Dissipation of turbulence in the wake of a wind turbine

Lundquist, J. K.; Bariteau, L.

doi:10.1007/s10546-014-9978-3

Title: Dissipation of turbulence in the wake of a wind turbine

Journal Article · Thu Nov 06 00:00:00 EST 2014 · Boundary-Layer Meteorology

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-014-9978-3· OSTI ID:1220581

Lundquist, J. K. ^[1]; Bariteau, L. ^[2]

Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States); National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, CO (United States); Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)

The wake of a wind turbine is characterized by increased turbulence and decreased wind speed. Turbines are generally deployed in large groups in wind farms, and so the behaviour of an individual wake as it merges with other wakes and propagates downwind is critical in assessing wind-farm power production. This evolution depends on the rate of turbulence dissipation in the wind-turbine wake, which has not been previously quantified in field-scale measurements. In situ measurements of winds and turbulence dissipation from the wake region of a multi-MW turbine were collected using a tethered lifting system (TLS) carrying a payload of high-rate turbulence probes. Ambient flow measurements were provided from sonic anemometers on a meteorological tower located near the turbine. Good agreement between the tower measurements and the TLS measurements was established for a case without a wind-turbine wake. When an operating wind turbine is located between the tower and the TLS so that the wake propagates to the TLS, the TLS measures dissipation rates one to two orders of magnitude higher in the wake than outside of the wake. These data, collected between two and three rotor diameters D downwind of the turbine, document the significant enhancement of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate within the wind-turbine wake. These wake measurements suggest that it may be useful to pursue modelling approaches that account for enhanced dissipation. Furthermore. comparisons of wake and non-wake dissipation rates to mean wind speed, wind-speed variance, and turbulence intensity are presented to facilitate the inclusion of these measurements in wake modelling schemes.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: Colorado Research and Education in Wind

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308

OSTI ID:: 1220581

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5000-60690

Journal Information:: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 154, Issue 2; Related Information: Boundary-Layer Meteorology; ISSN 0006-8314

Publisher:: SpringerCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 29 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (50)

Improvement Of The Mellor–Yamada Turbulence Closure Model Based On Large-Eddy Simulation Data Nakanish, Mikio Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 99, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018915827400	journal	June 2001
Turbulence Measurements with the CIRES Tethered Lifting System during CASES-99: Calibration and Spectral Analysis of Temperature and Velocity Frehlich, Rod; Meillier, Yannick; Jensen, Michael L. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 60, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2487:TMWTCT>2.0.CO;2	journal	October 2003
Inertial-dissipation methods and turbulent fluxes at the air-ocean interface Fairall, C. W.; Larsen, S. E. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 34, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00122383	journal	February 1986
The modification of wind turbine performance by statistically distinct atmospheric regimes Vanderwende, B. J.; Lundquist, J. K. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/034035	journal	September 2012
Evaluation of the effects of turbulence model enhancements on wind turbine wake predictions Prospathopoulos, J. M.; Politis, E. S.; Rados, K. G. Wind Energy, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/we.419	journal	August 2010
The Effect of Wind-Turbine Wakes on Summertime US Midwest Atmospheric Wind Profiles as Observed with Ground-Based Doppler Lidar Rhodes, Michael E.; Lundquist, Julie K. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 149, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-013-9834-x	journal	July 2013
Crop Wind Energy Experiment (CWEX): Observations of Surface-Layer, Boundary Layer, and Mesoscale Interactions with a Wind Farm Rajewski, Daniel A.; Takle, Eugene S.; Lundquist, Julie K. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 94, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00240.1	journal	May 2013
Local and Mesoscale Impacts of Wind Farms as Parameterized in a Mesoscale NWP Model Fitch, Anna C.; Olson, Joseph B.; Lundquist, Julie K. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 140, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00352.1	journal	September 2012
Large-eddy simulation of a very large wind farm in a stable atmospheric boundary layer Lu, Hao; Porté-Agel, Fernando Physics of Fluids, Vol. 23, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3589857	journal	June 2011
Surface-Layer Fluxes, Profiles, and Turbulence Measurements over Uniform Terrain under Near-Neutral Conditions Oncley, Steven P.; Friehe, Carl A.; Larue, John C. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 53, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<1029:SLFPAT>2.0.CO;2	journal	April 1996
An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology Stull, Roland B. Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3027-8	book	January 1988
Fatigue loads for wind turbines operating in wakes Thomsen, Kenneth; Sørensen, Poul Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol. 80, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(98)00194-9	journal	March 1999
Large eddy simulation study of fully developed wind-turbine array boundary layers Calaf, Marc; Meneveau, Charles; Meyers, Johan Physics of Fluids, Vol. 22, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3291077	journal	January 2010
Lidar Investigation of Atmosphere Effect on a Wind Turbine Wake Smalikho, I. N.; Banakh, V. A.; Pichugina, Y. L. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 30, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00108.1	journal	November 2013
Flux Measurements, Flux Estimation Techniques, and Fine-Scale Turbulence Measurements in the Unstable Surface Layer Over Land Champagne, F. H.; Friehe, C. A.; LaRue, J. C. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 34, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<0515:FMFETA>2.0.CO;2	journal	March 1977
Lamar Low-Level Jet Program Interim Report Kelley, N.; Shirazi, M.; Jager, D. https://doi.org/10.2172/15006544	report	January 2004
Mesoscale Influences of Wind Farms throughout a Diurnal Cycle Fitch, Anna C.; Lundquist, Julie K.; Olson, Joseph B. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 141, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00185.1	journal	July 2013
The Windy Commons? Kaffine, Daniel T.; Worley, Christopher M. Environmental and Resource Economics, Vol. 47, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-010-9369-2	journal	May 2010
Turbine Inflow Characterization at the National Wind Technology Center Clifton, Andrew; Schreck, Scott; Scott, George Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 135, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4024068	journal	May 2013
Analytic Prediction of the Properties of Stratified Planetary Surface Layers Mellor, George L. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 30, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1973)030<1061:APOTPO>2.0.CO;2	journal	September 1973
The Influence of Stable Boundary Layer Flows on Wind Turbine Fatigue Loads Sim, Chungwook; Basu, Sukanta; Manuel, Lance 47th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including The New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-1405	conference	June 2012
Saturation wind power potential and its implications for wind energy Jacobson, M. Z.; Archer, C. L. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 109, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208993109	journal	September 2012
Quantifying the Impact of Wind Turbine Wakes on Power Output at Offshore Wind Farms Barthelmie, R. J.; Pryor, S. C.; Frandsen, S. T. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 27, Issue 8, p. 1302-1317 https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JTECHA1398.1	journal	August 2010
Fine-Scale Measurements Of Turbulence In The Lower Troposphere: An Intercomparison Between A Kite- And Balloon-Borne, And A Helicopter-Borne Measurement System Muschinski, Andreas; Frehich, Ror; Jensen, Mike Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 98, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026520618624	journal	February 2001
Large eddy simulation of wind turbine wake dynamics in the stable boundary layer using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model Aitken, Matthew L.; Kosović, Branko; Mirocha, Jeffrey D. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4885111	journal	May 2014
Extreme Gradients in the Nocturnal Boundary Layer: Structure, Evolution, and Potential Causes Balsley, Ben B.; Frehlich, Rod G.; Jensen, Michael L. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 60, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2496:EGITNB>2.0.CO;2	journal	October 2003
Atmospheric stability affects wind turbine power collection Wharton, Sonia; Lundquist, Julie K. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014005	journal	January 2012
Turbulent energy dissipation in a wake Browne, L. W. B.; Antonia, R. A.; Shah, D. A. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 179 https://doi.org/10.1017/S002211208700154X	journal	June 1987
Comparison of turbulence models for the computational fluid dynamics simulation of wind turbine wakes in the atmospheric boundary layer: Turbulence models for CFD simulation of wind turbine wakes Cabezón, D.; Migoya, E.; Crespo, A. Wind Energy, Vol. 14, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/we.516	journal	October 2011
Large eddy simulation study of scalar transport in fully developed wind-turbine array boundary layers Calaf, Marc; Parlange, Marc B.; Meneveau, Charles Physics of Fluids, Vol. 23, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3663376	journal	December 2011
Surface Layer Turbulence Measurements during a Frontal Passage Piper, M.; Lundquist, Julie K. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 61, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<1768:SLTMDA>2.0.CO;2	journal	July 2004
Surveying Game Theoretic Approaches for Wind Farm Optimization Marden, Jason; Ruben, Shalom; Pao, Lucy 50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-1154	conference	November 2012
Statistical analysis of kinetic energy entrainment in a model wind turbine array boundary layer Hamilton, Nicholas; Suk Kang, Hyung; Meneveau, Charles Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4761921	journal	November 2012
On the universality of the Kolmogorov constant Sreenivasan, Katepalli R. Physics of Fluids, Vol. 7, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.868656	journal	November 1995
Quantifying Wind Turbine Wake Characteristics from Scanning Remote Sensor Data Aitken, Matthew L.; Banta, Robert M.; Pichugina, Yelena L. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 31, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00104.1	journal	April 2014
An extended model for turbulent flow through horizontal-axis wind turbines El Kasmi, Amina; Masson, Christian Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol. 96, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2007.03.007	journal	January 2008
Large-eddy simulation of pulsed high-speed subsonic jets in a turbulent crossflow Srinivasan, Srikant; Pasumarti, Ramya; Menon, Suresh Journal of Turbulence, Vol. 13 https://doi.org/10.1080/14685248.2011.633522	journal	December 2011
Measurements of Boundary Layer Profiles with In Situ Sensors and Doppler Lidar Frehlich, Rod; Meillier, Yannick; Jensen, Michael L. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 25, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JTECHA963.1	journal	August 2008
Monin–Obukhov Similarity Functions of the Structure Parameter of Temperature and Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation Rate in the Stable Boundary Layer Hartogensis, O. K.; bruin, H. A. R. De. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 116, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-004-2817-1	journal	August 2005
Estimating the turbulent energy dissipation rate in an airport environment Frech, Michael Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 123, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-006-9149-2	journal	February 2007
High-Resolution Atmospheric Sensing of Multiple Atmospheric Variables Using the DataHawk Small Airborne Measurement System Lawrence, Dale A.; Balsley, Ben B. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 30, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00089.1	journal	October 2013
Implementation of a generalized actuator disk wind turbine model into the weather research and forecasting model for large-eddy simulation applications Mirocha, J. D.; Kosovic, B.; Aitken, M. L. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4861061	journal	January 2014
The effects of mean atmospheric forcings of the stable atmospheric boundary layer on wind turbine wake Bhaganagar, Kiran; Debnath, Mithu Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4907687	journal	January 2015
Extreme Gradients in the Nocturnal Boundary Layer: Structure, Evolution, and Potential Causes Balsley, Ben B.; Frehlich, Rod G.; Jensen, Michael L. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 60, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060%3c2496:EGITNB%3e2.0.CO;2	journal	October 2003
Implications of Small-Scale Flow Features to Modeling Dispersion over Complex Terrain Banta, R. M.; Olivier, L. D.; Gudiksen, P. H. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 35, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035%3c0330:IOSSFF%3e2.0.CO;2	journal	March 1996
Flux Measurements, Flux Estimation Techniques, and Fine-Scale Turbulence Measurements in the Unstable Surface Layer Over Land Champagne, F. H.; Friehe, C. A.; LaRue, J. C. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 34, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034%3c0515:FMFETA%3e2.0.CO;2	journal	March 1977
Turbulence Measurements with the CIRES Tethered Lifting System during CASES-99: Calibration and Spectral Analysis of Temperature and Velocity Frehlich, Rod; Meillier, Yannick; Jensen, Michael L. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 60, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060%3c2487:TMWTCT%3e2.0.CO;2	journal	October 2003
Surface-Layer Fluxes, Profiles, and Turbulence Measurements over Uniform Terrain under Near-Neutral Conditions Oncley, Steven P.; Friehe, Carl A.; Larue, John C. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 53, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053%3c1029:SLFPAT%3e2.0.CO;2	journal	April 1996
Conditional Analysis of an Internal Boundary Layer Klipp, Cheryl; Mahrt, L. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 108, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1023034932094	journal	July 2003
Implications of Small-Scale Flow Features to Modeling Dispersion over Complex Terrain Banta, R. M.; Olivier, L. D.; Gudiksen, P. H. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 35, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<0330:iossff>2.0.co;2	journal	March 1996

Cited By (8)

On the Potential Impact of Lake Erie Wind Farms on Water Temperatures and Mixed‐Layer Depths: Some Preliminary 1‐D Modeling Using COHERENS Afsharian, S.; Taylor, P. A. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 124, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jc014577	journal	March 2019
On the Evolution of the Integral Time Scale within Wind Farms Liu, Huiwen; Hayat, Imran; Jin, Yaqing Energies, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/en11010093	journal	January 2018
Spatial and temporal variability of turbulence dissipation rate in complex terrain Bodini, Nicola; Lundquist, Julie K.; Krishnamurthy, Raghavendra Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-4367-2019	journal	January 2019
Estimation of turbulence dissipation rate and its variability from sonic anemometer and wind Doppler lidar during the XPIA field campaign Bodini, Nicola; Lundquist, Julie K.; Newsom, Rob K. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4291-2018	journal	January 2018
Estimation of turbulence dissipation rate from Doppler wind lidars and in situ instrumentation for the Perdigão 2017 campaign Wildmann, Norman; Bodini, Nicola; Lundquist, Julie K. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 12, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6401-2019	journal	January 2019
Do wind turbines pose roll hazards to light aircraft? Tomaszewski, Jessica M.; Lundquist, Julie K.; Churchfield, Matthew J. Wind Energy Science, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-3-833-2018	journal	January 2018
Offshore Wind Turbines will encounter very low Atmospheric Turbulence Bodini, Nicola; Lundquist, Julie K.; Kirincich, Anthony arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1903.00080	text	January 2019
Can machine learning improve the model representation of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate in the boundary layer for complex terrain? Bodini, Nicola; Lundquist, Julie K.; Optis, Mike Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 13, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4271-2020	journal	January 2020

Similar Records

Estimation of turbulence dissipation rate from Doppler wind lidars and in situ instrumentation for the Perdigão 2017 campaign

Journal Article · Thu Dec 05 00:00:00 EST 2019 · Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (Online) · OSTI ID:1220581

Wildmann, Norman; Bodini, Nicola; Lundquist, Julie K.; +2 more

Estimation of Turbulence Parameters from Scanning Lidars and in-situ Instrumentation in the Perdigao 2017 Campaign

Journal Article · Fri May 10 00:00:00 EDT 2019 · Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions · OSTI ID:1220581

Wildmann, Norman; Bodini, Nicola; Lundquist, Julie; +2 more

Large HAWT wake measurement and analysis

Conference · Tue May 01 00:00:00 EDT 1984 · OSTI ID:1220581

Miller, A H; Wegley, H L; Buck, J W

Related Subjects

17 WIND ENERGY
wind energy
wind turbines
atmospheric boundary layer
turbulence
dissipation rate
tethered lifting system
turbulent kinetic energy

Title: Dissipation of turbulence in the wake of a wind turbine

Citation Formats

References (50)

Cited By (8)

Similar Records

Related Subjects