Activating and optimizing MoS2 basal planes for hydrogen evolution through the formation of strained sulphur vacancies

Li, Hong; Tsai, Charlie; Koh, Ai Leen; Cai, Lili; Contryman, Alex W.; Fragapane, Alex H.; Zhao, Jiheng; Han, Hyun Soon; Manoharan, Hari C.; Abild-Pedersen, Frank; Nørskov, Jens K.; Zheng, Xiaolin

doi:10.1038/NMAT4465

Title: Activating and optimizing MoS₂ basal planes for hydrogen evolution through the formation of strained sulphur vacancies

Journal Article · Mon Nov 09 00:00:00 EST 2015 · Nature Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/NMAT4465· OSTI ID:1257223

Li, Hong ^[1];

^[2]; Koh, Ai Leen ^[1]; Cai, Lili ^[1]; Contryman, Alex W. ^[3]; Fragapane, Alex H. ^[3]; Zhao, Jiheng ^[1]; Han, Hyun Soon ^[1]; Manoharan, Hari C. ^[3]; Abild-Pedersen, Frank ^[4]; Nørskov, Jens K. ^[2]; Zheng, Xiaolin ^[1]

Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States)
Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States); Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States)
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)

As a promising non-precious catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction, molybdenum disulphide (MoS₂) is known to contain active edge sites and an inert basal plane. Activating the MoS₂ basal plane could further enhance its HER activity but is not often a strategy for doing so. Herein, we report the first activation and optimization of the basal plane of monolayer 2H-MoS₂ for HER by introducing sulphur (S) vacancies and strain. Our theoretical and experimental results show that the S-vacancies are new catalytic sites in the basal plane, where gap states around the Fermi level allow hydrogen to bind directly to exposed Mo atoms. The hydrogen adsorption free energy (ΔG_H) can be further manipulated by straining the surface with S-vacancies, which fine-tunes the catalytic activity. Furthermore, proper combinations of S-vacancy and strain yield the optimal ΔG_H = 0 eV, which allows us to achieve the highest intrinsic HER activity among molybdenum-sulphide-based catalysts.

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Research Organization:: Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Center on Nanostructuring for Efficient Energy Conversion (CNEEC); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515

OSTI ID:: 1257223

Journal Information:: Nature Materials, Vol. 15, Issue 1; ISSN 1476-1122

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 4 works

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A computational study on Pt and Ru dimers supported on graphene for the hydrogen evolution reaction: new insight into the alkaline mechanism Liu, Xin; Jiao, Yan; Zheng, Yao Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta11626a	journal	January 2019
Active site manipulation in MoS ₂ cluster electrocatalysts by transition metal doping Humphrey, Jo J. L.; Kronberg, Rasmus; Cai, Rongsheng Nanoscale, Vol. 12, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr10702a	journal	January 2020
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NO reduction over an Al-embedded MoS ₂ monolayer: a first-principles study Esrafili, Mehdi D.; Heydari, Safa RSC Advances, Vol. 9, Issue 67 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05759e	journal	January 2019
Strain engineering in functional 2-dimensional materials Sun, Yufei; Liu, Kai Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 125, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5053795	journal	February 2019
The development of 2D materials for electrochemical energy applications: A mechanistic approach Hynek, David J.; Pondick, Joshua V.; Cha, Judy J. APL Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5085187	journal	March 2019
Forces and electronic transport in a contact formed by a graphene tip and a defective MoS ₂ monolayer: a theoretical study di Felice, D.; Dappe, Y. J.; González, C. Nanotechnology, Vol. 29, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aab5fc	journal	April 2018
Synergetic photocatalytic effect between 1 T@2H-MoS ₂ and plasmon resonance induced by Ag quantum dots Liu, Haiyang; Wu, Rong; Tian, Lie Nanotechnology, Vol. 29, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aabf56	journal	May 2018
Strain-Enhanced $p$ Doping in Monolayer ${MoS}_{2}$ Choi, Minseok Physical Review Applied, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevapplied.9.024009	journal	February 2018
Combining theory and experiment in electrocatalysis: Insights into materials design Seh, Zhi Wei; Kibsgaard, Jakob; Dickens, Colin F. Science, Vol. 355, Issue 6321 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad4998	journal	January 2017
Synthesis of Z-scheme Mn-CdS/MoS ₂ /TiO ₂ ternary photocatalysts for high-efficiency sunlight-driven photocatalysis Feng, Hui; Zhou, Wenhua; Zhang, Xiangyang Advanced Composites Letters, Vol. 28 https://doi.org/10.1177/2633366x19895020	journal	January 2019
Earth-Abundant Electrocatalysts in Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzers Sun, Xinwei; Xu, Kaiqi; Fleischer, Christian Catalysts, Vol. 8, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8120657	journal	December 2018
Self-Assembled Monolayers of Molybdenum Sulfide Clusters on Au Electrode as Hydrogen Evolution Catalyst for Solar Water Splitting Spring, Stephanie; Shinde, Pravin S.; Fontenot, Patricia R. Inorganics, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7060079	journal	June 2019
A Highly Sensitive Nonenzymatic Glucose Biosensor Based on the Regulatory Effect of Glucose on Electrochemical Behaviors of Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles on MoS2 Anderson, Kash; Poulter, Benjamin; Dudgeon, John Sensors, Vol. 17, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/s17081807	journal	August 2017
Sensing behavior of flower-shaped MoS 2 nanoflakes: case study with methanol and xylene Barzegar, Maryam; Berahman, Masoud; Iraji zad, Azam Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, Vol. 9 https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.57	journal	January 2018
MoS _x @NiO Composite Nanostructures: An Advanced Nonprecious Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media Ibupoto, Zafar Hussain; Tahira, Aneela; Tang, PengYi Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201807562	journal	January 2019
Synergistic Phase and Disorder Engineering in 1T-MoSe ₂ Nanosheets for Enhanced Hydrogen-Evolution Reaction Yin, Ying; Zhang, Yumin; Gao, Tangling Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201700311	journal	May 2017
Well‐Dispersed Nickel‐ and Zinc‐Tailored Electronic Structure of a Transition Metal Oxide for Highly Active Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Ling, Tao; Zhang, Tong; Ge, Binghui Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201807771	journal	February 2019
Discovery of Superconductivity in 2M WS 2 with Possible Topological Surface States Fang, Yuqiang; Pan, Jie; Zhang, Dongqin Advanced Materials https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901942	journal	June 2019
Colloidal Synthesis of Mo-Ni Alloy Nanoparticles as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Efficient Overall Water Splitting Zhang, Taotao; Liu, Xiaowang; Cui, Xin Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 5, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201800359	journal	May 2018
Transition Metal-Doped Edge-Terminated MoS ₂ Superstructures as Efficient Catalysts for H ₂ Production Ding, Jiabao; Shao, Qi; Bai, Shuxing Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 5, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201801370	journal	October 2018
Recent Progress on Layered Double Hydroxides and Their Derivatives for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting Wang, Yanyong; Yan, Dafeng; El Hankari, Samir Advanced Science, Vol. 5, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201800064	journal	May 2018
Reversing Interfacial Catalysis of Ambipolar WSe ₂ Single Crystal Wang, Zegao; Wu, Hong‐Hui; Li, Qiang Advanced Science, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201901382	journal	December 2019
Atomically Dispersed Mo Supported on Metallic Co ₉ S ₈ Nanoflakes as an Advanced Noble‐Metal‐Free Bifunctional Water Splitting Catalyst Working in Universal pH Conditions Wang, Ligang; Duan, Xinxuan; Liu, Xijun Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201903137	journal	December 2019
Rational Control of the Selectivity of a Ruthenium Catalyst for Hydrogenation of 4-Nitrostyrene by Strain Regulation Mao, Junjie; Chen, Wenxing; Sun, Wenming Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 129, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201706645	journal	August 2017
Simultaneous Manipulation of O‐Doping and Metal Vacancy in Atomically Thin Zn ₁₀ In ₁₆ S ₃₄ Nanosheet Arrays toward Improved Photoelectrochemical Performance Meng, Linxing; Rao, Dewei; Tian, Wei Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 130, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201811632	journal	December 2018
Intercalated Iridium Diselenide Electrocatalysts for Efficient pH‐Universal Water Splitting Zheng, Tingting; Shang, Chunyan; He, Zhihai Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 131, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201909369	journal	September 2019
High‐Resolution Electrochemical Mapping of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenide Nanosheets Takahashi, Yasufumi; Kobayashi, Yu; Wang, Ziqian Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 59, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201912863	journal	January 2020
Ultrafine Ruthenium Oxide Nanoparticles Supported on Molybdenum Oxide Nanosheets as Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution in Acidic Medium Sadhanala, Hari Krishna; Harika, Villa Krishna; Penki, Tirupathi Rao ChemCatChem, Vol. 11, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201801990	journal	February 2019
The Holy Grail in Platinum‐Free Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution: Molybdenum‐Based Catalysts and Recent Advances Zhuang, Zechao; Huang, Jiazhao; Li, Yong ChemElectroChem, Vol. 6, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201900143	journal	June 2019
Enhanced 1T′-Phase Stabilization and Chemical Reactivity in a MoTe ₂ Monolayer through Contact with a 2D Ca ₂ N Electride Tang, Qing ChemPhysChem, Vol. 20, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201801047	journal	January 2019
Effects of Precursor Concentration on Dimensional Size, Defect State, and Gas Sensing Performance of MoS ₂ Sheets Synthesized by Hydrothermal Method Lee, Chang Min; Park, Geun Chul; Ahn, Cheol Hyoun physica status solidi (a), Vol. 215, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201800079	journal	July 2018
Synergetic Exfoliation and Lateral Size Engineering of MoS ₂ for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation Yin, Lisha; Hai, Xiao; Chang, Kun Small, Vol. 14, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201704153	journal	March 2018
Prereduction of Metal Oxides via Carbon Plasma Treatment for Efficient and Stable Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Zhang, Yongqi; Ouyang, Bo; Xu, Kun Small, Vol. 14, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201800340	journal	April 2018
Sulfur-Deficient Bismuth Sulfide/Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanofibers as Advanced Free-Standing Electrode for Asymmetric Supercapacitors Zong, Wei; Lai, Feili; He, Guanjie Small, Vol. 14, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201801562	journal	July 2018
Edge-Terminated MoS ₂ Nanoassembled Electrocatalyst via In Situ Hybridization with 3D Carbon Network Chung, Dong Young; Yoo, Ji Mun; Park, Subin Small, Vol. 14, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201802191	journal	August 2018
Conductive Molybdenum Sulfide for Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Gao, Xueqing; Qi, Jing; Wan, Shanhong Small, Vol. 14, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201803361	journal	October 2018
Unveiling the Interfacial Effects for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on MoS ₂ /WTe ₂ Hybrid Structures Zhou, Yu; Pondick, Joshua V.; Silva, Jose Luis Small, Vol. 15, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201900078	journal	April 2019
Superior Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Performance in 2H‐MoS ₂ to that of 1T Phase Zhang, Wencui; Liao, Xiaobin; Pan, Xuelei Small, Vol. 15, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201900964	journal	June 2019
Rational Design of Transition Metal-Based Materials for Highly Efficient Electrocatalysis Dou, Shuo; Wang, Xin; Wang, Shuangyin Small Methods, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/smtd.201800211	journal	September 2018
Earth Abundant Electrocatalyst Majhi, Kartick Chandra; Karfa, Paramita; Madhuri, Rashmi Methods for Electrocatalysis: Advanced Materials and Allied Applications, p. 1-28 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27161-9_1	book	January 2020
State-of-the-Art Advances and Perspectives for Electrocatalysis Ramohlola, Kabelo E.; Hato, Mpitloane J.; Monama, Gobeng R. Methods for Electrocatalysis: Advanced Materials and Allied Applications, p. 311-352 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27161-9_13	book	January 2020
Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: An Overview Liang, Tao; Cai, Yu; Chen, Hongzheng Two Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9045-6_1	book	January 2019
Defect engineering of molybdenum disulfide through ion irradiation to boost hydrogen evolution reaction performance Sun, Cheng; Wang, Peipei; Wang, Hao Nano Research, Vol. 12, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-019-2400-1	journal	April 2019
Efficient Mechanochemical Preparation of Graphene-Like Molybdenum Disulfide and Graphene-Based Composite Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Posudievsky, Oleg Yu.; Kozarenko, Olga A.; Dyadyun, Vyacheslav S. Electrocatalysis, Vol. 10, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12678-019-00532-7	journal	April 2019
Engineering surface atomic structure of single-crystal cobalt (II) oxide nanorods for superior electrocatalysis Ling, Tao; Yan, Dong-Yang; Jiao, Yan Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12876	journal	September 2016
Erratum: Corrigendum: Activating and optimizing MoS2 basal planes for hydrogen evolution through the formation of strained sulphur vacancies Li, Hong; Tsai, Charlie; Koh, Ai Leen Nature Materials, Vol. 15, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4564	journal	February 2016
Degradation behaviors and mechanisms of MoS2 crystals relevant to bioabsorbable electronics Chen, Xiang; Shinde, Sachin M.; Dhakal, Krishna P. NPG Asia Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41427-018-0078-6	journal	August 2018
Defect-enriched iron fluoride-oxide nanoporous thin films bifunctional catalyst for water splitting Fan, Xiujun; Liu, Yuanyue; Chen, Shuai Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04248-y	journal	May 2018
Boundary activated hydrogen evolution reaction on monolayer MoS2 Zhu, Jianqi; Wang, Zhi-Chang; Dai, Huijia Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09269-9	journal	March 2019
Hydrogen to the rescue Nature Materials, Vol. 17, Issue 7, p. 565-565 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-018-0129-y	journal	June 2018
Ultrahigh-current-density niobium disulfide catalysts for hydrogen evolution Yang, Jieun; Mohmad, Abdul Rahman; Wang, Yan Nature Materials, Vol. 18, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-019-0463-8	journal	August 2019
Lithiation-induced amorphization of Pd3P2S8 for highly efficient hydrogen evolution Zhang, Xiao; Luo, Zhimin; Yu, Peng Nature Catalysis, Vol. 1, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-018-0072-y	journal	May 2018
Atomic-layer soft plasma etching of MoS2 Xiao, Shaoqing; Xiao, Peng; Zhang, Xuecheng Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19945	journal	January 2016
One-Step Hydrothermal Fabrication of Three-dimensional MoS2 Nanoflower using Polypyrrole as Template for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Lu, Xin; Lin, Yingwu; Dong, Haifeng Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep42309	journal	February 2017
Metal-free carbonaceous electrocatalysts and photocatalysts for water splitting Xu, You; Kraft, Markus; Xu, Rong Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 45, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c5cs00729a	journal	January 2016
Preferential horizontal growth of tungsten sulfide on carbon and insight into active sulfur sites for the hydrogen evolution reaction Seo, Bora; Jung, Gwan Yeong; Kim, Jae Hyung Nanoscale, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7nr08161h	journal	January 2018
Magnetism in monolayer 1T-MoS ₂ and 1T-MoS ₂ H tuned by strain Xu, Wei; Yan, Shiming; Qiao, Wen RSC Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra10304b	journal	January 2018
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Electronic-dimensionality reduction of bulk MoS ₂ by hydrogen treatment Cho, Soohyun; Kim, Beom Seo; Kim, Beomyoung Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp02365d	journal	January 2018
Rapid flame doping of Co to WS ₂ for efficient hydrogen evolution Shi, Xinjian; Fields, Meredith; Park, Joonsuk Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 11, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ee01111g	journal	January 2018
Highly active single-layer MoS ₂ catalysts synthesized by swift heavy ion irradiation Madauß, Lukas; Zegkinoglou, Ioannis; Vázquez Muiños, Henrique Nanoscale, Vol. 10, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr04696d	journal	January 2018
Influence of the support on stabilizing local defects in strained monolayer oxide films Wang, Shuqiu; Hu, Xiao; Goniakowski, Jacek Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr08606k	journal	January 2019
Synthesis of dense MoS ₂ nanosheet layers on hollow carbon spheres and their applications in supercapacitors and the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction Liu, Weiwei; Zhu, Menghua; Liu, Jinghua Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 5, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8qi00562a	journal	January 2018
Ultralong needle-like N-doped Co(OH)F on carbon fiber paper with abundant oxygen vacancies as an efficient oxygen evolution reaction catalyst Lv, Jiaqi; Yang, Xiaoxuan; Zang, Hong-Ying Materials Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 2, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8qm00405f	journal	January 2018
Carbon nanotube-induced phase and stability engineering: a strained cobalt-doped WSe ₂ /MWNT heterostructure for enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction Zhang, Guoyuan; Zheng, Xiaoli; Xu, Qun Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta00163d	journal	January 2018
A metallic MoS ₂ nanosheet array on graphene-protected Ni foam as a highly efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution cathode Zhu, Peng; Chen, Yu; Zhou, Yu Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta02835d	journal	January 2018
Proposal of a stable B ₃ S nanosheet as an efficient hydrogen evolution catalyst Wu, Hong; Li, Xingxing; Zhang, Ruiqi Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta11797g	journal	January 2019
Hydrogen interaction with a sulfur-vacancy-induced occupied defect state in the electronic band structure of MoS ₂ Han, Sang Wook; Cha, Gi-Beom; Kim, Kyoo Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cp01030k	journal	January 2019
Understanding electro-catalysis by using density functional theory Chen, Z. W.; Chen, L. X.; Wen, Z. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cp04430b	journal	January 2019
Surface intercalated spherical MoS _2x Se _2(1−x) nanocatalysts for highly efficient and durable hydrogen evolution reactions Lin, Bo; Lin, Zhiping; Chen, Shougang Dalton Transactions, Vol. 48, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9dt01218d	journal	January 2019
Spontaneous full photocatalytic water splitting on 2D MoSe ₂ /SnSe ₂ and WSe ₂ /SnSe ₂ vdW heterostructures Fan, Yingcai; Wang, Junru; Zhao, Mingwen Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr03469b	journal	January 2019
Boosting the electrocatalytic activity of amorphous molybdenum sulfide nanoflakes via nickel sulfide decoration Zheng, Zheng; Su, Tong; Shi, Jianping Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr05916d	journal	January 2019
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An advanced and highly efficient Ce assisted NiFe-LDH electrocatalyst for overall water splitting Jadhav, Harsharaj S.; Roy, Animesh; Desalegan, Bezawit Z. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9se00700h	journal	January 2020
Building a lateral/vertical 1T-2H MoS ₂ /Au heterostructure for enhanced photoelectrocatalysis and surface enhanced Raman scattering Zheng, Xiaoli; Guo, Zhihua; Zhang, Guoyuan Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta06091j	journal	January 2019
A Co–Mo ₂ N composite on a nitrogen-doped carbon matrix with hydrogen evolution activity comparable to that of Pt/C in alkaline media Lang, Xuewei; Qadeer, Muhammad Abdul; Shen, Guoqiang Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta07749a	journal	January 2019
Activating MoS ₂ basal planes for hydrogen evolution through direct CVD morphology control Dong, Lianqing; Guo, Shaoqiang; Wang, Yuyan Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta08738a	journal	January 2019
Engineering two-dimensional metal oxides via surface functionalization for biological applications Ren, Baiyu; Wang, Yichao; Ou, Jian Zhen Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Vol. 8, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tb02423a	journal	January 2020
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Two-Dimensional Material Molybdenum Disulfides as Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Yang, Lei; Liu, Ping; Li, Jing Catalysts, Vol. 7, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal7100285	journal	September 2017
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Promoting Active Sites in Core-Shell Nanowire Array as Mott-Schottky Electrocatalysts for Efficient and Stable Overall Water Splitting Hou, Jungang; Sun, Yiqing; Wu, Yunzhen Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201704447	journal	November 2017
Nonprecious Intermetallic Al ₇ Cu ₄ Ni Nanocrystals Seamlessly Integrated in Freestanding Bimodal Nanoporous Copper for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis Sun, Jie-Song; Wen, Zi; Han, Li-Ping Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201706127	journal	January 2018
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Vertical 1T-TaS ₂ Synthesis on Nanoporous Gold for High-Performance Electrocatalytic Applications Huan, Yahuan; Shi, Jianping; Zou, Xiaolong Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201705916	journal	March 2018
Vacancy in Ultrathin 2D Nanomaterials toward Sustainable Energy Application Bai, Fan; Xu, Liang; Zhai, Xiaoying Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902107	journal	November 2019
Activating Inert Metallic Compounds for High‐Rate Lithium–Sulfur Batteries Through In Situ Etching of Extrinsic Metal Zhao, Meng; Peng, Hong‐Jie; Zhang, Ze‐Wen Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201812062	journal	March 2019
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Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Nanostructured Materials for Highly Efficient Water Oxidation Zhang, Wang; Zhou, Kun Small, Vol. 13, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201700806	journal	June 2017
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A facile and controllable, deep eutectic solvent aided strategy for the synthesis of graphene encapsulated metal phosphides for enhanced electrocatalytic overall water splitting Mou, Hongyu; Wang, Jinfang; Yu, Dongkun Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta02304f	journal	January 2019
Wafer-recyclable, environment-friendly transfer printing for large-scale thin-film nanoelectronics Wie, Dae Seung; Zhang, Yue; Kim, Min Ku Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 115, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1806640115	journal	July 2018
Electronic structure and the hydrogen evolution reaction in layered ReS ₂ regulated by alkali-metal atom intercalation Zhou, Gan; Xiong, Tao; Shan, Yun Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 52, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aaff47	journal	February 2019
Atmospheric Air Plasma Treated SnS Films: An Efficient Electrocatalyst for HER Huang, Po-Chia; Brahma, Sanjaya; Liu, Po-Yen Catalysts, Vol. 8, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/catal8100462	journal	October 2018
A Type of 1 nm Molybdenum Carbide Confined within Carbon Nanomesh as Highly Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalyst Cheng, Zhihua; Fu, Qiang; Han, Qing Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201705967	journal	January 2018
Ultrathin Two‐Dimensional Multinary Layered Metal Chalcogenide Nanomaterials Tan, Chaoliang; Lai, Zhuangchai; Zhang, Hua Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201701392	journal	July 2017
Porous Microrod Arrays Constructed by Carbon-Confined NiCo@NiCoO ₂ Core@Shell Nanoparticles as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Xu, Han; Shi, Zi-Xiao; Tong, Ye-Xiang Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201705442	journal	April 2018
Nitrogen-Doped CoP Electrocatalysts for Coupled Hydrogen Evolution and Sulfur Generation with Low Energy Consumption Zhou, Qingwen; Shen, Zihan; Zhu, Chao Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201800140	journal	May 2018
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Mutually beneficial Co ₃ O ₄ @MoS ₂ heterostructures as a highly efficient bifunctional catalyst for electrochemical overall water splitting Liu, Jia; Wang, Jinsong; Zhang, Bao Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta10048e	journal	January 2018
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Molybdenum carbide nanoparticle decorated hierarchical tubular carbon superstructures with vertical nanosheet arrays for efficient hydrogen evolution Xu, Zhixiao; Zhang, Guangfeng; Lu, Chenbao Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta06278a	journal	January 2018
Intercalated complexes of 1T′-MoS ₂ nanosheets with alkylated phenylenediamines as excellent catalysts for electrochemical hydrogen evolution Kwak, In Hye; Kwon, Ik Seon; Abbas, Hafiz Ghulam Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta11085a	journal	January 2019
Vacancy-engineered catalysts for water electrolysis Choi, Songa; Park, Yeji; Yang, Heesu CrystEngComm, Vol. 22, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ce01883b	journal	January 2020
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Activated basal planes of WS ₂ by intrinsic defects as catalysts for the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction Yao, Xue; Chen, Zhiwen; Wang, Yaru Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta10050d	journal	January 2019
Mo ₂ C/graphene heterostructures: low temperature chemical vapor deposition on liquid bimetallic Sn–Cu and hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalytic properties Chaitoglou, Stefanos; Giannakopoulou, Tatiana; Speliotis, Thanassis Nanotechnology, Vol. 30, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aaf9e8	journal	January 2019
Size-dependent optical properties of MoS ₂ nanoparticles and their photo-catalytic applications Bhattacharya, Didhiti; Mukherjee, Subhrajit; Mitra, Rajib Kumar Nanotechnology, Vol. 31, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab61ce	journal	January 2020
Post Graphene 2D Chemistry: The Emerging Field of Molybdenum Disulfide and Black Phosphorus Functionalization Hirsch, Andreas; Hauke, Frank arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1903.06460	text	January 2019
General approach for preparing sandwich-structured metal sulfide@reduced graphene oxide as highly reversible Li-ion battery anode Huang, Jiarui; Liu, Dongxu; Gu, Cuiping Taylor & Francis https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5992918.v1	text	January 2018

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Title: Activating and optimizing MoS2 basal planes for hydrogen evolution through the formation of strained sulphur vacancies

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Title: Activating and optimizing MoS₂ basal planes for hydrogen evolution through the formation of strained sulphur vacancies