Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2017-1057	journal	November 2017
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Increased vegetation growth and carbon stock in China karst via ecological engineering Tong, Xiaowei; Brandt, Martin; Yue, Yuemin Nature Sustainability, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-017-0004-x	journal	January 2018
Changes in NDVI and human population in protected areas on the Tibetan Plateau Gillespie, Thomas W.; Madson, Austin; Cusack, Conor F. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, Vol. 51, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2019.1650541	journal	January 2019
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Coupling between the terrestrial carbon and water cycles—a review Gentine, Pierre; Green, Julia K.; Guérin, Marceau Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab22d6	journal	July 2019
Higher than expected CO ₂ fertilization inferred from leaf to global observations Haverd, Vanessa; Smith, Benjamin; Canadell, Josep G. Global Change Biology, Vol. 26, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14950	journal	February 2020
Sustainability of Forest Cover under Climate Change on the Temperate-Continental Xeric Limits Mátyás, Csaba; Berki, Imre; Bidló, András Forests, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/f9080489	journal	August 2018
Patterns of Arctic Tundra Greenness Based on Spatially Downscaled Solar-Induced Fluorescence Fu, Dongjie; Su, Fenzhen; Wang, Juan Remote Sensing, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121460	journal	June 2019
Observational Quantification of Climatic and Human Influences on Vegetation Greening in China Hua, Wenjian; Chen, Haishan; Zhou, Liming Remote Sensing, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9050425	journal	April 2017
Changes in Vegetation Greenness in the Upper and Middle Reaches of the Yellow River Basin over 2000–2015 Wang, Wei; Sun, Lin; Luo, Yi Sustainability, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.3390/su11072176	journal	April 2019
Effect of climate warming on the annual terrestrial net ecosystem CO2 exchange globally in the boreal and temperate regions Zhang, Zhiyuan; Zhang, Renduo; Cescatti, Alessandro ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000238784	text	January 2017
Importance of dry deposition parameterization choice in global simulations of surface ozone Wong, Anthony Y. H.; Geddes, Jeffrey A.; Tai, Amos P. K. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14365-2019	journal	January 2019
Evaluating the Interplay Between Biophysical Processes and Leaf Area Changes in Land Surface Models Forzieri, Giovanni; Duveiller, Gregory; Georgievski, Goran Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/2018ms001284	journal	May 2018
Author Correction: Long-term carbon sink in Borneo’s forests halted by drought and vulnerable to edge effects Qie, Lan; Lewis, Simon L.; Sullivan, Martin J. P. Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-02920-x	journal	January 2018
Vegetation changes and land surface feedbacks drive shifts in local temperatures over Central Asia Yuan, Xiuliang; Wang, Wenfeng; Cui, Junjie Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03432-2	journal	June 2017
Separating Vegetation Greening and Climate Change Controls on Evapotranspiration trend over the Loess Plateau Jin, Zhao; Liang, Wei; Yang, Yuting Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08477-x	journal	August 2017
Impact of deforestation and climate on the Amazon Basin’s above-ground biomass during 1993–2012 Exbrayat, Jean-François; Liu, Yi Y.; Williams, Mathew Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15788-6	journal	November 2017
Agricultural productivity in relation to climate and cropland management in West Africa Mechiche-Alami, Altaaf; Abdi, Abdulhakim M. Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59943-y	journal	February 2020
An Extended Global Earth System Data Record on Daily Landscape Freeze-Thaw Status Determined from Satellite Passive Microwave Remote Sensing Kim, Youngwook; Kimball, John S.; Glassy, Joseph Earth System Science Data Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2016-27	journal	July 2016
Analysis and prediction of vegetation dynamics under the background of climate change in Xinjiang, China Zhuang, Qingwei; Wu, Shixin; Feng, Xiaoyu PeerJ, Vol. 8 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8282	journal	January 2020

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