Imidazolium Cations with Exceptional Alkaline Stability: A Systematic Study of Structure–Stability Relationships

Hugar, Kristina M.; Kostalik, IV, Henry A.; Coates, Geoffrey W.

doi:10.1021/jacs.5b02879

Title: Imidazolium Cations with Exceptional Alkaline Stability: A Systematic Study of Structure–Stability Relationships

Journal Article · Wed Jul 01 00:00:00 EDT 2015 · Journal of the American Chemical Society

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b02879· OSTI ID:1234555

Hugar, Kristina M. ^[1]; Kostalik, IV, Henry A. ^[1]; Coates, Geoffrey W. ^[1]

Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States

Highly base-stable cationic moieties are a critical component of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) in alkaline fuel cells (AFCs); however, the commonly employed organic cations have limited alkaline stability. To address this problem, we synthesized and characterized the stability of a series of imidazolium cations in 1, 2, or 5 M KOH/CD₃OH at 80 °C, systematically evaluating the impact of substitution on chemical stability. The substituent identity at each position of the imidazolium ring has a dramatic effect on the overall cation stability. In conclusion, we report imidazolium cations that have the highest alkaline stabilities reported to date, >99% cation remaining after 30 days in 5 M KOH/CD₃OH at 80 °C.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC), Washington, D.C. (United States). Energy Materials Center at Cornell (EMC2)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0001086

OSTI ID:: 1234555

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1370427

Journal Information:: Journal of the American Chemical Society, Journal Name: Journal of the American Chemical Society Vol. 137 Journal Issue: 27; ISSN 0002-7863

Publisher:: American Chemical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 289 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (163)

Cleaning the Air and Improving Health with Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicles Jacobson, M. Z. Science, Vol. 308, Issue 5730 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1109157	journal	June 2005
Imidazolium-functionalized polysulfone hydroxide exchange membranes for potential applications in alkaline membrane direct alcohol fuel cells Yan, Xiaoming; He, Gaohong; Gu, Shuang International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 37, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.12.069	journal	March 2012
Prospects for Alkaline Anion-Exchange Membranes in Low Temperature Fuel Cells Varcoe, J.; Slade, R. Fuel Cells, Vol. 5, Issue 2, p. 187-200 https://doi.org/10.1002/fuce.200400045	journal	October 2004
Highly Stable N3-Substituted Imidazolium-Based Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes: Experimental Studies and Theoretical Calculations Gu, Fenglou; Dong, Huilong; Li, Youyong Macromolecules, Vol. 47, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma402334t	journal	December 2013
Synthesis and Gas Separation Performance of Triblock Copolymer Ion Gels with a Polymerized Ionic Liquid Mid-Block Gu, Yuanyan; Lodge, Timothy P. Macromolecules, Vol. 44, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma2001838	journal	April 2011
Highly Stable, Anion Conductive, Comb-Shaped Copolymers for Alkaline Fuel Cells Li, Nanwen; Leng, Yongjun; Hickner, Michael A. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 135, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja403671u	journal	June 2013
Poly(ethylene- co -tetrafluoroethylene)-Derived Radiation-Grafted Anion-Exchange Membrane with Properties Specifically Tailored for Application in Metal-Cation-Free Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Varcoe, John R.; Slade, Robert C. T.; Lam How Yee, Eric Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 19, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm062407u	journal	May 2007
A Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization Route to Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes: Development of Hydroxide-Conducting Thin Films from an Ammonium-Functionalized Monomer Clark, Timothy J.; Robertson, Nicholas J.; Kostalik IV, Henry A. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 131, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja905242r	journal	September 2009
Highly Stable Alkaline Polymer Electrolyte Based on a Poly(ether ether ketone) Backbone Han, Juanjuan; Peng, Hanqing; Pan, Jing ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 5, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/am4043257	journal	November 2013
Resonance Stabilized Perfluorinated Ionomers for Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cells Kim, Dae Sik; Fujimoto, Cy H.; Hibbs, Michael R. Macromolecules, Vol. 46, Issue 19, p. 7826-7833 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma401568f	journal	September 2013
Phosphonium cation-containing polymers: From ionic liquids to polyelectrolytes Jangu, Chainika; Long, Timothy E. Polymer, Vol. 55, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2014.04.015	journal	August 2014
Novel alkaline anion exchange membranes containing pendant benzimidazolium groups for alkaline fuel cells Lin, Xiaocheng; Liang, Xuhao; Poynton, Simon D. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 443 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.04.059	journal	September 2013
Alkaline Stability of Quaternary Ammonium Cations for Alkaline Fuel Cell Membranes and Ionic Liquids Marino, M. G.; Kreuer, K. D. ChemSusChem, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201403022	journal	November 2014
Novel self-crosslinked poly(aryl ether sulfone) for high alkaline stable and fuel resistant alkaline anion exchange membranes Ni, Jing; Zhao, Chengji; Zhang, Gang Chemical Communications, Vol. 47, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cc12430g	journal	January 2011
Anion Exchange Fuel Cell Membranes Prepared from C–H Borylation and Suzuki Coupling Reactions Mohanty, Angela D.; Lee, Yeong-Beom; Zhu, Liang Macromolecules, Vol. 47, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma500125t	journal	March 2014
Cross-linked comb-shaped anion exchange membranes with high base stability Li, Nanwen; Wang, Lizhu; Hickner, Michael Chemical Communications, Vol. 50, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cc49027k	journal	January 2014
Ion-containing polymers: new energy & clean water Hickner, Michael A. Materials Today, Vol. 13, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-7021(10)70082-1	journal	May 2010
A facile strategy for the synthesis of guanidinium-functionalized polymer as alkaline anion exchange membrane with improved alkaline stability Liu, Lei; Li, Qing; Dai, Jingwen Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 453 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.10.054	journal	March 2014
Hydroxide-ion induced degradation pathway for dimethylimidazolium groups in anion exchange membranes Wang, Wenpin; Wang, Shubo; Xie, Xiaofeng Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 462 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.03.026	journal	July 2014
A stable anion exchange membrane based on imidazolium salt for alkaline fuel cell Yang, Yanqin; Wang, Jing; Zheng, Jifu Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 467 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.05.017	journal	October 2014
An assessment of alkaline fuel cell technology McLean, G. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 27, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(01)00181-1	journal	May 2002
Thermal and ion transport properties of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymerized styrenic imidazolium ionic liquids Weber, Ryan L.; Ye, Yuesheng; Banik, Steven M. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol. 49, Issue 18, p. 1287-1296 https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.22319	journal	July 2011
A novel guanidinium grafted poly(aryl ether sulfone) for high-performance hydroxide exchange membranes Zhang, Qiang; Li, Shenghai; Zhang, Suobo Chemical Communications, Vol. 46, Issue 40, p. 7495-7497 https://doi.org/10.1039/c0cc01834a	journal	September 2010
Degradation of guanidinium-functionalized anion exchange membrane during alkaline environment Li, Weiwei; Wang, Shubo; Zhang, Xuefei International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 39, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.03.133	journal	August 2014
Base Stable Pyrrolidinium Cations for Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Applications Gu, Fenglou; Dong, Huilong; Li, Youyong Macromolecules, Vol. 47, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma5015148	journal	September 2014
An Initial Degradation Reaction before Ring-Opening in Imidazolium-Based Anion Exchange Membranes: A DFT Study Tsuchitani, Ryo; Nakanishi, Hiroshi; Kasai, Hideaki e-Journal of Surface Science and Nanotechnology, Vol. 11, Issue 0 https://doi.org/10.1380/ejssnt.2013.138	journal	January 2013
New anion conducting membranes based on functionalized styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer for fuel cells applications Faraj, Marco; Elia, Elisabetta; Boccia, Massimiliano Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 49, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.24781	journal	June 2011
Recent Development of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells Zhang, Hongwei; Shen, Pei Kang Chemical Reviews, Vol. 112, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr200035s	journal	February 2012
Extremely Base-Resistant Organic Phosphazenium Cations Schwesinger, Reinhard; Link, Reinhard; Wenzl, Peter Chemistry - A European Journal, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200500837	journal	January 2006
Density Functional Theory Study of Degradation of Tetraalkylammonium Hydroxides Chempath, Shaji; Boncella, James M.; Pratt, Lawrence R. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 114, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9122198	journal	June 2010
Guanidinium-Functionalized Anion Exchange Polymer Electrolytes via Activated Fluorophenyl-Amine Reaction Kim, Dae Sik; Labouriau, Andrea; Guiver, Michael D. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm2016164	journal	September 2011
Effect of ammonium groups on the properties and alkaline stability of poly(arylene ether)-based anion exchange membranes Miyake, Junpei; Fukasawa, Keita; Watanabe, Masahiro Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 52, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.27011	journal	November 2013
Degradation of anion exchange membranes used for hydrogen production by ultrapure water electrolysis Parrondo, Javier; Arges, Christopher G.; Niedzwiecki, Mike RSC Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 19, p. 9875-9879 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra46630b	journal	January 2014
Fast CO ₂ Sequestration, Activation, and Catalytic Transformation Using N -Heterocyclic Olefins Wang, Yan-Bo; Wang, Yi-Ming; Zhang, Wen-Zhen Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 135, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja405114e	journal	July 2013
Development of phosphonium-based bicarbonate anion exchange polymer membranes Ye, Yuesheng; Stokes, Kristoffer K.; Beyer, Frederick L. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 443 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.04.053	journal	September 2013
A morpholinium-functionalized poly(ether sulfone) as a novel anion exchange membrane for alkaline fuel cell Hahn, So-Jung; Won, Mihee; Kim, Tae-Hyun Polymer Bulletin, Vol. 70, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-013-1028-7	journal	August 2013
Quaternary Phosphonium-Based Polymers as Hydroxide Exchange Membranes Gu, Shuang; Cai, Rui; Luo, Ting ChemSusChem, Vol. 3, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201000074	journal	April 2010
Transport Properties of Hydroxide and Proton Conducting Membranes Hibbs, Michael R.; Hickner, Michael A.; Alam, Todd M. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 20, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm703263n	journal	April 2008
Determination of the Structure of a Novel Anion Exchange Fuel Cell Membrane by Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Kong, Xueqian; Wadhwa, Kuldeep; Verkade, John G. Macromolecules, Vol. 42, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma802613k	journal	March 2009
From curiosity to “power to change the world®” Stone, C. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 152-153 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00315-6	journal	December 2002
Improving the Alkaline Stability of Imidazolium Cations by Substitution Dong, Huilong; Gu, Fenglou; Li, Min ChemPhysChem, Vol. 15, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201402262	journal	July 2014
Synthesis and Properties of Anion Conductive Ionomers Containing Tetraphenyl Methane Moieties Li, Xiuhua; Yu, Yingfeng; Liu, Qunfang ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 4, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1021/am3007005	journal	June 2012
Anion-exchange membranes containing diamines: preparation and stability in alkaline solution Komkova, E.; Stamatialis, D.; Strathmann, H. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 244, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2004.06.026	journal	November 2004
Tunable High Performance Cross-Linked Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications Robertson, Nicholas J.; Kostalik, Henry A.; Clark, Timothy J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 132, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja908638d	journal	March 2010
Synthesis and characterization of urea-containing imidazolium iodide electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cells Jin, Hyun Mi; Seo, Dong Wan; Lee, Soon Ho Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 18, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2012.02.007	journal	July 2012
Imidazolium-functionalized poly(arylene ether sulfone) block copolymer as an anion exchange membrane for alkaline fuel cell Rao, Anil H. N.; Thankamony, Roshni Lilly; Kim, Hyoung-Juhn Polymer, Vol. 54, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2012.11.023	journal	January 2013
Hydroxide Degradation Pathways for Substituted Trimethylammonium Cations: A DFT Study Long, Hai; Kim, Kwiseon; Pivovar, Bryan S. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 116, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp3014964	journal	April 2012
Relationships between Structure and Alkaline Stability of Imidazolium Cations for Fuel Cell Membrane Applications Price, Samuel C.; Williams, Kristen S.; Beyer, Frederick L. ACS Macro Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/mz4005452	journal	January 2014
Decomposition pathways of an alkaline fuel cell membrane material component via evolved gas analysis Macomber, C. S.; Boncella, J. M.; Pivovar, B. S. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 93, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-007-8930-x	journal	July 2008
Bis-imidazolium-based anion-exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells Qiu, Bo; Lin, Bencai; Si, Zhihong Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 217 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.06.041	journal	November 2012
Anion conducting poly(dialkyl benzimidazolium) salts Thomas, Owen D.; Soo, Kristen J. W. Y.; Peckham, Timothy J. Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 2, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/c1py00142f	journal	January 2011
Anion exchange membranes: Current status and moving forward Hickner, Michael A.; Herring, Andrew M.; Coughlin, E. Bryan Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol. 51, Issue 24, p. 1727-1735 https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.23395	journal	October 2013
Anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells: A review Merle, Géraldine; Wessling, Matthias; Nijmeijer, Kitty Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 377, Issue 1-2, p. 1-35 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.04.043	journal	July 2011
Alkaline imidazolium- and quaternary ammonium-functionalized anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cell applications Qiu, Bo; Lin, Bencai; Qiu, Lihua Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 3, p. 1040-1045 https://doi.org/10.1039/C1JM14331J	journal	January 2012
Preparation of alkaline anion exchange membranes based on functional poly(ether-imide) polymers for potential fuel cell applications Wang, Guigui; Weng, Yiming; Chu, Deryn Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 326, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.09.037	journal	January 2009
Anion Conductive Block Poly(arylene ether)s: Synthesis, Properties, and Application in Alkaline Fuel Cells Tanaka, Manabu; Fukasawa, Keita; Nishino, Eriko Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 27, p. 10646-10654 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja204166e	journal	July 2011
Degradation of Imidazolium- and Quaternary Ammonium-Functionalized Poly(fluorenyl ether ketone sulfone) Anion Exchange Membranes Chen, Dongyang; Hickner, Michael A. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 4, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/am301557w	journal	November 2012
Stabilizing the Imidazolium Cation in Hydroxide-Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells Wang, Junhua; Gu, Shuang; Kaspar, Robert B. ChemSusChem, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201300285	journal	August 2013
Anion Exchange Membranes by Bromination of Benzylmethyl-Containing Poly(sulfone)s Yan, Jingling; Hickner, Michael A. Macromolecules, Vol. 43, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma902430y	journal	March 2010
Anion conductive aromatic membrane of poly(tetra phenyl ether sulfone) containing hexa-imidazolium hydroxides for alkaline fuel cell application Hossain, Md. Awlad; Lim, Youngdon; Lee, Soonho Solid State Ionics, Vol. 262 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2013.09.036	journal	September 2014
Towards High Conductivity in Anion-Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Fuel Cells Li, Nanwen; Guiver, Michael D.; Binder, Wolfgang H. ChemSusChem, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201300320	journal	June 2013
High performance porous polybenzimidazole membrane for alkaline fuel cells Zarrin, Hadis; Jiang, Gaopeng; Lam, Grace Y. -Y. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 39, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.08.134	journal	October 2014
Alkaline stable imidazolium-based ionomers containing poly(arylene ether sulfone) side chains for alkaline anion exchange membranes Si, Zhihong; Sun, Zhe; Gu, Fenglou Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 2, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta15178f	journal	January 2014
Hydrogen futures: toward a sustainable energy system Dunn, S. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 27, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3199(01)00131-8	journal	March 2002
Steady-State dc and Impedance Investigations of H ₂ /O ₂ Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cells with Commercial Pt/C, Ag/C, and Au/C Cathodes Varcoe, John R.; Slade, Robert C. T.; Wright, Graham L. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 110, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp064898b	journal	October 2006
Hydroxide-Stable Ionenes Wright, Andrew G.; Holdcroft, Steven ACS Macro Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/mz500168d	journal	April 2014
Hydroxyalkyl-Containing Imidazolium Homopolymers: Correlation of Structure with Conductivity Allen, Michael H.; Wang, Sharon; Hemp, Sean T. Macromolecules, Vol. 46, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma302537f	journal	April 2013
Novel Hydroxide-Conducting Polyelectrolyte Composed of an Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Containing Pendant Quaternary Guanidinium Groups for Alkaline Fuel Cell Applications Wang, Junhua; Li, Shenghai; Zhang, Suobo Macromolecules, Vol. 43, Issue 8, p. 3890-3896 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma100260a	journal	April 2010
Methylated polybenzimidazole and its application as a blend component in covalently cross-linked anion-exchange membranes for DMFC Katzfuß, Anika; Poynton, Simon; Varcoe, John Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 465 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.04.004	journal	September 2014
Polybenzimidazolium-Based Solid Electrolytes Henkensmeier, Dirk; Kim, Hyoung-Juhn; Lee, Hye-Jin Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, Vol. 296, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201100100	journal	July 2011
Aromatic polyelectrolytes via polyacylation of pre-quaternized monomers for alkaline fuel cells Zhang, Zhenghui; Wu, Liang; Varcoe, John Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 1, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ta01178f	journal	January 2013
Alkaline Stability of Benzyl Trimethyl Ammonium Functionalized Polyaromatics: A Computational and Experimental Study Choe, Yoong-Kee; Fujimoto, Cy; Lee, Kwan-Soo Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm502422h	journal	September 2014
Long term investigations of silver cathodes for alkaline fuel cells Wagner, N.; Schulze, M.; Gülzow, E. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 127, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.022	journal	March 2004
Synthesis of imidazole-terminated hyperbranched polymers with POSS-branching points and their pH responsive and coordination properties Irie, Yasuyuki; Naka, Kensuke Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 51, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.26664	journal	March 2013
Cross-linked, ETFE-derived and radiation grafted membranes for anion exchange membrane fuel cell applications Fang, Jun; Yang, Yixu; Lu, Xiaohuan International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 37, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.09.112	journal	January 2012
Quantitative ¹ H NMR Analysis of Chemical Stabilities in Anion-Exchange Membranes Nuñez, Sean A.; Hickner, Michael A. ACS Macro Letters, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/mz300486h	journal	December 2012
Imidazolium functionalized polysulfone anion exchange membrane for fuel cell application Zhang, Fengxiang; Zhang, Huamin; Qu, Chao Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 21, Issue 34, p. 12744-12752 https://doi.org/10.1039/c1jm10656b	journal	January 2011
Hydroxide based decomposition pathways of alkyltrimethylammonium cations Edson, Joseph B.; Macomber, Clay S.; Pivovar, Bryan S. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 399-400 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.01.025	journal	May 2012
Development of imidazolium-type alkaline anion exchange membranes for fuel cell application Ran, Jin; Wu, Liang; Varcoe, John R. Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 415-416 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.05.006	journal	October 2012
Ion Motion in Anion and Proton-Conducting Triblock Copolymers Disabb-Miller, Melanie L.; Johnson, Zachary D.; Hickner, Michael A. Macromolecules, Vol. 46, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma301947t	journal	January 2013
Alkali resistant and conductive guanidinium-based anion-exchange membranes for alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells Lin, Xiaocheng; Wu, Liang; Liu, Yanbo Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 217 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.05.062	journal	November 2012
Synthesis and characterization of novel anion exchange membranes based on imidazolium-type ionic liquid for alkaline fuel cells Guo, Mingli; Fang, Jun; Xu, Hankun Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 362, Issue 1-2, p. 97-104 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.06.026	journal	October 2010
Cyclic Guanidines as Efficient Organocatalysts for the Synthesis of Polyurethanes Alsarraf, Jérome; Ammar, Yacine Ait; Robert, Frédéric Macromolecules, Vol. 45, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma2026258	journal	February 2012
Naphthalene-based poly(arylene ether ketone) anion exchange membranes Liu, Zhuang; Li, Xiaobai; Shen, Kunzhi Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 1, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta10355b	journal	January 2013
Alternative Polymer Systems for Proton Exchange Membranes (PEMs) Hickner, Michael A.; Ghassemi, Hossein; Kim, Yu Seung Chemical Reviews, Vol. 104, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr020711a	journal	October 2004
Design and Synthesis of Hydroxide Ion–Conductive Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on Salt Inclusion Sadakiyo, Masaaki; Kasai, Hidetaka; Kato, Kenichi Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja410368j	journal	January 2014
Novel anion exchange membranes based on polymerizable imidazolium salt for alkaline fuel cell applications Li, Wei; Fang, Jun; Lv, Ming Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 21, Issue 30, p. 11340-11346 https://doi.org/10.1039/c1jm11093d	journal	January 2011
Self-crosslinking for dimensionally stable and solvent-resistant quaternary phosphonium based hydroxide exchange membranes Gu, Shuang; Cai, Rui; Yan, Yushan Chemical Communications, Vol. 47, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/c0cc04335d	journal	January 2011
Salt splitting with radiation grafted PVDF membranes Tzanetakis, N.; Taama, W. M.; Scott, K. Desalination, Vol. 151, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(02)01020-2	journal	January 2003
Progress towards Robust Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications Sarode, H.; Vandiver, M.; Caire, B. ECS Transactions, Vol. 58, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/05801.0393ecst	journal	August 2013
Poly(arylene ether sulfone)s ionomers with pendant quaternary ammonium groups for alkaline anion exchange membranes: Preparation and stability issues Wang, Junhua; Wang, Jing; Li, Shenghai Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 368, Issue 1-2, p. 246-253 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.11.058	journal	February 2011
Cross-Linked Alkaline Ionic Liquid-Based Polymer Electrolytes for Alkaline Fuel Cell Applications Lin, Bencai; Qiu, Lihua; Lu, Jianmei Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm102957g	journal	December 2010
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(phenylene)-Based Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Fuel Cells Hibbs, Michael R.; Fujimoto, Cy H.; Cornelius, Christopher J. Macromolecules, Vol. 42, Issue 21, p. 8316-8321 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma901538c	journal	November 2009
Stability of Cations for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Einsla, Brian R.; Chempath, Shaji; Pratt, Lawrence 212th ECS Meeting, ECS Transactions https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2781031	conference	January 2007
Electrospun and Cross-Linked Nanofiber Composite Anion Exchange Membranes Park, Andrew M.; Turley, Forbes E.; Wycisk, Ryszard J. Macromolecules, Vol. 47, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma401932h	journal	December 2013
Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy reveals cation-triggered backbone degradation in polysulfone-based anion exchange membranes Arges, C. G.; Ramani, V. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 110, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1217215110	journal	January 2013
Water- and Ionic-Liquid-Soluble Branched Polythiophenes Bearing Anionic and Cationic Moieties Richter, Thomas V.; Bühler, Christian; Ludwigs, Sabine Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja207458b	journal	December 2011
Best Practices for Investigating Anion Exchange Membrane Suitability for Alkaline Electrochemical Devices: Case Study Using Quaternary Ammonium Poly(2,6-dimethyl 1,4-phenylene)oxide Anion Exchange Membranes Arges, Christopher G.; Wang, Lihui; Parrondo, Javier Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 160, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.049311jes	journal	January 2013
Synthesis and structure-conductivity relationship of polystyrene- block -poly(vinyl benzyl trimethylammonium) for alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells Tsai, Tsung-Han; Maes, Ashley M.; Vandiver, Melissa A. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol. 51, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.23170	journal	September 2012
Novel morpholinium-functionalized anion-exchange PBI–polymer blends Morandi, Carlo Gottardo; Peach, Retha; Krieg, Henning M. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA05026F	journal	January 2015
Synthesis of guanidinium-based anion exchange membranes and their stability assessment: Guanidinium-based AEMs and their stability assessment Sajjad, Syed D.; Hong, Yi; Liu, Fuqiang Polymers for Advanced Technologies, Vol. 25, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.3211	journal	November 2013
Scientific Aspects of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Durability and Degradation Borup, Rod; Meyers, Jeremy; Pivovar, Bryan Chemical Reviews, Vol. 107, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr050182l	journal	October 2007
Solvent Processable Tetraalkylammonium-Functionalized Polyethylene for Use as an Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Kostalik, Henry A.; Clark, Timothy J.; Robertson, Nicholas J. Macromolecules, Vol. 43, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma101172a	journal	September 2010
Phosphonium-Functionalized Polyethylene: A New Class of Base-Stable Alkaline Anion Exchange Membranes Noonan, Kevin J. T.; Hugar, Kristina M.; Kostalik, Henry A. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja307466s	journal	October 2012
Synthesis of acetyl imidazolium-based electyrolytes and application for dye-sensitized solar cells Seo, Dong Wan; Parvez, Md. Khaled; Lee, Soon Ho Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 57 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.04.056	journal	December 2011
Mechanistic analysis of ammonium cation stability for alkaline exchange membrane fuel cells Mohanty, Angela D.; Bae, Chulsung J. Mater. Chem. A, Vol. 2, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA03300K	journal	January 2014
Oxygen reduction at the silver/hydroxide-exchange membrane interface Sleightholme, Alice E. S.; Varcoe, John R.; Kucernak, Anthony R. Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2007.11.008	journal	January 2008
Anion-exchange membranes for alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells comparison of pendent benzyltrimethylammonium- and benzylmethylimidazolium-head-groups Deavin, Oliver I.; Murphy, Sam; Ong, Ai Lien Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 5, Issue 9, p. 8584-8597 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee22466f	journal	January 2012
Overview on fuel cells Lucia, Umberto Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 30 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.09.025	journal	February 2014
Synthesis of pyrazine-bridged diimidazolium salts and their application in palladium catalyzed Heck-type coupling reactions Jahnke, Mareike C.; Hussain, Mukhtiar; Hupka, Florian Tetrahedron, Vol. 65, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2008.11.008	journal	January 2009
Polymeric materials as anion-exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells Couture, Guillaume; Alaaeddine, Ali; Boschet, Frédéric Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 36, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.04.004	journal	November 2011
Backbone stability of quaternized polyaromatics for alkaline membrane fuel cells Fujimoto, Cy; Kim, Dae-Sik; Hibbs, Michael Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 423-424, p. 438-449 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.08.045	journal	December 2012
A Stable Hydroxide-Conducting Polymer Thomas, Owen D.; Soo, Kristen J. W. Y.; Peckham, Timothy J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja303067t	journal	June 2012
Solid-State Water Electrolysis with an Alkaline Membrane Leng, Yongjun; Chen, Guang; Mendoza, Alfonso J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja302439z	journal	May 2012
Anion-exchange membranes in electrochemical energy systems Varcoe, John R.; Atanassov, Plamen; Dekel, Dario R. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 7, Issue 10, p. 3135-3191 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE01303D	journal	January 2014
Imidazole Polymers Derived from Ionic Liquid 4-Vinylimidazolium Monomers: Their Synthesis and Thermal and Dielectric Properties Smith, Thomas W.; Zhao, Meng; Yang, Fan Macromolecules, Vol. 46, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma300862t	journal	January 2013
New Polyethylene Based Anion Exchange Membranes (PE–AEMs) with High Ionic Conductivity Zhang, Min; Kim, Hyung Kyu; Chalkova, Elena Macromolecules, Vol. 44, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma200836d	journal	August 2011
A Soluble and Highly Conductive Ionomer for High-Performance Hydroxide Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Gu, Shuang; Cai, Rui; Luo, Ting Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 48, Issue 35, p. 6499-6502 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200806299	journal	August 2009
A Soluble and Conductive Polyfluorene Ionomer with Pendant Imidazolium Groups for Alkaline Fuel Cell Applications Lin, Bencai; Qiu, Lihua; Qiu, Bo Macromolecules, Vol. 44, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma202159d	journal	December 2011
Effects of Substituents and Substitution Positions on Alkaline Stability of Imidazolium Cations and Their Corresponding Anion-Exchange Membranes Si, Zhihong; Qiu, Lihua; Dong, Huilong ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 6, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/am500022c	journal	March 2014
RAFT polymerization and thermal behavior of trimethylphosphonium polystyrenes for anion exchange membranes Stokes, Kristoffer K.; Orlicki, Joshua A.; Beyer, Frederick L. Polym. Chem., Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C0PY00293C	journal	January 2011
Mechanism of Tetraalkylammonium Headgroup Degradation in Alkaline Fuel Cell Membranes Chempath, Shaji; Einsla, Brian R.; Pratt, Lawrence R. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 112, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp7115577	journal	March 2008
Effect of Nanoscale Morphology on the Conductivity of Polymerized Ionic Liquid Block Copolymers Weber, Ryan L.; Ye, Yuesheng; Schmitt, Andrew L. Macromolecules, Vol. 44, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma201067h	journal	July 2011
Comb-shaped polymers to enhance hydroxide transport in anion exchange membranes Li, Nanwen; Yan, Tingzi; Li, Zheng Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ee22050d	journal	January 2012
Hydrolysis of Imidazole-2-ylidenes Hollóczki, Oldamur; Terleczky, Péter; Szieberth, Dénes Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja103578y	journal	February 2011
Hydroxide Degradation Pathways for Imidazolium Cations: A DFT Study Long, Hai; Pivovar, Bryan The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 118, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp501362y	journal	May 2014
An Abnormal N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Carbon Dioxide Adduct from Imidazolium Acetate Ionic Liquids: The Importance of Basicity Kelemen, Zsolt; Péter-Szabó, Barbara; Székely, Edit Chemistry - A European Journal, Vol. 20, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201402912	journal	August 2014
Introduction: Batteries and Fuel Cells Whittingham, M. Stanley; Savinell, Robert F.; Zawodzinski, Thomas Chemical Reviews, Vol. 104, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr020705e	journal	October 2004
Mechanism of CO Oxidation on Pt(111) in Alkaline Media Spendelow, J. S.; Goodpaster, J. D.; Kenis, P. J. A. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 110, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp060100c	journal	May 2006
Influence of Sulfone Linkage on the Stability of Aromatic Quaternary Ammonium Polymers for Alkaline Fuel Cells Amel, Alina; Zhu, Liang; Hickner, Michael Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.044405jes	journal	January 2014
Alkaline stable C2-substituted imidazolium-based cross-linked anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cell applications Lin, Bencai; Chu, Fuqiang; Ren, Yurong Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 266 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.05.003	journal	November 2014
Protic Ionic Liquids and Salts as Versatile Carbon Precursors Zhang, Shiguo; Miran, Muhammed Shah; Ikoma, Ai Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja411981c	journal	January 2014
The alkali stability of radiation-grafted anion-exchange membranes containing pendent 1-benzyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium head-groups Page, Oliver M. M.; Poynton, Simon D.; Murphy, Sam RSC Adv., Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/C2RA22331G	journal	January 2013
Polybenzimidazolium hydroxides – Structure, stability and degradation Henkensmeier, Dirk; Cho, Hyeong-Rae; Kim, Hyoung-Juhn Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 97, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.12.024	journal	March 2012
Phenyltrimethylammonium Functionalized Polysulfone Anion Exchange Membranes Li, Nanwen; Zhang, Qiang; Wang, Chenyi Macromolecules, Vol. 45, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma202681z	journal	February 2012
Quarternary Ammonium and Phosphonium Based Anion Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Fuel Cells Arges, Christopher G.; Kulkarni, Sunil; Baranek, Austin 218th ECS Meeting, ECS Transactions https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3484682	conference	January 2010
Fundamental studies of a new series of anion exchange membranes: Membranes prepared through chloroacetylation of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) followed by quaternary amination Wu, Liang; Xu, Tongwen; Yang, Weihua Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 286, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.09.035	journal	December 2006
l-Proline: an efficient catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazoles Samai, Subhasis; Nandi, Ganesh Chandra; Singh, Pallavi Tetrahedron, Vol. 65, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2009.10.019	journal	December 2009
Anion exchange membranes based on quaternized polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene for direct methanol alkaline fuel cells Zeng, Qing Hua; Liu, Qing Lin; Broadwell, Ian Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 349, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2009.11.051	journal	March 2010
Anion Transport in a Chemically Stable, Sterically Bulky α-C Modified Imidazolium Functionalized Anion Exchange Membrane Liu, Ye; Wang, Junhua; Yang, Yuan The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 118, Issue 28, p. 15136-15145 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp5027674	journal	July 2014
Density functional theory study of hydroxide-ion induced degradation of imidazolium cations Wang, Wenpin; Wang, Shubo; Xie, Xiaofeng International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 39, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.03.053	journal	September 2014
Preparation and characterization of an alkaline anion exchange membrane from chlorinated poly(propylene) aminated with branched poly(ethyleneimine) Maes, Ashley M.; Pandey, Tara P.; Vandiver, Melissa A. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 110 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.04.033	journal	November 2013
An alkaline polymer electrochemical interface: a breakthrough in application of alkaline anion-exchange membranes in fuel cells Varcoe, John R.; Slade, Robert C. T.; Lam How Yee, Eric Chemical Communications, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1039/b600838k	journal	January 2006
Alkaline polymer electrolytes containing pendant dimethylimidazolium groups for alkaline membrane fuel cells Lin, Xiaocheng; Varcoe, John R.; Poynton, Simon D. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 1, Issue 24, p. 7262-7269 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta10308k	journal	April 2013
Assessing the influence of different cation chemistries on ionic conductivity and alkaline stability of anion exchange membranes Arges, Christopher G.; Parrondo, Javier; Johnson, Graham Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm14898f	journal	January 2012
Ion Clustering in Quaternary Ammonium Functionalized Benzylmethyl Containing Poly(arylene ether ketone)s Chen, Dongyang; Hickner, Michael A. Macromolecules, Vol. 46, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma401620m	journal	November 2013
Water Uptake and Ion Mobility in Cross-Linked Bis(terpyridine)ruthenium-Based Anion Exchange Membranes Disabb-Miller, Melanie L.; Zha, Yongping; DeCarlo, Andrew J. Macromolecules, Vol. 46, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma401701n	journal	November 2013
Novel electrolyte membranes and non-Pt catalysts for low temperature fuel cells Poynton, Simon D.; Kizewski, Jamie P.; Slade, Robert C. T. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 181, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2009.01.019	journal	February 2010
Radiation-grafted PVDF anion exchange membrane for salt splitting Tzanetakis, N.; Varcoe, J. R.; Slade, R. C. T. Desalination, Vol. 174, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.09.015	journal	April 2005
Synthesis and reactivity of subvalent compounds Denk, Michael K.; Rodezno, José M.; Gupta, Shilpi Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 617-618 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-328X(00)00551-9	journal	January 2001
Relative Chemical Stability of Imidazolium-Based Alkaline Anion Exchange Polymerized Ionic Liquids Ye, Yuesheng; Elabd, Yossef A. Macromolecules, Vol. 44, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma201864u	journal	November 2011
Best Practices for Examining Anion Exchange Membrane Alkaline Stability for Solid-State Alkaline Fuel Cells Arges, C. G.; Wang, L.; Parrondo, J. ECS Transactions, Vol. 58, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/05801.1551ecst	journal	August 2013
EPR investigation of HO/ radical initiated degradation reactions of sulfonated aromatics as model compounds for fuel cell proton conducting membranes Hübner, Gerold; Roduner, Emil Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/a807129b	journal	January 1999
Unexpected side reactions of imidazolium-based ionic liquids in the base-catalysed Baylis–Hillman reactionElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: NMR data; details of conditions employed by Afonso and integrations and calculations. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b2/b203079a/ Aggarwal, Varinder K.; Emme, Ingo; Mereu, Andrea Chemical Communications, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1039/b203079a	journal	June 2002
The application of covalently cross-linked BrPPO as AEM in alkaline DMFC Katzfuß, Anika; Gogel, Viktor; Jörissen, Ludwig Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 425-426 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2012.09.022	journal	January 2013
Synthesis and properties of alkaline stable pyridinium containing anion exchange membranes Vöge, Andrea; Deimede, Valadoula; Kallitsis, Joannis K. RSC Adv., Vol. 4, Issue 85 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA07616H	journal	January 2014
Synthesis of Soluble Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Ionomers with Pendant Quaternary Ammonium Groups for Anion Exchange Membranes Wang, Junhua; Zhao, Zhuo; Gong, Feixiang Macromolecules, Vol. 42, Issue 22, p. 8711-8717 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma901606z	journal	November 2009
A polytetrafluoroethylene-quaternary 1,4-diazabicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane polysulfone composite membrane for alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells Wang, Xu; Li, Mingqiang; Golding, Bernard T. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 36, Issue 16, p. 10022-10026 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.05.054	journal	August 2011
A novel poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) with trifunctional ammonium moieties for alkaline anion exchange membranes Li, Qing; Liu, Lei; Miao, Qingqing Chemical Communications, Vol. 50, Issue 21, p. 2791-2793 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cc47897a	journal	January 2014
Anion Stripping as a General Method to Create Cationic Porous Framework with Mobile Anions Mao, Chengyu; Kudla, Ryan A.; Zuo, Fan Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja5030723	journal	May 2014
Alkaline Stable C2-Substituted Imidazolium-Based Anion-Exchange Membranes Lin, Bencai; Dong, Huilong; Li, Youyong Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 9, p. 1858-1867 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm400468u	journal	April 2013
Alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells completely free from noble metal catalysts Lu, S.; Pan, J.; Huang, A. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 105, Issue 52, p. 20611-20614 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810041106	journal	December 2008
A high-performance anion exchange membrane based on bi-guanidinium bridged polysilsesquioxane for alkaline fuel cell application Qu, Chao; Zhang, Huamin; Zhang, Fengxiang Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 22, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2jm16211c	journal	January 2012