A Comparison of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation and Evolution on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic and Disordered Graphite Negative Electrodes in Lithium–Ion Batteries

Zhu, Haoyu; Russell, Joshua A.; Fang, Zongtang; Barnes, Pete; Li, Lan; Efaw, Corey M.; Muenzer, Allison; May, Jeremy; Hamal, Kailash; Cheng, I. Francis; Davis, Paul H.; Dufek, Eric J.; Xiong, Hui

doi:10.1002/smll.202105292

Title: A Comparison of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation and Evolution on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic and Disordered Graphite Negative Electrodes in Lithium–Ion Batteries

Abstract

The presence and stability of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on graphitic electrodes is vital to the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the formation and evolution of SEI remain the least understood area in LIBs due to its dynamic nature, complexity in chemical composition, heterogeneity in morphology, as well as lack of reliable in situ/operando techniques for accurate characterization. In addition, chemical composition and morphology of SEI are not only affected by the choice of electrolyte, but also by the nature of the electrode surface. While introduction of defects into graphitic electrodes has promoted their electrochemical properties, how such structural defects influence SEI formation and evolution remains an open question. In this work, utilizing nondestructive operando electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EChem-AFM) the dynamic SEI formation and evolution on a pair of representative graphitic materials with and without defects, namely, highly oriented pyrolytic and disordered graphite electrodes, are systematically monitored and compared. Complementary to the characterization of SEI topographical and mechanical changes during electrochemical cycling by EChem-AFM, chemical analysis and theoretical calculations are conducted to provide mechanistic insights underlying SEI formation and evolution. The results provide guidance to engineer functional SEIs through design of carbon materials with defects for LIBs andmore » beyond.« less

Authors:

Zhu, Haoyu ^[1]; Russell, Joshua A. ^[1]; Fang, Zongtang ^[2]; Barnes, Pete ^[1]; Li, Lan ^[3]; Efaw, Corey M. ^[4]; Muenzer, Allison ^[1]; May, Jeremy ^[5]; Hamal, Kailash ^[5]; Cheng, I. Francis ^[5]; Davis, Paul H. ^[1]; Dufek, Eric J. ^[2];

^[3]

Boise State Univ., ID (United States)
Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)
Boise State Univ., ID (United States); Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Idaho Falls, ID (United States)
Boise State Univ., ID (United States); Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)
Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID (United States)

Publication Date:: Sat Oct 30 00:00:00 EDT 2021

Research Org.:: Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Boise State Univ., ID (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE); USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities Division

OSTI Identifier:: 1873119

Report Number(s):: INL/JOU-21-65004-Rev000
Journal ID: ISSN 1613-6810; TRN: US2306970

Grant/Contract Number:: AC07-05ID14517; 1727026

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Small

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 17; Journal Issue: 52; Journal ID: ISSN 1613-6810

Publisher:: Wiley

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 25 ENERGY STORAGE; battery; solid electrolyte interphase; graphite; HOPG; defect; graphite electrodes; li-ion batteries; operando electrochemical AFM; SEI formation and evolution

Citation Formats


                    Zhu, Haoyu, Russell, Joshua A., Fang, Zongtang, Barnes, Pete, Li, Lan, Efaw, Corey M., Muenzer, Allison, May, Jeremy, Hamal, Kailash, Cheng, I. Francis, Davis, Paul H., Dufek, Eric J., and Xiong, Hui. A Comparison of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation and Evolution on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic and Disordered Graphite Negative Electrodes in Lithium–Ion Batteries.  United States: N. p., 2021. 
Web.  doi:10.1002/smll.202105292.

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                    Zhu, Haoyu, Russell, Joshua A., Fang, Zongtang, Barnes, Pete, Li, Lan, Efaw, Corey M., Muenzer, Allison, May, Jeremy, Hamal, Kailash, Cheng, I. Francis, Davis, Paul H., Dufek, Eric J., & Xiong, Hui. A Comparison of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation and Evolution on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic and Disordered Graphite Negative Electrodes in Lithium–Ion Batteries.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202105292

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                    Zhu, Haoyu, Russell, Joshua A., Fang, Zongtang, Barnes, Pete, Li, Lan, Efaw, Corey M., Muenzer, Allison, May, Jeremy, Hamal, Kailash, Cheng, I. Francis, Davis, Paul H., Dufek, Eric J., and Xiong, Hui. Sat .  
"A Comparison of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation and Evolution on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic and Disordered Graphite Negative Electrodes in Lithium–Ion Batteries".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202105292.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1873119.

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@article{osti_1873119,

  title        = {A Comparison of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation and Evolution on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic and Disordered Graphite Negative Electrodes in Lithium–Ion Batteries},

  author       = {Zhu, Haoyu and Russell, Joshua A. and Fang, Zongtang and Barnes, Pete and Li, Lan and Efaw, Corey M. and Muenzer, Allison and May, Jeremy and Hamal, Kailash and Cheng, I. Francis and Davis, Paul H. and Dufek, Eric J. and Xiong, Hui},

  abstractNote = {The presence and stability of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on graphitic electrodes is vital to the performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the formation and evolution of SEI remain the least understood area in LIBs due to its dynamic nature, complexity in chemical composition, heterogeneity in morphology, as well as lack of reliable in situ/operando techniques for accurate characterization. In addition, chemical composition and morphology of SEI are not only affected by the choice of electrolyte, but also by the nature of the electrode surface. While introduction of defects into graphitic electrodes has promoted their electrochemical properties, how such structural defects influence SEI formation and evolution remains an open question. In this work, utilizing nondestructive operando electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EChem-AFM) the dynamic SEI formation and evolution on a pair of representative graphitic materials with and without defects, namely, highly oriented pyrolytic and disordered graphite electrodes, are systematically monitored and compared. Complementary to the characterization of SEI topographical and mechanical changes during electrochemical cycling by EChem-AFM, chemical analysis and theoretical calculations are conducted to provide mechanistic insights underlying SEI formation and evolution. The results provide guidance to engineer functional SEIs through design of carbon materials with defects for LIBs and beyond.},

  doi          = {10.1002/smll.202105292},

  journal      = {Small},

  number       = 52,

  volume       = 17,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Sat Oct 30 00:00:00 EDT 2021},

  month        = {Sat Oct 30 00:00:00 EDT 2021}

}

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Theoretical Studies To Understand Surface Chemistry on Carbon Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Reduction Mechanisms of Ethylene Carbonate
journal, November 2001

Wang, Yixuan; Nakamura, Shinichiro; Ue, Makoto
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 123, Issue 47
DOI: 10.1021/ja0164529

The Effect of Interfacial Deformation on Electrodeposition Kinetics
journal, January 2004

Monroe, Charles; Newman, John
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 151, Issue 6
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In Situ AFM Imaging of Solid Electrolyte Interfaces on HOPG with Ethylene Carbonate and Fluoroethylene Carbonate-Based Electrolytes
journal, November 2015

Shen, Cai; Wang, Shuwei; Jin, Yan
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 7, Issue 45
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A Study of Amorphous Carbon Coated Graphite for Lithium Ion Battery Anode Material
journal, May 2008

Amiruddin, Shabab; Joachin, Humberto; Li, Bing
ECS Transactions, Vol. 6, Issue 25
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Direct Observation of the Growth of Lithium Dendrites on Graphite Anodes by Operando EC-AFM
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Shen, Cai; Hu, Guohong; Cheong, Ling-Zhi
Small Methods, Vol. 2, Issue 2
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A new look at the solid electrolyte interphase on graphite anodes in Li-ion batteries
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Edström, Kristina; Herstedt, Marie; Abraham, Daniel P.
Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 153, Issue 2
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XPS analysis of the SEI formed on carbonaceous materials
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Eshkenazi, V.; Peled, E.; Burstein, L.
Solid State Ionics, Vol. 170, Issue 1-2
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30 Years of Lithium-Ion Batteries
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Li, Matthew; Lu, Jun; Chen, Zhongwei
Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 33
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Study of electrochemical performance of amorphous carbon-coated graphite for Li-ion battery
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Rohman, Fadli; Azizah, Umi; Prihandoko, Bambang
PROCEEDINGS FROM THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND, AIP Conference Proceedings
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Solid Electrolyte Interphase Instability in Operating Lithium-Ion Batteries Unraveled by Enhanced-Raman Spectroscopy
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Gajan, Antonin; Lecourt, Constance; Torres Bautista, Blanca Estela
ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 5
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Surface Film Formation on a Graphite Negative Electrode in Lithium-Ion Batteries: Atomic Force Microscopy Study on the Effects of Film-Forming Additives in Propylene Carbonate Solutions
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Jeong, Soon-Ki; Inaba, Minoru; Mogi, Ryo
Langmuir, Vol. 17, Issue 26
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Xu, Mengqing; Li, Weishan; Lucht, Brett L.
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Xu, Kang; Lam, Yiufai; Zhang, Sheng S.
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Kim, Kyung Hoon; Cho, Jong Hoon; Hwang, Jin Ung
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Building better batteries
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Aurbach, D.
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First-Principles Analysis of Defect Thermodynamics and Ion Transport in Inorganic SEI Compounds: LiF and NaF
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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 7, Issue 34
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Kabir, Humayun; Zhu, Haoyu; May, Jeremy
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A Mathematical Model for the Lithium-Ion Negative Electrode Solid Electrolyte Interphase
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Christensen, John; Newman, John
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 151, Issue 11
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Ferrari, Andrea Carlo
Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 3-6
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Sloop, S. E.; Pugh, J. K.; Wang, S.
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The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 123, Issue 18
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Temperature-induced structural and chemical changes of ultrathin ethylene carbonate films on Cu(111)
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Buchner, Florian; Farkhondeh, Hanieh; Bozorgchenani, Maral
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Visualization of Electrode–Electrolyte Interfaces in LiPF ₆ /EC/DEC Electrolyte for Lithium Ion Batteries via in Situ TEM
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Zeng, Zhiyuan; Liang, Wen-I; Liao, Hong-Gang
Nano Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 4
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Model Studies on the Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation on Graphite Electrodes in Ethylene Carbonate and Dimethyl Carbonate: Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite
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Weber, Isabella; Schnaidt, Johannes; Wang, Bin
ChemElectroChem, Vol. 6, Issue 19
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Review—SEI: Past, Present and Future
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Peled, E.; Menkin, S.
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 7
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Spherical Carbon-Coated Natural Graphite as a Lithium-Ion Battery-Anode Material
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Yoshio, Masaki; Wang, Hongyu; Fukuda, Kenji
Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 42, Issue 35
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Peled, E.
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Abstract

Citation Formats

Understanding the Outstanding High‐Voltage Performance of NCM523||Graphite Lithium Ion Cells after Elimination of Ethylene Carbonate Solvent from Conventional Electrolyte journal, January 2021

Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple journal, October 1996

Anodic performance and insertion mechanism of hard carbons prepared from synthetic isotropic pitches journal, March 2001

Acid and Basic Catalysis. journal, October 1928

Hybrid Polymer/Garnet Electrolyte with a Small Interfacial Resistance for Lithium-Ion Batteries journal, December 2016

Projector augmented-wave method journal, December 1994

Effect of carbon substrate on SEI composition and morphology journal, November 2004

In situ Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observation of interfaces within plastic lithium batteries journal, November 1998

Surface Film Formation on Graphite Negative Electrode in Lithium-Ion Batteries: AFM Study in an Ethylene Carbonate-Based Solution journal, January 2001

Structure Formation and Thermal Stability of Mono- and Multilayers of Ethylene Carbonate on Cu(111): A Model Study of the Electrode|Electrolyte Interface journal, July 2016

How does lithium salt anion affect oxidation decomposition reaction of ethylene carbonate: A density functional theory study journal, December 2013

Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy analysis of the surface reactions on graphite basal plane in ethylene carbonate-based solvents and propylene carbonate journal, October 1997

Raman spectroscopy of carbon materials: structural basis of observed spectra journal, September 1990

Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon journal, May 2000

Adsorption of ethylene carbonate on lithium cobalt oxide thin films: A synchrotron-based spectroscopic study of the surface chemistry journal, November 2017

From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method journal, January 1999

Review of selected electrode–solution interactions which determine the performance of Li and Li ion batteries journal, August 2000

In Situ Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscope Study on Graphite Electrodes journal, April 1997

Effect of Carbon Coating on Electrochemical Performance of Treated Natural Graphite as Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Material journal, January 2000

Syntheses and Characterization of Lithium Alkyl Mono- and Dicarbonates as Components of Surface Films in Li-Ion Batteries journal, March 2006

Study of SEI Layer Formed on Graphite Anodes in PC/LiBOB Electrolyte Using IR Spectroscopy journal, January 2004

First-Principles Study of Lithium Adsorption and Diffusion on Graphene with Point Defects journal, October 2012

Ab initiomolecular dynamics for liquid metals journal, January 1993

Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Rechargeable Batteries journal, October 2004

Interface layer formation in solid polymer electrolyte lithium batteries: an XPS study journal, January 2014

In Situ X-ray Study of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) Formation on Graphene as a Model Li-ion Battery Anode journal, August 2012

In situ quantification of interphasial chemistry in Li-ion battery journal, November 2018

Defects of clean graphene and sputtered graphite surfaces characterized by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy journal, February 2017

A review of the features and analyses of the solid electrolyte interphase in Li-ion batteries journal, September 2010

Review on modeling of the anode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) for lithium-ion batteries journal, March 2018

Investigating the solid electrolyte interphase using binder-free graphite electrodes journal, January 2008

Efficiency of ab-initio total energy calculations for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set journal, July 1996

The Development and Future of Lithium Ion Batteries journal, December 2016

Advanced Model for Solid Electrolyte Interphase Electrodes in Liquid and Polymer Electrolytes journal, January 1997

Surface Condition Changes in Lithium Metal Deposited in Nonaqueous Electrolyte Containing HF by Dissolution-Deposition Cycles journal, January 1999

Composition, depth profiles and lateral distribution of materials in the SEI built on HOPG-TOF SIMS and XPS studies journal, July 2001

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of negative electrodes from high-power lithium-ion cells showing various levels of power fade journal, November 2004

A Study of the Electrochemical Properties of a New Graphitic Material: GUITAR journal, February 2015

Ab initio molecular dynamics for open-shell transition metals journal, November 1993

The state of understanding of the lithium-ion-battery graphite solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and its relationship to formation cycling journal, August 2016

Spectroscopic Characterization of Surface Films Formed on Edge Plane Graphite in Ethylene Carbonate-Based Electrolytes Containing Film-Forming Additives journal, January 2012

Nature of Oxygen Adsorption on Defective Carbonaceous Materials journal, September 2021

Generation and Evolution of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase of Lithium-Ion Batteries journal, October 2019

An Advanced Tool for the Selection of Electrolyte Components for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries journal, January 1998

The Effect of Electrode-Electrolyte Interface on the Electrochemical Impedance Spectra for Positive Electrode in Li-Ion Battery journal, November 2018

On the correlation between surface chemistry and performance of graphite negative electrodes for Li ion batteries journal, September 1999

A Highly Reversible, Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Anode Enabled by a Lithium‐Fluoride‐Enriched Interphase journal, March 2020

Characterization of SEI Layers on LiMn[sub 2]O[sub 4] Cathodes with In Situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry journal, January 2005

Electrode–solution interactions in Li-ion batteries: a short summary and new insights journal, June 2003

Adsorption and Diffusion of Li on Pristine and Defective Graphene journal, May 2012

Electrolytes for Lithium and Lithium-Ion Batteries book, January 2014

The Formation/Decomposition Equilibrium of LiH and its Contribution on Anode Failure in Practical Lithium Metal Batteries journal, February 2021

Evolving properties of two-dimensional materials: from graphene to graphite journal, July 2009

The intrinsic behavior of lithium fluoride in solid electrolyte interphases on lithium journal, December 2019

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Chemical Composition and Morphology of the Elevated Temperature SEI on Graphite journal, January 2001

Electrochemistry of Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite Surface Film Formation Observed by Atomic Force Microscopy journal, December 1997

Raman spectroscopy of graphene and graphite: Disorder, electron–phonon coupling, doping and nonadiabatic effects journal, July 2007

Inertia and driving force of chemical reactions journal, January 1938

In Situ AFM Study of Surface Film Formation on the Edge Plane of HOPG for Lithium-Ion Batteries journal, December 2011

In situ atomic force microscopy study of dimensional changes during Li+ ion intercalation/de-intercalation in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite journal, January 2005

Graphite/Electrolyte Interface Formed in LiBOB-Based Electrolytes journal, January 2004

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Electrode–Electrolyte Interface in Li-Ion Batteries: Current Understanding and New Insights journal, October 2015

Solid-electrolyte interphase nucleation and growth on carbonaceous negative electrodes for Li-ion batteries visualized with in situ atomic force microscopy journal, May 2020

In Situ and Quantitative Characterization of Solid Electrolyte Interphases journal, February 2014

Chemical accuracy for the van der Waals density functional journal, December 2009

Insights into the Interaction of Redox Active Organic Molecules and Solvents with the Pristine and Defective Graphene Surfaces from Density Functional Theory journal, January 2020

General method to predict voltage-dependent ionic conduction in a solid electrolyte coating on electrodes journal, April 2015

A Growing Appreciation for the Role of LiF in the Solid Electrolyte Interphase journal, March 2021

Operando Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscopy of Solid–Electrolyte Interphase Formation on Graphite Anodes: The Evolution of SEI Morphology and Mechanical Properties journal, July 2020

Identifying the components of the solid–electrolyte interphase in Li-ion batteries journal, August 2019

The edge- and basal-plane-specific electrochemistry of a single-layer graphene sheet journal, July 2013

Failure and Stabilization Mechanisms of Graphite Electrodes journal, March 1997

Raman spectroscopy of amorphous, nanostructured, diamond–like carbon, and nanodiamond journal, September 2004

Thermal stability of alkyl carbonate mixed-solvent electrolytes for lithium ion cells journal, February 2002

Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future journal, August 2012

Understanding the Outstanding High‐Voltage Performance of NCM523||Graphite Lithium Ion Cells after Elimination of Ethylene Carbonate Solvent from Conventional Electrolyte
journal, January 2021

Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple
journal, October 1996

Anodic performance and insertion mechanism of hard carbons prepared from synthetic isotropic pitches
journal, March 2001

Acid and Basic Catalysis.
journal, October 1928

Hybrid Polymer/Garnet Electrolyte with a Small Interfacial Resistance for Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, December 2016

Projector augmented-wave method
journal, December 1994

Effect of carbon substrate on SEI composition and morphology
journal, November 2004

In situ Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observation of interfaces within plastic lithium batteries
journal, November 1998

Surface Film Formation on Graphite Negative Electrode in Lithium-Ion Batteries: AFM Study in an Ethylene Carbonate-Based Solution
journal, January 2001

Structure Formation and Thermal Stability of Mono- and Multilayers of Ethylene Carbonate on Cu(111): A Model Study of the Electrode|Electrolyte Interface
journal, July 2016

How does lithium salt anion affect oxidation decomposition reaction of ethylene carbonate: A density functional theory study
journal, December 2013

Electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy analysis of the surface reactions on graphite basal plane in ethylene carbonate-based solvents and propylene carbonate
journal, October 1997

Raman spectroscopy of carbon materials: structural basis of observed spectra
journal, September 1990

Interpretation of Raman spectra of disordered and amorphous carbon
journal, May 2000

Adsorption of ethylene carbonate on lithium cobalt oxide thin films: A synchrotron-based spectroscopic study of the surface chemistry
journal, November 2017

From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method
journal, January 1999

Review of selected electrode–solution interactions which determine the performance of Li and Li ion batteries
journal, August 2000

In Situ Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscope Study on Graphite Electrodes
journal, April 1997

Effect of Carbon Coating on Electrochemical Performance of Treated Natural Graphite as Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Material
journal, January 2000

Syntheses and Characterization of Lithium Alkyl Mono- and Dicarbonates as Components of Surface Films in Li-Ion Batteries
journal, March 2006

Study of SEI Layer Formed on Graphite Anodes in PC/LiBOB Electrolyte Using IR Spectroscopy
journal, January 2004

First-Principles Study of Lithium Adsorption and Diffusion on Graphene with Point Defects
journal, October 2012

Ab initiomolecular dynamics for liquid metals
journal, January 1993

Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Rechargeable Batteries
journal, October 2004

Interface layer formation in solid polymer electrolyte lithium batteries: an XPS study
journal, January 2014

In Situ X-ray Study of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) Formation on Graphene as a Model Li-ion Battery Anode
journal, August 2012

In situ quantification of interphasial chemistry in Li-ion battery
journal, November 2018

Defects of clean graphene and sputtered graphite surfaces characterized by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
journal, February 2017

A review of the features and analyses of the solid electrolyte interphase in Li-ion batteries
journal, September 2010

Review on modeling of the anode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) for lithium-ion batteries
journal, March 2018

Investigating the solid electrolyte interphase using binder-free graphite electrodes
journal, January 2008

Efficiency of ab-initio total energy calculations for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set
journal, July 1996

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journal, December 2016

Advanced Model for Solid Electrolyte Interphase Electrodes in Liquid and Polymer Electrolytes
journal, January 1997

Surface Condition Changes in Lithium Metal Deposited in Nonaqueous Electrolyte Containing HF by Dissolution-Deposition Cycles
journal, January 1999

Composition, depth profiles and lateral distribution of materials in the SEI built on HOPG-TOF SIMS and XPS studies
journal, July 2001

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of negative electrodes from high-power lithium-ion cells showing various levels of power fade
journal, November 2004

A Study of the Electrochemical Properties of a New Graphitic Material: GUITAR
journal, February 2015

Ab initio molecular dynamics for open-shell transition metals
journal, November 1993

The state of understanding of the lithium-ion-battery graphite solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and its relationship to formation cycling
journal, August 2016

Spectroscopic Characterization of Surface Films Formed on Edge Plane Graphite in Ethylene Carbonate-Based Electrolytes Containing Film-Forming Additives
journal, January 2012

Nature of Oxygen Adsorption on Defective Carbonaceous Materials
journal, September 2021

Generation and Evolution of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase of Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, October 2019

An Advanced Tool for the Selection of Electrolyte Components for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
journal, January 1998

The Effect of Electrode-Electrolyte Interface on the Electrochemical Impedance Spectra for Positive Electrode in Li-Ion Battery
journal, November 2018

On the correlation between surface chemistry and performance of graphite negative electrodes for Li ion batteries
journal, September 1999

A Highly Reversible, Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Anode Enabled by a Lithium‐Fluoride‐Enriched Interphase
journal, March 2020

Characterization of SEI Layers on LiMn[sub 2]O[sub 4] Cathodes with In Situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry
journal, January 2005

Electrode–solution interactions in Li-ion batteries: a short summary and new insights
journal, June 2003

Adsorption and Diffusion of Li on Pristine and Defective Graphene
journal, May 2012

Electrolytes for Lithium and Lithium-Ion Batteries
book, January 2014

The Formation/Decomposition Equilibrium of LiH and its Contribution on Anode Failure in Practical Lithium Metal Batteries
journal, February 2021

Evolving properties of two-dimensional materials: from graphene to graphite
journal, July 2009

The intrinsic behavior of lithium fluoride in solid electrolyte interphases on lithium
journal, December 2019

A New Anion Receptor for Improving the Interface between Lithium- and Manganese-Rich Layered Oxide Cathode and the Electrolyte
journal, February 2017

Chemical Composition and Morphology of the Elevated Temperature SEI on Graphite
journal, January 2001

Electrochemistry of Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite Surface Film Formation Observed by Atomic Force Microscopy
journal, December 1997

Raman spectroscopy of graphene and graphite: Disorder, electron–phonon coupling, doping and nonadiabatic effects
journal, July 2007

Inertia and driving force of chemical reactions
journal, January 1938

In Situ AFM Study of Surface Film Formation on the Edge Plane of HOPG for Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, December 2011

In situ atomic force microscopy study of dimensional changes during Li+ ion intercalation/de-intercalation in highly oriented pyrolytic graphite
journal, January 2005

Graphite/Electrolyte Interface Formed in LiBOB-Based Electrolytes
journal, January 2004

Density Functional Theory Calculations of Lithium Adsorption and Insertion to Defect-Free and Defective Graphene
journal, June 2016

Electrode–Electrolyte Interface in Li-Ion Batteries: Current Understanding and New Insights
journal, October 2015

Solid-electrolyte interphase nucleation and growth on carbonaceous negative electrodes for Li-ion batteries visualized with in situ atomic force microscopy
journal, May 2020

In Situ and Quantitative Characterization of Solid Electrolyte Interphases
journal, February 2014

Chemical accuracy for the van der Waals density functional
journal, December 2009

Insights into the Interaction of Redox Active Organic Molecules and Solvents with the Pristine and Defective Graphene Surfaces from Density Functional Theory
journal, January 2020

General method to predict voltage-dependent ionic conduction in a solid electrolyte coating on electrodes
journal, April 2015

A Growing Appreciation for the Role of LiF in the Solid Electrolyte Interphase
journal, March 2021

Operando Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscopy of Solid–Electrolyte Interphase Formation on Graphite Anodes: The Evolution of SEI Morphology and Mechanical Properties
journal, July 2020

Identifying the components of the solid–electrolyte interphase in Li-ion batteries
journal, August 2019

The edge- and basal-plane-specific electrochemistry of a single-layer graphene sheet
journal, July 2013

Failure and Stabilization Mechanisms of Graphite Electrodes
journal, March 1997

Raman spectroscopy of amorphous, nanostructured, diamond–like carbon, and nanodiamond
journal, September 2004

Thermal stability of alkyl carbonate mixed-solvent electrolytes for lithium ion cells
journal, February 2002

Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future
journal, August 2012

In Situ Studies of Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) Formation on Crystalline Carbon Surfaces by Neutron Reflectometry and Atomic Force Microscopy
journal, October 2017

Theoretical Studies To Understand Surface Chemistry on Carbon Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Reduction Mechanisms of Ethylene Carbonate
journal, November 2001

The Effect of Interfacial Deformation on Electrodeposition Kinetics
journal, January 2004