Search Menu
DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information
Search Scholarly Publications

Title: Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck, WMAP, and BICEP/Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season

Abstract

Here, we present results from an analysis of all data taken by the BICEP2, Keck Array, and BICEP3 CMB polarization experiments up to and including the 2018 observing season. We add additional Keck Array observations at 220 GHz and BICEP3 observations at 95 GHz to the previous 95/150/220 GHz dataset. The Q/U maps now reach depths of 2.8, 2.8, and 8.8 μKCMB arcmin at 95,150, and 220 GHz, respectively, over an effective area of ≈ 600 square degrees at 95 GHz and ≈ 400 square degrees at 150 and 220 GHz. The 220 GHz maps now achieve a signal-to-noise ratio on polarized dust emission exceeding that of Planck at 353 GHz. We take auto- and cross-spectra between these maps and publicly available WMAP and Planck maps at frequencies from 23 to 353 GHz and evaluate the joint likelihood of the spectra versus a multicomponent model of lensed ΛCDM + r + dust + synchrotron + noise . The foreground model has seven parameters, and no longer requires a prior on the frequency spectral index of the dust emission taken from measurements on other regions of the sky. This model is an adequate description of the data at the current noisemore » levels. The likelihood analysis yields the constraint r 0.05 < 0.036 at 95% confidence. Running maximum likelihood search on simulations we obtain unbiased results and find that σ(r) = 0.009 . These are the strongest constraints to date on primordial gravitational waves.« less

Authors:
 [1]; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; « less
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Cardiff Univ., Wales (United Kingdom); BICEP/Keck Collaboration. et al.
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States); Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); National Science Foundation (NSF); National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA)
Contributing Org.:
BICEP/Keck Collaboration
OSTI Identifier:
1870843
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-76SF00515; 0742818; 0742592; 1044978; 1110087; 1145172; 1145143; 1145248; 1639040; 1638957; 1638978; 1638970; 06-ARPA206-0040; 10-SAT10-0017; 12- SAT12-0031; 14-SAT14-0009; 16-SAT-16- 0002
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Physical Review Letters
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 127; Journal Issue: 15; Journal ID: ISSN 0031-9007
Publisher:
American Physical Society (APS)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; cosmic microwave background; cosmological parameters; inflation

Citation Formats

Ade, P.  A. R., Ahmed, Z., Amiri, M., Barkats, D., Thakur, R. Basu, Bischoff, C.  A., Beck, D., Bock, J.  J., Boenish, H., Bullock, E., Buza, V., Cheshire, J.  R., Connors, J., Cornelison, J., Crumrine, M., Cukierman, A., Denison, E.  V., Dierickx, M., Duband, L., Eiben, M., Fatigoni, S., Filippini, J.  P., Fliescher, S., Goeckner-Wald, N., Goldfinger, D.  C., Grayson, J., Grimes, P., Hall, G., Halal, G., Halpern, M., Hand, E., Harrison, S., Henderson, S., Hildebrandt, S.  R., Hilton, G.  C., Hubmayr, J., Hui, H., Irwin, K.  D., Kang, J., Karkare, K.  S., Karpel, E., Kefeli, S., Kernasovskiy, S.  A., Kovac, J.  M., Kuo, C.  L., Lau, K., Leitch, E.  M., Lennox, A., Megerian, K.  G., Minutolo, L., Moncelsi, L., Nakato, Y., Namikawa, T., Nguyen, H.  T., O’Brient, R., Ogburn, R.  W., Palladino, S., Prouve, T., Pryke, C., Racine, B., Reintsema, C.  D., Richter, S., Schillaci, A., Schwarz, R., Schmitt, B.  L., Sheehy, C.  D., Soliman, A., Germaine, T.  St., Steinbach, B., Sudiwala, R.  V., Teply, G.  P., Thompson, K.  L., Tolan, J.  E., Tucker, C., Turner, A.  D., Umiltà, C., Vergès, C., Vieregg, A.  G., Wandui, A., Weber, A.  C., Wiebe, D.  V., Willmert, J., Wong, C.  L., Wu, W.  L. K., Yang, H., Yoon, K.  W., Young, E., Yu, C., Zeng, L., Zhang, C., and Zhang, S. Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck, WMAP, and BICEP/Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season. United States: N. p., 2021. Web. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.127.151301.
Copy to clipboard
Ade, P.  A. R., Ahmed, Z., Amiri, M., Barkats, D., Thakur, R. Basu, Bischoff, C.  A., Beck, D., Bock, J.  J., Boenish, H., Bullock, E., Buza, V., Cheshire, J.  R., Connors, J., Cornelison, J., Crumrine, M., Cukierman, A., Denison, E.  V., Dierickx, M., Duband, L., Eiben, M., Fatigoni, S., Filippini, J.  P., Fliescher, S., Goeckner-Wald, N., Goldfinger, D.  C., Grayson, J., Grimes, P., Hall, G., Halal, G., Halpern, M., Hand, E., Harrison, S., Henderson, S., Hildebrandt, S.  R., Hilton, G.  C., Hubmayr, J., Hui, H., Irwin, K.  D., Kang, J., Karkare, K.  S., Karpel, E., Kefeli, S., Kernasovskiy, S.  A., Kovac, J.  M., Kuo, C.  L., Lau, K., Leitch, E.  M., Lennox, A., Megerian, K.  G., Minutolo, L., Moncelsi, L., Nakato, Y., Namikawa, T., Nguyen, H.  T., O’Brient, R., Ogburn, R.  W., Palladino, S., Prouve, T., Pryke, C., Racine, B., Reintsema, C.  D., Richter, S., Schillaci, A., Schwarz, R., Schmitt, B.  L., Sheehy, C.  D., Soliman, A., Germaine, T.  St., Steinbach, B., Sudiwala, R.  V., Teply, G.  P., Thompson, K.  L., Tolan, J.  E., Tucker, C., Turner, A.  D., Umiltà, C., Vergès, C., Vieregg, A.  G., Wandui, A., Weber, A.  C., Wiebe, D.  V., Willmert, J., Wong, C.  L., Wu, W.  L. K., Yang, H., Yoon, K.  W., Young, E., Yu, C., Zeng, L., Zhang, C., & Zhang, S. Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck, WMAP, and BICEP/Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season. United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.127.151301
Copy to clipboard
Ade, P.  A. R., Ahmed, Z., Amiri, M., Barkats, D., Thakur, R. Basu, Bischoff, C.  A., Beck, D., Bock, J.  J., Boenish, H., Bullock, E., Buza, V., Cheshire, J.  R., Connors, J., Cornelison, J., Crumrine, M., Cukierman, A., Denison, E.  V., Dierickx, M., Duband, L., Eiben, M., Fatigoni, S., Filippini, J.  P., Fliescher, S., Goeckner-Wald, N., Goldfinger, D.  C., Grayson, J., Grimes, P., Hall, G., Halal, G., Halpern, M., Hand, E., Harrison, S., Henderson, S., Hildebrandt, S.  R., Hilton, G.  C., Hubmayr, J., Hui, H., Irwin, K.  D., Kang, J., Karkare, K.  S., Karpel, E., Kefeli, S., Kernasovskiy, S.  A., Kovac, J.  M., Kuo, C.  L., Lau, K., Leitch, E.  M., Lennox, A., Megerian, K.  G., Minutolo, L., Moncelsi, L., Nakato, Y., Namikawa, T., Nguyen, H.  T., O’Brient, R., Ogburn, R.  W., Palladino, S., Prouve, T., Pryke, C., Racine, B., Reintsema, C.  D., Richter, S., Schillaci, A., Schwarz, R., Schmitt, B.  L., Sheehy, C.  D., Soliman, A., Germaine, T.  St., Steinbach, B., Sudiwala, R.  V., Teply, G.  P., Thompson, K.  L., Tolan, J.  E., Tucker, C., Turner, A.  D., Umiltà, C., Vergès, C., Vieregg, A.  G., Wandui, A., Weber, A.  C., Wiebe, D.  V., Willmert, J., Wong, C.  L., Wu, W.  L. K., Yang, H., Yoon, K.  W., Young, E., Yu, C., Zeng, L., Zhang, C., and Zhang, S. Mon . "Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck, WMAP, and BICEP/Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season". United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.127.151301. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1870843.
Copy to clipboard
@article{osti_1870843,
title = {Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck, WMAP, and BICEP/Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season},
author = {Ade, P.  A. R. and Ahmed, Z. and Amiri, M. and Barkats, D. and Thakur, R. Basu and Bischoff, C.  A. and Beck, D. and Bock, J.  J. and Boenish, H. and Bullock, E. and Buza, V. and Cheshire, J.  R. and Connors, J. and Cornelison, J. and Crumrine, M. and Cukierman, A. and Denison, E.  V. and Dierickx, M. and Duband, L. and Eiben, M. and Fatigoni, S. and Filippini, J.  P. and Fliescher, S. and Goeckner-Wald, N. and Goldfinger, D.  C. and Grayson, J. and Grimes, P. and Hall, G. and Halal, G. and Halpern, M. and Hand, E. and Harrison, S. and Henderson, S. and Hildebrandt, S.  R. and Hilton, G.  C. and Hubmayr, J. and Hui, H. and Irwin, K.  D. and Kang, J. and Karkare, K.  S. and Karpel, E. and Kefeli, S. and Kernasovskiy, S.  A. and Kovac, J.  M. and Kuo, C.  L. and Lau, K. and Leitch, E.  M. and Lennox, A. and Megerian, K.  G. and Minutolo, L. and Moncelsi, L. and Nakato, Y. and Namikawa, T. and Nguyen, H.  T. and O’Brient, R. and Ogburn, R.  W. and Palladino, S. and Prouve, T. and Pryke, C. and Racine, B. and Reintsema, C.  D. and Richter, S. and Schillaci, A. and Schwarz, R. and Schmitt, B.  L. and Sheehy, C.  D. and Soliman, A. and Germaine, T.  St. and Steinbach, B. and Sudiwala, R.  V. and Teply, G.  P. and Thompson, K.  L. and Tolan, J.  E. and Tucker, C. and Turner, A.  D. and Umiltà, C. and Vergès, C. and Vieregg, A.  G. and Wandui, A. and Weber, A.  C. and Wiebe, D.  V. and Willmert, J. and Wong, C.  L. and Wu, W.  L. K. and Yang, H. and Yoon, K.  W. and Young, E. and Yu, C. and Zeng, L. and Zhang, C. and Zhang, S.},
abstractNote = {Here, we present results from an analysis of all data taken by the BICEP2, Keck Array, and BICEP3 CMB polarization experiments up to and including the 2018 observing season. We add additional Keck Array observations at 220 GHz and BICEP3 observations at 95 GHz to the previous 95/150/220 GHz dataset. The Q/U maps now reach depths of 2.8, 2.8, and 8.8 μKCMB arcmin at 95,150, and 220 GHz, respectively, over an effective area of ≈ 600 square degrees at 95 GHz and ≈ 400 square degrees at 150 and 220 GHz. The 220 GHz maps now achieve a signal-to-noise ratio on polarized dust emission exceeding that of Planck at 353 GHz. We take auto- and cross-spectra between these maps and publicly available WMAP and Planck maps at frequencies from 23 to 353 GHz and evaluate the joint likelihood of the spectra versus a multicomponent model of lensed ΛCDM + r + dust + synchrotron + noise . The foreground model has seven parameters, and no longer requires a prior on the frequency spectral index of the dust emission taken from measurements on other regions of the sky. This model is an adequate description of the data at the current noise levels. The likelihood analysis yields the constraint r 0.05 < 0.036 at 95% confidence. Running maximum likelihood search on simulations we obtain unbiased results and find that σ(r) = 0.009 . These are the strongest constraints to date on primordial gravitational waves.},
doi = {10.1103/physrevlett.127.151301},
journal = {Physical Review Letters},
number = 15,
volume = 127,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Oct 04 00:00:00 EDT 2021},
month = {Mon Oct 04 00:00:00 EDT 2021}
}
Copy to clipboard
Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.127.151301
Copyright Statement
Other availability
Search WorldCat Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Save / Share:
Export Metadata
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.

Works referenced in this record:

A 3D model of polarized dust emission in the Milky Way
journal, January 2018

  • Martínez-Solaeche, Ginés; Karakci, Ata; Delabrouille, Jacques
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 476, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty204

A Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background B -mode Polarization Power Spectrum at Subdegree Scales from Two Years of polarbear Data
journal, October 2017

BICEP2/KECK ARRAY V: MEASUREMENTS OF B -MODE POLARIZATION AT DEGREE ANGULAR SCALES AND 150 GHz BY THE KECK ARRAY
journal, September 2015

Measuring Polarization in the Cosmic Microwave Background
journal, June 1997

  • Seljak, Uroš
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 482, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/304123

Implications of the Cosmic Background Imager Polarization Data
journal, May 2007

  • Sievers, J. L.; Achermann, C.; Bond, J. R.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 660, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/510504

ANTENNA-COUPLED TES BOLOMETERS USED IN BICEP2, Keck Array , AND SPIDER
journal, October 2015

Evidence for line-of-sight frequency decorrelation of polarized dust emission in Planck data
journal, March 2021

A Probe of Primordial Gravity Waves and Vorticity
journal, March 1997

Improved Constraints on Cosmology and Foregrounds from BICEP2 and Keck Array Cosmic Microwave Background Data with Inclusion of 95 GHz Band
journal, January 2016

BICEP2/Keck Array XI: Beam Characterization and Temperature-to-Polarization Leakage in the BK15 Data Set
journal, October 2019

Degree Angular Scale Interferometer 3 Year Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization Results
journal, May 2005

  • Leitch, E. M.; Kovac, J. M.; Halverson, N. W.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 624, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/428825

S–PASS view of polarized Galactic synchrotron at 2.3 GHz as a contaminant to CMB observations
journal, October 2018

Bicep2. III. INSTRUMENTAL SYSTEMATICS
journal, November 2015

Results from the Atacama B-mode Search (ABS) experiment
journal, September 2018

  • Kusaka, Akito; Appel, John; Essinger-Hileman, Thomas
  • Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2018, Issue 09
  • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2018/09/005

Dust-Polarization Maps for Local Interstellar Turbulence
journal, July 2018

Signature of Gravity Waves in the Polarization of the Microwave Background
journal, March 1997

BICEP Array: a multi-frequency degree-scale CMB polarimeter
conference, July 2018

  • Hui, Howard; Ade, P. A. R.; Ahmed, Zeeshan
  • Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy IX
  • DOI: 10.1117/12.2311725

Gravitational lensing effect on cosmic microwave background polarization
journal, June 1998

The Quest for B Modes from Inflationary Gravitational Waves
journal, September 2016

BICEP2. II. Experiment And Three-Year Data Set
journal, August 2014

  • Ade, P. A. R.; Aikin, R. W.; Amiri, M.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 792, Issue 1, Article No. 62
  • DOI: 10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/62

A Measurement of the CMB 〈EE〉 Spectrum from the 2003 Flight of BOOMERANG
journal, August 2006

  • Montroy, T. E.; Ade, P. A. R.; Bock, J. J.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 647, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/505560

IMPROVED MEASUREMENTS OF THE TEMPERATURE AND POLARIZATION OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND FROM QUaD
journal, October 2009

Planck 2018 results: X. Constraints on inflation
journal, September 2020

Planck constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio
journal, March 2021

Statistical properties of polarized radio sources at high frequency and their impact on cosmic microwave background polarization measurements: Properties of polarized radio sources
journal, January 2011

A demonstration of improved constraints on primordial gravitational waves with delensing
journal, January 2021

Cosmological parameters from CMB and other data: A Monte Carlo approach
journal, November 2002

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: a measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background power spectra at 98 and 150 GHz
journal, December 2020

  • Choi, Steve K.; Hasselfield, Matthew; Ho, Shuay-Pwu Patty
  • Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2020, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2020/12/045

Likelihood analysis of CMB temperature and polarization power spectra
journal, May 2008

Maps of the Number of H i Clouds along the Line of Sight at High Galactic Latitude
journal, October 2020

bicep2/ KECK ARRAY . IV. OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND PERFORMANCE OF THE bicep2 AND KECK ARRAY EXPERIMENTS
journal, June 2015

Receiver development for BICEP Array, a next-generation CMB polarimeter at the South Pole
conference, December 2020

  • Moncelsi, Lorenzo; Ade, Peter A.; Ahmed, Zeeshan
  • Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy X
  • DOI: 10.1117/12.2561995

Assessments of Ali, Dome A, and Summit Camp for mm-wave Observations Using MERRA-2 Reanalysis
journal, October 2017

The structure and statistics of interstellar turbulence
journal, June 2017

Measurements of B -mode polarization of the cosmic microwave background from 500 square degrees of SPTpol data
journal, June 2020

Planck 2018 results: VI. Cosmological parameters
journal, September 2020

Statistical simulations of the dust foreground to cosmic microwave background polarization
journal, July 2017

SECOND SEASON QUIET OBSERVATIONS: MEASUREMENTS OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND POLARIZATION POWER SPECTRUM AT 95 GHz
journal, November 2012

New Measurements of Fine‐Scale CMB Polarization Power Spectra from CAPMAP at Both 40 and 90 GHz
journal, September 2008

  • Bischoff, C.; Hyatt, L.; McMahon, J. J.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 684, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1086/590487

A Measurement of the Degree-scale CMB B -mode Angular Power Spectrum with Polarbear
journal, July 2020

  • Adachi, S.; Aguilar Faúndez, M. A. O.; Arnold, K.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 897, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab8f24

Degree-Scale Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization Measurements from Three Years of Bicep1 data
journal, February 2014

BICEP2/KECK ARRAY. VII. MATRIX BASED E/B SEPARATION APPLIED TO BICEP2 AND THE KECK ARRAY
journal, June 2016

NINE-YEAR WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE ( WMAP ) OBSERVATIONS: FINAL MAPS AND RESULTS
journal, September 2013

  • Bennett, C. L.; Larson, D.; Weiland, J. L.
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 208, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/20

Planck intermediate results: LVII. Joint Planck LFI and HFI data processing
journal, November 2020

SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN THE SPECTRAL INDEX OF POLARIZED SYNCHROTRON EMISSION IN THE 9 yr WMAP SKY MAPS
journal, July 2014

Joint Analysis of BICEP2/ Keck Array and Planck Data
journal, March 2015

Polarized galactic synchrotron and dust emission and their correlation
journal, December 2015

Detection of B -Mode Polarization at Degree Angular Scales by BICEP2
journal, June 2014

The Python Sky Model: software for simulating the Galactic microwave sky
journal, May 2017

  • Thorne, B.; Dunkley, J.; Alonso, D.
  • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 469, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stx949

Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves Using P l a n c k , WMAP, and New BICEP2/ K e c k Observations through the 2015 Season
journal, November 2018

Planck 2018 results: XI. Polarized dust foregrounds
journal, September 2020

A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s.
journal, July 1965

  • Penzias, A. A.; Wilson, R. W.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 142
  • DOI: 10.1086/148307

Constraints on the spectral index of polarized synchrotron emission from WMAP and Faraday-corrected S-PASS data
journal, February 2021

Prospects for polarized foreground removal
conference, January 2009

  • Dunkley, J.; Amblard, A.; Baccigalupi, C.
  • CMB POLARIZATION WORKSHOP: THEORY AND FOREGROUNDS: CMBPol Mission Concept Study, AIP Conference Proceedings
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.3160888
    Sort by:
    [ × clear filter / sort ]

    Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections: