Observation of a highly conductive warm dense state of water with ultrafast pump–probe free-electron-laser measurements
Abstract
The electrical conductivity of water under extreme temperatures and densities plays a central role in modeling planetary magnetic fields. Experimental data are vital to test theories of high-energy-density water and assess the possible development and presence of extraterrestrial life. These states are also important in biology and chemistry studies when specimens in water are confined and excited using ultrafast optical or free-electron lasers (FELs). In this work, we utilize femtosecond optical lasers to measure the transient reflection and transmission of ultrathin water sheet samples uniformly heated by a 13.6 nm FEL approaching a highly conducting state at electron temperatures exceeding 20,000 K. The experiment probes the trajectory of water through the high-energy-density phase space and provides insights into changes in the index of refraction, charge carrier densities, and AC electrical conductivity at optical frequencies. At excitation energy densities exceeding 10 MJ/kg, the index of refraction falls to n = 0.7, and the thermally excited free-carrier density reaches ne = 5 × 1027 m-3, which is over an order of magnitude higher than that of the electron carriers produced by direct photoionization. Significant specular reflection is observed owing to critical electron density shielding of electromagnetic waves. The measured optical conductivity reachesmore »
- Authors:
-
[1];
[2];
[3];
[4];
[1];
[3];
[1];
[1]
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States); Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB (Canada)
- Univ. of Rostock (Germany). Inst. of Physics
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States); Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States); Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL (United States)
- European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL), Schenefeld (Germany)
- Friedrich Schiller Univ., Jena (Germany); Darmstadt Univ. of Technology (Germany)
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg (Germany)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Fusion Energy Sciences (FES)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1818488
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-76SF00515; FWP 100182
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Matter and Radiation at Extremes
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 6; Journal Issue: 5; Journal ID: ISSN 2468-2047
- Publisher:
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)/AIP Publishing
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSICS; Planetary magnetic fields; Photoionization; Molecular dynamics; Liquid metals; Electrical conductivity; Free electron lasers; Femtosecond lasers; High energy density physics; Density functional theory; Water energy interactions
Citation Formats
Chen, Z., Na, X., Curry, C. B., Liang, S., French, M., Descamps, A., DePonte, D. P., Koralek, J. D., Kim, J. B., Lebovitz, S., Nakatsutsumi, M., Ofori-Okai, B. K., Redmer, R., Roedel, C., Schörner, M., Skruszewicz, S., Sperling, P., Toleikis, S., Mo, M. Z., and Glenzer, S. H. Observation of a highly conductive warm dense state of water with ultrafast pump–probe free-electron-laser measurements. United States: N. p., 2021.
Web. doi:10.1063/5.0043726.
Chen, Z., Na, X., Curry, C. B., Liang, S., French, M., Descamps, A., DePonte, D. P., Koralek, J. D., Kim, J. B., Lebovitz, S., Nakatsutsumi, M., Ofori-Okai, B. K., Redmer, R., Roedel, C., Schörner, M., Skruszewicz, S., Sperling, P., Toleikis, S., Mo, M. Z., & Glenzer, S. H. Observation of a highly conductive warm dense state of water with ultrafast pump–probe free-electron-laser measurements. United States. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0043726
Chen, Z., Na, X., Curry, C. B., Liang, S., French, M., Descamps, A., DePonte, D. P., Koralek, J. D., Kim, J. B., Lebovitz, S., Nakatsutsumi, M., Ofori-Okai, B. K., Redmer, R., Roedel, C., Schörner, M., Skruszewicz, S., Sperling, P., Toleikis, S., Mo, M. Z., and Glenzer, S. H. Wed .
"Observation of a highly conductive warm dense state of water with ultrafast pump–probe free-electron-laser measurements". United States. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0043726. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1818488.
@article{osti_1818488,
title = {Observation of a highly conductive warm dense state of water with ultrafast pump–probe free-electron-laser measurements},
author = {Chen, Z. and Na, X. and Curry, C. B. and Liang, S. and French, M. and Descamps, A. and DePonte, D. P. and Koralek, J. D. and Kim, J. B. and Lebovitz, S. and Nakatsutsumi, M. and Ofori-Okai, B. K. and Redmer, R. and Roedel, C. and Schörner, M. and Skruszewicz, S. and Sperling, P. and Toleikis, S. and Mo, M. Z. and Glenzer, S. H.},
abstractNote = {The electrical conductivity of water under extreme temperatures and densities plays a central role in modeling planetary magnetic fields. Experimental data are vital to test theories of high-energy-density water and assess the possible development and presence of extraterrestrial life. These states are also important in biology and chemistry studies when specimens in water are confined and excited using ultrafast optical or free-electron lasers (FELs). In this work, we utilize femtosecond optical lasers to measure the transient reflection and transmission of ultrathin water sheet samples uniformly heated by a 13.6 nm FEL approaching a highly conducting state at electron temperatures exceeding 20,000 K. The experiment probes the trajectory of water through the high-energy-density phase space and provides insights into changes in the index of refraction, charge carrier densities, and AC electrical conductivity at optical frequencies. At excitation energy densities exceeding 10 MJ/kg, the index of refraction falls to n = 0.7, and the thermally excited free-carrier density reaches ne = 5 × 1027 m-3, which is over an order of magnitude higher than that of the electron carriers produced by direct photoionization. Significant specular reflection is observed owing to critical electron density shielding of electromagnetic waves. The measured optical conductivity reaches 2 × 104 S/m, a value that is one to two orders of magnitude lower than those of simple metals in a liquid state. At electron temperatures below 15,000 K, the experimental results agree well with the theoretical calculations using density-functional theory/molecular-dynamics simulations. With increasing temperature, the electron density increases and the system approaches a Fermi distribution. In this regime, the conductivities agree better with predictions from the Ziman theory of liquid metals.},
doi = {10.1063/5.0043726},
journal = {Matter and Radiation at Extremes},
number = 5,
volume = 6,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Aug 04 00:00:00 EDT 2021},
month = {Wed Aug 04 00:00:00 EDT 2021}
}
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