Design and production of the high voltage electrode grids and electron extraction region for the LZ dual-phase xenon time projection chamber

Linehan, R.; Mannino, R. L.; Fan, A.; Ignarra, C. M.; Luitz, S.; Skarpaas, K.; Shutt, T. A.; Akerib, D. S.; Alsum, S. K.; Anderson, T. J.; Araújo, H. M.; Arthurs, M.; Auyeung, H.; Bailey, A. J.; Biesiadzinski, T. P.; Breidenbach, M.; Cherwinka, J. J.; Conley, R. A.; Genovesi, J.; Gilchriese, M. G.D.; Glaenzer, A.; Gonda, T. G.; Hanzel, K.; Hoff, M. D.; Ji, W.; Kaboth, A. C.; Kravitz, S.; Kurita, N. R.; Lambert, A. R.; Lesko, K. T.; Lorenzon, W.; Majewski, P. A.; Miller, E. H.; Monzani, M. E.; Palladino, K. J.; Ratcliff, B. N.; Saba, J. S.; Santone, D.; Shutt, G. W.; Stifter, K.; Szydagis, M.; Tomás, A.; Va’vra, J.; Waldron, W. L.; Webb, R. C.; White, R. G.; Whitis, T. J.; Wilson, K.; Wisniewski, W. J.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2021.165955

Title: Design and production of the high voltage electrode grids and electron extraction region for the LZ dual-phase xenon time projection chamber

Abstract

The dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) is a powerful tool for direct-detection experiments searching for WIMP dark matter, other dark matter models, and neutrinoless double-beta decay. Successful operation of such a TPC is critically dependent on the ability to hold high electric fields in the bulk liquid, across the liquid surface, and in the gas. Careful design and construction of the electrodes used to establish these fields is therefore required. We present the design and production of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment's high-voltage electrodes, a set of four woven mesh wire grids. Grid design drivers are discussed, with emphasis placed on design of the electron extraction region. Here, we follow this with a description of the grid production process and a discussion of steps taken to validate the LZ grids prior to integration into the TPC.

Authors:

^[1]; Mannino, R. L. ^[2]; Fan, A. ^[1]; Ignarra, C. M. ^[1];

^[3]; Skarpaas, K. ^[3]; Shutt, T. A. ^[1]; Akerib, D. S. ^[1]; Alsum, S. K. ^[2];

^[1];

^[4];

^[5]; Auyeung, H. ^[3]; Bailey, A. J. ^[4]; Biesiadzinski, T. P. ^[1]; Breidenbach, M. ^[3]; Cherwinka, J. J. ^[2]; Conley, R. A. ^[3]; Genovesi, J. ^[6]; Gilchriese, M. G.D. ^[7] more »

SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States); Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Imperial College, London (United Kingdom)
Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
State Univ. of New York (SUNY), Albany, NY (United States); South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Univ. of London, Egham (United Kingdom); STFC Rutherford Appleton Lab. (RAL), Didcot (United Kingdom)
STFC Rutherford Appleton Lab. (RAL), Didcot (United Kingdom)
Univ. of London, Egham (United Kingdom)
Univ. of Albany (SUNY), NY (United States)
Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States)

Publication Date:: Tue Nov 16 00:00:00 EST 2021

Research Org.:: SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); National Science Foundation (NSF); U.K. Science & Technology Facilities Council

OSTI Identifier:: 1872110

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1798801; OSTI ID: 1855185; OSTI ID: 1972281

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; SC0020216; SC0019193; SC0015535; AC02-76SF00515; UW PRJ82AJ; ST/M003655/1; ST/S000739/1; ST/K502042/1

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 1031; Journal ID: ISSN 0168-9002

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; xenon; TPC; HV; electrode; noble liquid

Citation Formats


                    Linehan, R., Mannino, R. L., Fan, A., Ignarra, C. M., Luitz, S., Skarpaas, K., Shutt, T. A., Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S. K., Anderson, T. J., Araújo, H. M., Arthurs, M., Auyeung, H., Bailey, A. J., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Breidenbach, M., Cherwinka, J. J., Conley, R. A., Genovesi, J., Gilchriese, M. G.D., Glaenzer, A., Gonda, T. G., Hanzel, K., Hoff, M. D., Ji, W., Kaboth, A. C., Kravitz, S., Kurita, N. R., Lambert, A. R., Lesko, K. T., Lorenzon, W., Majewski, P. A., Miller, E. H., Monzani, M. E., Palladino, K. J., Ratcliff, B. N., Saba, J. S., Santone, D., Shutt, G. W., Stifter, K., Szydagis, M., Tomás, A., Va’vra, J., Waldron, W. L., Webb, R. C., White, R. G., Whitis, T. J., Wilson, K., and Wisniewski, W. J. Design and production of the high voltage electrode grids and electron extraction region for the LZ dual-phase xenon time projection chamber.  United States: N. p., 2021. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.nima.2021.165955.

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                    Linehan, R., Mannino, R. L., Fan, A., Ignarra, C. M., Luitz, S., Skarpaas, K., Shutt, T. A., Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S. K., Anderson, T. J., Araújo, H. M., Arthurs, M., Auyeung, H., Bailey, A. J., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Breidenbach, M., Cherwinka, J. J., Conley, R. A., Genovesi, J., Gilchriese, M. G.D., Glaenzer, A., Gonda, T. G., Hanzel, K., Hoff, M. D., Ji, W., Kaboth, A. C., Kravitz, S., Kurita, N. R., Lambert, A. R., Lesko, K. T., Lorenzon, W., Majewski, P. A., Miller, E. H., Monzani, M. E., Palladino, K. J., Ratcliff, B. N., Saba, J. S., Santone, D., Shutt, G. W., Stifter, K., Szydagis, M., Tomás, A., Va’vra, J., Waldron, W. L., Webb, R. C., White, R. G., Whitis, T. J., Wilson, K., & Wisniewski, W. J. Design and production of the high voltage electrode grids and electron extraction region for the LZ dual-phase xenon time projection chamber.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2021.165955

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                    Linehan, R., Mannino, R. L., Fan, A., Ignarra, C. M., Luitz, S., Skarpaas, K., Shutt, T. A., Akerib, D. S., Alsum, S. K., Anderson, T. J., Araújo, H. M., Arthurs, M., Auyeung, H., Bailey, A. J., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Breidenbach, M., Cherwinka, J. J., Conley, R. A., Genovesi, J., Gilchriese, M. G.D., Glaenzer, A., Gonda, T. G., Hanzel, K., Hoff, M. D., Ji, W., Kaboth, A. C., Kravitz, S., Kurita, N. R., Lambert, A. R., Lesko, K. T., Lorenzon, W., Majewski, P. A., Miller, E. H., Monzani, M. E., Palladino, K. J., Ratcliff, B. N., Saba, J. S., Santone, D., Shutt, G. W., Stifter, K., Szydagis, M., Tomás, A., Va’vra, J., Waldron, W. L., Webb, R. C., White, R. G., Whitis, T. J., Wilson, K., and Wisniewski, W. J. Tue .  
"Design and production of the high voltage electrode grids and electron extraction region for the LZ dual-phase xenon time projection chamber".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2021.165955.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1872110.

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@article{osti_1872110,

  title        = {Design and production of the high voltage electrode grids and electron extraction region for the LZ dual-phase xenon time projection chamber},

  author       = {Linehan, R. and Mannino, R. L. and Fan, A. and Ignarra, C. M. and Luitz, S. and Skarpaas, K. and Shutt, T. A. and Akerib, D. S. and Alsum, S. K. and Anderson, T. J. and Araújo, H. M. and Arthurs, M. and Auyeung, H. and Bailey, A. J. and Biesiadzinski, T. P. and Breidenbach, M. and Cherwinka, J. J. and Conley, R. A. and Genovesi, J. and Gilchriese, M. G.D. and Glaenzer, A. and Gonda, T. G. and Hanzel, K. and Hoff, M. D. and Ji, W. and Kaboth, A. C. and Kravitz, S. and Kurita, N. R. and Lambert, A. R. and Lesko, K. T. and Lorenzon, W. and Majewski, P. A. and Miller, E. H. and Monzani, M. E. and Palladino, K. J. and Ratcliff, B. N. and Saba, J. S. and Santone, D. and Shutt, G. W. and Stifter, K. and Szydagis, M. and Tomás, A. and Va’vra, J. and Waldron, W. L. and Webb, R. C. and White, R. G. and Whitis, T. J. and Wilson, K. and Wisniewski, W. J.},

  abstractNote = {The dual-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) is a powerful tool for direct-detection experiments searching for WIMP dark matter, other dark matter models, and neutrinoless double-beta decay. Successful operation of such a TPC is critically dependent on the ability to hold high electric fields in the bulk liquid, across the liquid surface, and in the gas. Careful design and construction of the electrodes used to establish these fields is therefore required. We present the design and production of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment's high-voltage electrodes, a set of four woven mesh wire grids. Grid design drivers are discussed, with emphasis placed on design of the electron extraction region. Here, we follow this with a description of the grid production process and a discussion of steps taken to validate the LZ grids prior to integration into the TPC.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.nima.2021.165955},

  journal      = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment},

  number       = ,

  volume       = 1031,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Nov 16 00:00:00 EST 2021},

  month        = {Tue Nov 16 00:00:00 EST 2021}

}

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Title: Design and production of the high voltage electrode grids and electron extraction region for the LZ dual-phase xenon time projection chamber

Abstract

Citation Formats

The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment journal, February 2020

Study and mitigation of spurious electron emission from cathodic wires in noble liquid time projection chambers journal, December 2018

Discrimination of electronic recoils from nuclear recoils in two-phase xenon time projection chambers journal, December 2020

Energy resolution and linearity of XENON1T in the MeV energy range journal, August 2020

Liquid noble gas detectors for low energy particle physics journal, April 2013

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The ZEPLIN-III dark matter detector: Instrument design, manufacture and commissioning journal, February 2007

The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs journal, November 2020

Simulations of events for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment journal, February 2021

Electron field emission through a very thin oxide layer journal, January 1991

The XENON100 dark matter experiment journal, April 2012

Protected and enhanced aluminum mirrors for the VUV journal, December 2013

Ab initio electron scattering cross-sections and transport in liquid xenon journal, August 2016

Noble-gas liquid detectors: measurement of light diffusion and reflectivity on commonly adopted inner surface materials journal, October 2007

Electron field emission from broad-area electrodes journal, May 1982

Removal of long-lived [sup 222]Rn daughters by electropolishing thin layers of stainless steel conference, January 2013

Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment to the 0 ν β β decay of Xe 136 journal, July 2020

Investigation of background electron emission in the LUX detector journal, November 2020

Prebreakdown and breakdown characteristics of stainless steel electrodes in vacuum journal, May 1974

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Electron extraction efficiency study for dual-phase xenon dark matter experiments journal, May 2019

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Study and mitigation of spurious electron emission from cathodic wires in noble liquid time projection chambers
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Discrimination of electronic recoils from nuclear recoils in two-phase xenon time projection chambers
journal, December 2020

Energy resolution and linearity of XENON1T in the MeV energy range
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Liquid noble gas detectors for low energy particle physics
journal, April 2013

Measurement of the drift velocity and transverse diffusion of electrons in liquid xenon with the EXO-200 detector
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The ZEPLIN-III dark matter detector: Instrument design, manufacture and commissioning
journal, February 2007

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journal, November 2020

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Electron field emission through a very thin oxide layer
journal, January 1991

The XENON100 dark matter experiment
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journal, December 2013

Ab initio electron scattering cross-sections and transport in liquid xenon
journal, August 2016

Noble-gas liquid detectors: measurement of light diffusion and reflectivity on commonly adopted inner surface materials
journal, October 2007

Electron field emission from broad-area electrodes
journal, May 1982

Removal of long-lived [sup 222]Rn daughters by electropolishing thin layers of stainless steel
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Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment to the $0 ν β β$ decay of ${}^{136}{Xe}$
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Investigation of background electron emission in the LUX detector
journal, November 2020

Prebreakdown and breakdown characteristics of stainless steel electrodes in vacuum
journal, May 1974

Solar neutrinos as a signal and background in direct-detection experiments searching for sub-GeV dark matter with electron recoils
journal, May 2018

Influence of binding layer on the reflective performance of a Au film in vacuum ultraviolet wavelength region
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