Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Materials by Selective Extraction

Naguib, Michael; Gogotsi, Yury

doi:10.1021/ar500346b

Title: Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Materials by Selective Extraction

Journal Article · Tue Dec 09 00:00:00 EST 2014 · Accounts of Chemical Research

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/ar500346b· OSTI ID:1185695

Naguib, Michael ^[1]; Gogotsi, Yury ^[2]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Materials Science and Technology Div.
Drexel Univ., Philadelphia, PA (United States). A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Inst. and Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted much attention in the past decade. They offer high specific surface area, as well as electronic structure and properties that differ from their bulk counterparts due to the low dimensionality. Graphene is the best known and the most studied 2D material, but metal oxides and hydroxides (including clays), dichalcogenides, boron nitride (BN), and other materials that are one or several atoms thick are receiving increasing attention. They may deliver a combination of properties that cannot be provided by other materials. The most common synthesis approach in general is by reacting different elements or compounds to form a new compound. However, this approach does not necessarily work well for low-dimensional structures, since it favors formation of energetically preferred 3D (bulk) solids. Many 2D materials are produced by exfoliation of van der Waals solids, such as graphite or MoS2, breaking large particles into 2D layers. However, these approaches are not universal; for example, 2D transition metal carbides cannot be produced by any of them. An alternative but less studied way of material synthesis is the selective extraction process, which is based on the difference in reactivity and stability between the different components (elements or structural units) of the original material. It can be achieved using thermal, chemical, or electrochemical processes. Many 2D materials have been synthesized using selective extraction, such as graphene from SiC, transition metal oxides (TMO) from layered 3D salts, and transition metal carbides or carbonitrides (MXenes) from MAX phases. Selective extraction synthesis is critically important when the bonds between the building blocks of the material are too strong (e.g., in carbides) to be broken mechanically in order to form nanostructures. Unlike extractive metallurgy, where the extracted metal is the goal of the process, selective extraction of one or more elements from the precursor materials releases 2D structures. In this Account, in addition to graphene and TMO, we focused on MXenes as an example for the use of selective extraction synthesis to produce novel 2D materials. About 10 new carbides and carbonitrides of transition metals have been produced by this method in the past 3 years. They offer an unusual combination of metallic conductivity and hydrophilicity and show very attractive electrochemical properties. We hope that this Account will encourage researchers to extend the use of selective extraction to other layered material systems that in turn will result in expanding the world of nanomaterials in general and 2D materials in particular, generating new materials that cannot be produced by other means.

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Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1185695

Journal Information:: Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 48, Issue 1; ISSN 0001-4842

Publisher:: American Chemical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 490 works

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Promoting Role of MXene Nanosheets in Biomedical Sciences: Therapeutic and Biosensing Innovations Soleymaniha, Mohammadreza; Shahbazi, Mohammad-Ali; Rafieerad, Ali Reza Advanced Healthcare Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201801137	journal	October 2018
MXene‐Bonded Flexible Hard Carbon Film as Anode for Stable Na/K‐Ion Storage Sun, Ning; Zhu, Qizhen; Anasori, Babak Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201906282	journal	October 2019
TiC ₂ : a new two-dimensional sheet beyond MXenes Zhao, Tianshan; Zhang, Shunhong; Guo, Yaguang Nanoscale, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nr04472c	journal	January 2016
2D Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) as High-Performance Electrode Materials for Lithium-Based Batteries Tang, Xiao; Guo, Xin; Wu, Wenjian Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201801897	journal	September 2018
New 2D material Ti3C2 and AgBr co-modified BiOBr with improved photocatalytic activity for degradation of organic pollutants Bai, Yang; Zhang, Kai; Shi, Xian Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, Vol. 31, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-019-02629-7	journal	November 2019
Electrical Properties of Two-Dimensional Materials Used in Gas Sensors Vargas-Bernal, Rafael Sensors, Vol. 19, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/s19061295	journal	March 2019
Ionic sieving through Ti ₃ C ₂ (OH) ₂ MXene: First-principles calculations Berdiyorov, Golibjon R.; Madjet, Mohamed E.; Mahmoud, Khaled A. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 108, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4944393	journal	March 2016
Penta-MX ₂ (M = Ni, Pd and Pt; X = P and As) monolayers: direct band-gap semiconductors with high carrier mobility Qian, Shifeng; Sheng, Xiaowei; Xu, Xian Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc06030d	journal	January 2019
Hydrogen-induced stabilization and tunable electronic structures of penta-silicene: a computational study Ding, Yi; Wang, Yanli Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 3, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1039/c5tc02504d	journal	January 2015
Macroscopic-Scale Three-Dimensional Carbon Nanofiber Architectures for Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices Chen, Li-Feng; Feng, Yue; Liang, Hai-Wei Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201700826	journal	August 2017
Simultaneous Preparation and Functionalization of 2D Materials Assisted by Amphiphilic MoS ₂ Nanosheets Shen, Jianfeng; Pei, Yu; Wang, Man Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201600847	journal	December 2016
Rationally designing S/Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x as a cathode material with an interlayer for high-rate and long-cycle lithium–sulfur batteries Jin, Q.; Zhang, N.; Zhu, C. C. Nanoscale, Vol. 10, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr05749d	journal	January 2018
Elastic properties of 2D Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x MXene monolayers and bilayers Lipatov, Alexey; Lu, Haidong; Alhabeb, Mohamed Science Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat0491	journal	June 2018
Strain engineering of phonon thermal transport properties in monolayer 2H-MoTe ₂ Shafique, Aamir; Shin, Young-Han Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cp06065c	journal	January 2017
Synthesis of novel nanomaterials and their application in efficient removal of radionuclides Wang, Xiangxue; Chen, Long; Wang, Lin Science China Chemistry, Vol. 62, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-019-9492-4	journal	June 2019
Recent Advances in Layered Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x MXene for Electrochemical Energy Storage Xiong, Dongbin; Li, Xifei; Bai, Zhimin Small, Vol. 14, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201703419	journal	February 2018
Nanoscale Elastic Changes in 2D Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x (MXene) Pseudocapacitive Electrodes Come, Jeremy; Xie, Yu; Naguib, Michael Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201502290	journal	March 2016
Recent Advances in Chemical Functionalization of 2D Black Phosphorous Nanosheets Thurakkal, Shameel; Zhang, Xiaoyan Advanced Science, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201902359	journal	November 2019
Penta-graphene: A new carbon allotrope Zhang, Shunhong; Zhou, Jian; Wang, Qian Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416591112	journal	February 2015
Antiferromagnetic monolayer MnC ₂ with density functional theory prediction Zhang, Bingwen; Zhang, Qinfang; Bai, Yujie Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 30, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/aab6c4	journal	April 2018
Fluoride‐Free Synthesis of Two‐Dimensional Titanium Carbide (MXene) Using A Binary Aqueous System Yang, Sheng; Zhang, Panpan; Wang, Faxing Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 57, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201809662	journal	November 2018
Macroporous three-dimensional MXene architectures for highly efficient solar steam generation Zhao, Xing; Zha, Xiang-Jun; Pu, Jun-Hong Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00176j	journal	January 2019
Electrochemical Reduction of TiO ₂ /Al ₂ O ₃ /C to Ti ₃ AlC ₂ and Its Derived Two-Dimensional (2D) Carbides Li, Shangshu; Zou, Xingli; Hu, Yong Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 165, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0181803jes	journal	January 2018
Layered Orthorhombic Nb ₂ O ₅ @Nb ₄ C ₃ T _x and TiO ₂ @Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x Hierarchical Composites for High Performance Li-ion Batteries Zhang, Chuanfang John; Kim, Seon Joon; Ghidiu, Michael Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201600682	journal	May 2016
Nanoengineering of 2D MXene‐Based Materials for Energy Storage Applications Nan, Jianxiao; Guo, Xin; Xiao, Jun Small https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201902085	journal	July 2019
3D Metal Carbide@Mesoporous Carbon Hybrid Architecture as a New Polysulfide Reservoir for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Bao, Weizhai; Su, Dawei; Zhang, Wenxue Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201603704	journal	October 2016
Insight into In Situ Amphiphilic Functionalization of Few-Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanosheets Shen, Jianfeng; Wu, Jingjie; Wang, Man Advanced Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201602887	journal	August 2016
Organic-Base-Driven Intercalation and Delamination for the Production of Functionalized Titanium Carbide Nanosheets with Superior Photothermal Therapeutic Performance Xuan, Jinnan; Wang, Zhiqiang; Chen, Yuyan Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 55, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201606643	journal	October 2016
Front-End-of-Line Integration of Graphene Oxide for Graphene-Based Electrical Platforms Lu, Xiaoling; Munief, Walid-Madhat; Heib, Florian Advanced Materials Technologies, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201700318	journal	January 2018
Raman study of 2D anatase TiO ₂ nanosheets Zhang, Yang; Wu, Wei; Zhang, Ke Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., Vol. 18, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1039/c6cp05496j	journal	January 2016
Two‐Dimensional Electrocatalysts for Efficient Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Zhang, Ying; Li, Linbo; Guo, Si‐Xuan ChemSusChem, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201901794	journal	October 2019
Configurable multi-state non-volatile memory behaviors in Ti ₃ C ₂ nanosheets Ding, Guanglong; Zeng, Kelin; Zhou, Kui Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr00747d	journal	January 2019
Selective detection of Fe ³⁺ ions based on fluorescence MXene quantum dots via a mechanism integrating electron transfer and inner filter effect Zhang, Qiuxia; Sun, Yan; Liu, Meiling Nanoscale, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr08794j	journal	January 2020
Ultrathin MXene-Micropattern-Based Field-Effect Transistor for Probing Neural Activity Xu, Bingzhe; Zhu, Minshen; Zhang, Wencong Advanced Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201504657	journal	February 2016
Ultrathin 2D Nanomaterials for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Kumar, Pradip Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 6, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201901454	journal	November 2019
Binder-free 2D titanium carbide (MXene)/carbon nanotube composites for high-performance lithium-ion capacitors Yu, Peng; Cao, Gejin; Yi, Sha Nanoscale, Vol. 10, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr00380g	journal	January 2018
2D magnetic titanium carbide MXene for cancer theranostics Liu, Zhuang; Zhao, Menglong; Lin, Han Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Vol. 6, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tb00754c	journal	January 2018
2D visible-light-driven TiO2@Ti3C2/g-C3N4 ternary heterostructure for high photocatalytic activity Ding, Xiaohui; Li, Yingchun; Li, Chunhu Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 54, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-03289-4	journal	March 2019
Two-Dimensional Nanostructured Materials for Gas Sensing Liu, Xianghong; Ma, Tiantian; Pinna, Nicola Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201702168	journal	August 2017
Heterogeneous Nanostructures for Sodium Ion Batteries and Supercapacitors Zhu, Changrong; Yang, Peihua; Chao, Dongliang ChemNanoMat, Vol. 1, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.201500091	journal	September 2015
A Cr ₂ CO ₂ monolayer as a promising cathode for lithium and non-lithium ion batteries: a computational exploration Li, Fengyu; Cabrera, Carlos R.; Wang, Jingyang RSC Advances, Vol. 6, Issue 85 https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra13491b	journal	January 2016
Effect of Synthesis on Quality, Electronic Properties and Environmental Stability of Individual Monolayer Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene Flakes Lipatov, Alexey; Alhabeb, Mohamed; Lukatskaya, Maria R. Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201600255	journal	November 2016
Fluoride‐Free Synthesis of Two‐Dimensional Titanium Carbide (MXene) Using A Binary Aqueous System Yang, Sheng; Zhang, Panpan; Wang, Faxing Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 130, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201809662	journal	November 2018
Interwoven MXene Nanosheet/Carbon-Nanotube Composites as Li-S Cathode Hosts Liang, Xiao; Rangom, Yverick; Kwok, Chun Yuen Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603040	journal	November 2016
Layered BiOBr/Ti3C2 MXene composite with improved visible-light photocatalytic activity Liu, Chao; Xu, Qixiang; Zhang, Qinfang Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 54, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-2990-0	journal	October 2018
A Two-Dimensional Zirconium Carbide by Selective Etching of Al ₃ C ₃ from Nanolaminated Zr ₃ Al ₃ C ₅ Zhou, Jie; Zha, Xianhu; Chen, Fan Y. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 55, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201510432	journal	March 2016
Emergent Pseudocapacitance of 2D Nanomaterials Yu, Xu; Yun, Sol; Yeon, Jeong Seok Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201702930	journal	February 2018
A facile method for synthesizing CuS decorated Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene with enhanced performance for asymmetric supercapacitors Pan, Zhihu; Cao, Fa; Hu, Xing Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00085b	journal	January 2019
Facile Solution Processing of Stable MXene Dispersions towards Conductive Composite Fibers Seyedin, Shayan; Zhang, Jizhen; Usman, Ken Aldren S. Global Challenges, Vol. 3, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.201900037	journal	July 2019
Nanolaminated composite materials: structure, interface role and applications Azadmanjiri, Jalal; Berndt, Christopher C.; Wang, James RSC Advances, Vol. 6, Issue 111 https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra20050h	journal	January 2016
Layered Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene modified two-dimensional Bi ₂ WO ₆ composites with enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance Zhao, Danxia; Cai, Chun Materials Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 3, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9qm00570f	journal	January 2019
Emerging Two‐Dimensional Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy Guo, Zilei; Ouyang, Jiang; Kim, Na Yoon ChemPhysChem, Vol. 20, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201900551	journal	August 2019
Novel elastic, lattice dynamics and thermodynamic properties of metallic single-layer transition metal phosphides: 2H- M ₂ P (Mo ₂ P, W ₂ P, Nb ₂ P and Ta ₂ P) Yin, Jiuren; Wu, Bozhao; Wang, Yanggang Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 30, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/aaaf3c	journal	March 2018
A high-performance trace level acetone sensor using an indispensable V ₄ C ₃ T _x MXene Zhao, Wei-Na; Yun, Na; Dai, Zhen-Hua RSC Advances, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra09069j	journal	January 2020
Layered ternary M _{n +1} AX _n phases and their 2D derivative MXene: an overview from a thin-film perspective Eklund, Per; Rosen, Johanna; Persson, Per O. Å Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 50, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aa57bc	journal	February 2017
Penta-BxNy sheet: a density functional theory study of two-dimensional material Li, Jiao; Fan, Xinyu; Wei, Yanpei Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31840	journal	August 2016
2D Ultrathin MXene-Based Drug-Delivery Nanoplatform for Synergistic Photothermal Ablation and Chemotherapy of Cancer Han, Xiaoxia; Huang, Ju; Lin, Han Advanced Healthcare Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201701394	journal	February 2018
Review of MXenes as new nanomaterials for energy storage/delivery and selected environmental applications Jun, Byung-Moon; Kim, Sewoon; Heo, Jiyong Nano Research, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-018-2225-3	journal	October 2018
Graphene for batteries, supercapacitors and beyond El-Kady, Maher F.; Shao, Yuanlong; Kaner, Richard B. Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.33	journal	May 2016
Two-Step Oxidation of Mxene in the Synthesis of Layer-Stacked Anatase Titania with Enhanced Lithium-Storage Performance Tang, Huang; Zhuang, Shihao; Bao, Zhihao ChemElectroChem, Vol. 3, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201600078	journal	April 2016
Electronic and Optical Properties of 2D Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) Hantanasirisakul, Kanit; Gogotsi, Yury Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 52 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201804779	journal	November 2018
Pristine Titanium Carbide MXene Films with Environmentally Stable Conductivity and Superior Mechanical Strength Chen, Hongwu; Wen, Yeye; Qi, Yingyi Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201906996	journal	November 2019
Surface Tension Components Based Selection of Cosolvents for Efficient Liquid Phase Exfoliation of 2D Materials Shen, Jianfeng; Wu, Jingjie; Wang, Man Small, Vol. 12, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201503834	journal	April 2016
VC ₂ and V _1/2 Mn _1/2 C ₂ nanosheets with robust mechanical and thermal properties as promising materials for Li-ion batteries Zhang, Bingwen; Zhang, Weiyi; Meng, Qiangqiang Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp06487c	journal	January 2019
Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Two-Dimensional RGO/Ti3C2Tx Nanocomposites Shen, Changjie; Wang, Libo; Zhou, Aiguo Nanomaterials, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8020080	journal	January 2018
In situ atomistic insight into the growth mechanisms of single layer 2D transition metal carbides Sang, Xiahan; Xie, Yu; Yilmaz, Dundar E. Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04610-0	journal	June 2018
Recent advances in MXene: Preparation, properties, and applications Lei, Jin-Cheng; Zhang, Xu; Zhou, Zhen Frontiers of Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11467-015-0493-x	journal	June 2015
A New Family of Two‐Dimensional Topological Materials: CdX (X = F, Cl, Br, and I) Yi, Xiao; Wang, Wei; Zhou, Pan physica status solidi (RRL) – Rapid Research Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssr.201800466	journal	January 2019
Two-dimensional Penta-BP5 Sheets: High-stability, Strain-tunable Electronic Structure and Excellent Mechanical Properties Liu, Shijie; Liu, Bo; Shi, Xuhan Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02011-9	journal	May 2017
Two‐dimensional MXenes for lithium‐sulfur batteries Zhang, Chuanfang (John); Cui, Linfan; Abdolhosseinzadeh, Sina InfoMat, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/inf2.12080	journal	January 2020
A Semimetal-Like Molybdenum Carbide Quantum Dots Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Agent with High Photothermal Conversion Efficiency Dai, Wenhao; Dong, Haifeng; Zhang, Xueji Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11091776	journal	September 2018
Exploring the potentials of Ti ₃ N ₂ and Ti ₃ N ₂ X ₂ (X = O, F, OH) monolayers as anodes for Li or non-Li ion batteries from first-principles calculations Yu, Hongli; Lin, Wei; Zhang, Yongfan RSC Advances, Vol. 9, Issue 69 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra07670k	journal	January 2019
Photoluminescent Ti ₃ C ₂ MXene Quantum Dots for Multicolor Cellular Imaging Xue, Qi; Zhang, Huijie; Zhu, Minshen Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201604847	journal	February 2017
Organic-Base-Driven Intercalation and Delamination for the Production of Functionalized Titanium Carbide Nanosheets with Superior Photothermal Therapeutic Performance Xuan, Jinnan; Wang, Zhiqiang; Chen, Yuyan Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 128, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201606643	journal	October 2016
Fluorine-Free Synthesis of High-Purity Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x (T=OH, O) via Alkali Treatment Li, Tengfei; Yao, Lulu; Liu, Qinglei Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 57, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201800887	journal	April 2018
The strategies of advanced cathode composites for lithium-sulfur batteries Zhou, Kuan; Fan, XiaoJing; Wei, XiangFeng Science China Technological Sciences, Vol. 60, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-016-0664-0	journal	January 2017
Experimental and theoretical calculation investigation on efficient Pb( ii ) adsorption on etched Ti ₃ AlC ₂ nanofibers and nanosheets Gu, Pengcheng; Xing, Jinlu; Wen, Tao Environmental Science: Nano, Vol. 5, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8en00029h	journal	January 2018
Interfacial competition between a borophene-based cathode and electrolyte for the multiple-sulfide immobilization of a lithium sulfur battery Rao, Dewei; Liu, Xiaojing; Yang, Huan Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta12176a	journal	January 2019
Front-End-of-Line Integration of Graphene Oxide for Graphene-Based Electrical Platforms Lu, Xiaoling; Munief, Walid-Madhat; Heib, Florian Universität des Saarlandes https://doi.org/10.22028/d291-28881	collection	January 2018
Penta-Graphene: a new Carbon Allotrope Zhang, Shunhong; Zhou, Jian; Wang, Qian Radioelectronics. Nanosystems. Information Technologies., Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.17725/rensit.2015.07.191	journal	December 2015
High-Thermal-Stability and High-Thermal-Conductivity Ti ₃ C ₂ T _x MXene/Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) Composites Liu, Rui; Li, Weihua ACS Omega, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b02001	journal	March 2018

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