Bulk transport paths through defects in floating zone and Al flux grown SmB6

Eo, Yun Suk; Rakoski, Alexa; Sinha, Shriya; Mihaliov, Dmitri; Fuhrman, Wesley T.; Saha, Shanta R.; Rosa, Priscila S.; Fisk, Zachary; Hatnean, Monica Ciomaga; Balakrishnan, Geetha; Chamorro, Juan R.; Phelan, W. Adam; Koohpayeh, Seyed M.; McQueen, Tyrel M.; Kang, Boyoun; Song, Myung-suk; Cho, Beongki; Fuhrer, Michael S.; Paglione, Johnpierre; Kurdak, Çağlıyan

doi:10.1103/physrevmaterials.5.055001

Title: Bulk transport paths through defects in floating zone and Al flux grown SmB₆

Abstract

We investigate the roles of disorder on low-temperature transport in SmB₆ crystals grown by both the Al flux and floating zone methods. We used the inverted resistance method with Corbino geometry to investigate whether low-temperature variations in the standard resistance plateau arise from a surface or a bulk channel in floating zone samples. The results show significant sample-dependent residual bulk conduction, in contrast to smaller amounts of residual bulk conduction previously observed in Al flux grown samples with Sm vacancies. In this work, we consider hopping in an activated impurity band as a possible source for the observed bulk conduction, but it is unlikely that the large residual bulk conduction seen in floating zone samples is solely due to Sm vacancies. We therefore propose that one-dimensional defects, or dislocations, contribute as well. Using chemical etching, we find evidence for dislocations in both flux and floating zone samples, with higher dislocation density in floating zone samples than in Al flux grown samples. In addition to the possibility of transport through one-dimensional dislocations, we also discuss our results in the context of recent theoretical models of SmB₆.

Authors:

Eo, Yun Suk ^[1];

^[2]; Sinha, Shriya ^[2];

^[2]; Fuhrman, Wesley T. ^[3]; Saha, Shanta R. ^[4];

^[5]; Fisk, Zachary ^[6];

^[7];

^[7]; Chamorro, Juan R. ^[8];

^[9]; Koohpayeh, Seyed M. ^[10]; McQueen, Tyrel M. ^[10]; Kang, Boyoun ^[11]; Song, Myung-suk ^[11]; Cho, Beongki ^[11];

^[12]; Paglione, Johnpierre ^[13];

^[2]

Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States); Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States). Maryland Quantum Materials Center
Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States)
Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States). Maryland Quantum Materials Center; Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States). Inst. for Quantum Matter
Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States). Maryland Quantum Materials Center
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Univ. of California, Irvine, CA (United States)
Univ. of Warwick, Coventry (United Kingdom)
Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States). Inst. for Quantum Matter
Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States). Inst. for Quantum Matter; Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States); Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States). Inst. for Quantum Matter; Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (United States)
Gwangju Inst. of Science and Technology (South Korea)
Monash Univ., Melbourne, VIC (Australia); Monash Univ., Melbourne, VIC (Australia). ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies
Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States). Maryland Quantum Materials Center; Canadian Inst. for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON (Canada)

Publication Date:: Fri May 07 00:00:00 EDT 2021

Research Org.:: Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Materials Sciences & Engineering Division; National Science Foundation (NSF); Australian Research Council; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1814794

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-21-25492
Journal ID: ISSN 2475-9953; TRN: US2213888

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001; DGE-1256260; CE170100039; DMR-1905891; GBMF9071; EP/T005963/1; SC0019331; DMR-0320740

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physical Review Materials

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 5; Journal Issue: 5; Journal ID: ISSN 2475-9953

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; disclinations & dislocations; impurities; transport phenomena; strongly correlated systems

Citation Formats


                    Eo, Yun Suk, Rakoski, Alexa, Sinha, Shriya, Mihaliov, Dmitri, Fuhrman, Wesley T., Saha, Shanta R., Rosa, Priscila S., Fisk, Zachary, Hatnean, Monica Ciomaga, Balakrishnan, Geetha, Chamorro, Juan R., Phelan, W. Adam, Koohpayeh, Seyed M., McQueen, Tyrel M., Kang, Boyoun, Song, Myung-suk, Cho, Beongki, Fuhrer, Michael S., Paglione, Johnpierre, and Kurdak, Çağlıyan. Bulk transport paths through defects in floating zone and Al flux grown SmB6.  United States: N. p., 2021. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/physrevmaterials.5.055001.

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                    Eo, Yun Suk, Rakoski, Alexa, Sinha, Shriya, Mihaliov, Dmitri, Fuhrman, Wesley T., Saha, Shanta R., Rosa, Priscila S., Fisk, Zachary, Hatnean, Monica Ciomaga, Balakrishnan, Geetha, Chamorro, Juan R., Phelan, W. Adam, Koohpayeh, Seyed M., McQueen, Tyrel M., Kang, Boyoun, Song, Myung-suk, Cho, Beongki, Fuhrer, Michael S., Paglione, Johnpierre, & Kurdak, Çağlıyan. Bulk transport paths through defects in floating zone and Al flux grown SmB6.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevmaterials.5.055001

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                    Eo, Yun Suk, Rakoski, Alexa, Sinha, Shriya, Mihaliov, Dmitri, Fuhrman, Wesley T., Saha, Shanta R., Rosa, Priscila S., Fisk, Zachary, Hatnean, Monica Ciomaga, Balakrishnan, Geetha, Chamorro, Juan R., Phelan, W. Adam, Koohpayeh, Seyed M., McQueen, Tyrel M., Kang, Boyoun, Song, Myung-suk, Cho, Beongki, Fuhrer, Michael S., Paglione, Johnpierre, and Kurdak, Çağlıyan. Fri .  
"Bulk transport paths through defects in floating zone and Al flux grown SmB6".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevmaterials.5.055001.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1814794.

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@article{osti_1814794,

  title        = {Bulk transport paths through defects in floating zone and Al flux grown SmB6},

  author       = {Eo, Yun Suk and Rakoski, Alexa and Sinha, Shriya and Mihaliov, Dmitri and Fuhrman, Wesley T. and Saha, Shanta R. and Rosa, Priscila S. and Fisk, Zachary and Hatnean, Monica Ciomaga and Balakrishnan, Geetha and Chamorro, Juan R. and Phelan, W. Adam and Koohpayeh, Seyed M. and McQueen, Tyrel M. and Kang, Boyoun and Song, Myung-suk and Cho, Beongki and Fuhrer, Michael S. and Paglione, Johnpierre and Kurdak, Çağlıyan},

  abstractNote = {We investigate the roles of disorder on low-temperature transport in SmB6 crystals grown by both the Al flux and floating zone methods. We used the inverted resistance method with Corbino geometry to investigate whether low-temperature variations in the standard resistance plateau arise from a surface or a bulk channel in floating zone samples. The results show significant sample-dependent residual bulk conduction, in contrast to smaller amounts of residual bulk conduction previously observed in Al flux grown samples with Sm vacancies. In this work, we consider hopping in an activated impurity band as a possible source for the observed bulk conduction, but it is unlikely that the large residual bulk conduction seen in floating zone samples is solely due to Sm vacancies. We therefore propose that one-dimensional defects, or dislocations, contribute as well. Using chemical etching, we find evidence for dislocations in both flux and floating zone samples, with higher dislocation density in floating zone samples than in Al flux grown samples. In addition to the possibility of transport through one-dimensional dislocations, we also discuss our results in the context of recent theoretical models of SmB6.},

  doi          = {10.1103/physrevmaterials.5.055001},

  journal      = {Physical Review Materials},

  number       = 5,

  volume       = 5,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Fri May 07 00:00:00 EDT 2021},

  month        = {Fri May 07 00:00:00 EDT 2021}

}

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c -axis transport in UTe 2 : Evidence of three-dimensional conductivity component

Journal Article Eo, Yun Suk ; Liu, Shouzheng ; Saha, Shanta R. ; ... - Physical Review. B

Here we study the temperature dependence of electrical resistivity for currents directed along all crystallographic axes of the spin-triplet superconductor UTe₂. We focus particularly on an accurate determination of the resistivity along the c axis (ρ_c) by using a generalized Montgomery technique that allows extraction of crystallographic resistivity components from a single sample. In contrast to expectations from the observed highly anisotropic band structure, our measurement of the absolute values of resistivities in all current directions reveals a surprisingly nearly isotropic transport behavior at temperatures above Kondo coherence, with ρ_c ~ ρ_b ~ 2 ρ_a, that evolves to reveal qualitativelymore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.106.l060505

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Title: Bulk transport paths through defects in floating zone and Al flux grown SmB6

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Quantum Oscillations without a Fermi Surface and the Anomalous de Haas–van Alphen Effect journal, September 2015

Topological Kondo Insulators journal, March 2010

Dislocation conduction in Bi-Sb topological insulators journal, February 2017

On the Chemistry and Physical Properties of Flux and Floating Zone Grown SmB6 Single Crystals journal, February 2016

Field-dependent heat transport in the Kondo insulator SmB 6 : Phonons scattered by magnetic impurities journal, June 2018

Nature of the low-temperature anomalies in the physical properties of the intermediate-valent compound SmB6 journal, March 1999

Two-dimensional Fermi surfaces in Kondo insulator SmB 6 journal, December 2014

Quantum Oscillation from In-Gap States and a Non-Hermitian Landau Level Problem journal, July 2018

Sm B 6 : Kondo Insulator or Exotic Metal? journal, February 1995

Highly Asymmetric Nodal Semimetal in Bulk SmB 6 journal, July 2018

Properties of the donor impurity band in mixed valence insulators journal, October 2019

Unconventional Fermi surface in an insulating state journal, July 2015

Topological nonmagnetic impurity states in topological Kondo insulators journal, March 2020

Surface electronic structure of the topological Kondo-insulator candidate correlated electron system SmB6 journal, December 2013

Heavy surface state in a possible topological Kondo insulator: Magnetothermoelectric transport on the (011) plane of SmB 6 journal, February 2015

Theory of mixed valence: Metals or small gap insulators (invited) journal, January 1979

Intrinsic Bulk Quantum Oscillations in a Bulk Unconventional Insulator SmB6 journal, November 2020

Contrast Reversal in Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Its Implications for the Topological Classification of SmB 6 journal, January 2020

SmB 6 : A Promising Candidate for a Topological Insulator journal, December 2011

Growth of single crystals from metallic fluxes journal, June 1992

Low-temperature surface conduction in the Kondo insulator SmB 6 journal, November 2013

Bulk Fermi Surface of Charge-Neutral Excitations in SmB 6 or Not: A Heat-Transport Study journal, June 2016

Samarium hexaboride is a trivial surface conductor journal, February 2018

The electrical properties of dislocations in semiconductors journal, May 1984

Direct observation of the spin texture in SmB6 as evidence of the topological Kondo insulator journal, July 2014

Hybridization, Inter-Ion Correlation, and Surface States in the Kondo Insulator SmB 6 journal, February 2013

Quantum Oscillations in Flux-Grown SmB 6 with Embedded Aluminum journal, April 2019

Isosbestic points in doped Sm B 6 as features of universality and property tuning journal, September 2017

Skyrme Insulators: Insulators at the Brink of Superconductivity journal, August 2017

Large low-temperature Hall effect and resistivity in mixed-valent Sm B 6 journal, December 1979

Surface and electronic structure of SmB through scanning tunneling microscopy journal, April 2016

Screened moments and extrinsic in-gap states in samarium hexaboride journal, April 2018

Surface and bulk components of electrical conductivity in (presumably special topological) Kondo insulator SmB6 at lowest temperatures journal, September 2015

Understanding low-temperature bulk transport in samarium hexaboride without relying on in-gap bulk states journal, May 2017

Properties of SmB 6 Doped with Eu and Gd journal, March 1970

Misfit dislocations in lattice-mismatched epitaxial films journal, January 1992

Ground state formation in intermediate valent SmB6 journal, January 2001

Topological surface state in the Kondo insulator samarium hexaboride journal, March 2014

Surface Hall Effect and Nonlocal Transport in SmB6: Evidence for Surface Conduction journal, November 2013

Large, high quality single-crystals of the new Topological Kondo Insulator, SmB6 journal, October 2013

Excitons in topological Kondo insulators: Theory of thermodynamic and transport anomalies in SmB 6 journal, March 2017

Inverted Resistance Measurements as a Method for Characterizing the Bulk and Surface Conductivities of Three-Dimensional Topological Insulators journal, April 2018

Magnetic and Semiconducting Properties of Sm B 6 journal, February 1969

Bulk Rotational Symmetry Breaking in Kondo Insulator SmB 6 journal, September 2017

Rare-earth compounds with mixed valencies journal, August 1974

Transport gap in SmB 6 protected against disorder journal, June 2019

Imaging emergent heavy Dirac fermions of a topological Kondo insulator journal, November 2019

Magnetic dichroism in the Kondo insulator SmB 6 journal, January 2019

The optical floating zone technique: A review of experimental procedures with special reference to oxides journal, September 2008

Electrical Properties of N -Type Germanium journal, February 1954

Mixed-valence insulators with neutral Fermi surfaces journal, May 2018

Critical examination of quantum oscillations in SmB 6 journal, November 2017

Comprehensive surface magnetotransport study of SmB 6 journal, April 2020

Effective Mass Theory in Solids from a Many-Particle Standpoint journal, January 1957

Heavy fermion semiconductors journal, May 2000

Quantum Oscillation in Narrow-Gap Topological Insulators journal, January 2016

Electrical Properties of Heavily Doped Silicon journal, November 1963

Kondo Breakdown and Quantum Oscillations in SmB 6 journal, January 2016

Theory of topological Kondo insulators journal, January 2012

Magnetic impurities in Kondo insulators: An application to samarium hexaboride journal, June 2020

Metallic islands in the Kondo insulator SmB 6 journal, November 2020

Kondo Hybridization and the Origin of Metallic States at the (001) Surface of SmB 6 journal, December 2013

Interaction Driven Subgap Spin Exciton in the Kondo Insulator SmB 6 journal, January 2015

One-dimensional topologically protected modes in topological insulators with lattice dislocations journal, March 2009

Observation of possible topological in-gap surface states in the Kondo insulator SmB6 by photoemission journal, December 2013

Fermi surface in the absence of a Fermi liquid in the Kondo insulator SmB6 journal, October 2017

Title: Bulk transport paths through defects in floating zone and Al flux grown SmB₆

Quantum Oscillations without a Fermi Surface and the Anomalous de Haas–van Alphen Effect
journal, September 2015

Topological Kondo Insulators
journal, March 2010

Dislocation conduction in Bi-Sb topological insulators
journal, February 2017

On the Chemistry and Physical Properties of Flux and Floating Zone Grown SmB6 Single Crystals
journal, February 2016

Field-dependent heat transport in the Kondo insulator ${SmB}_{6}$ : Phonons scattered by magnetic impurities
journal, June 2018

Nature of the low-temperature anomalies in the physical properties of the intermediate-valent compound SmB6
journal, March 1999

Two-dimensional Fermi surfaces in Kondo insulator SmB ₆
journal, December 2014

Quantum Oscillation from In-Gap States and a Non-Hermitian Landau Level Problem
journal, July 2018

Sm $B_{6}$ : Kondo Insulator or Exotic Metal?
journal, February 1995

Highly Asymmetric Nodal Semimetal in Bulk ${SmB}_{6}$
journal, July 2018

Properties of the donor impurity band in mixed valence insulators
journal, October 2019

Unconventional Fermi surface in an insulating state
journal, July 2015

Topological nonmagnetic impurity states in topological Kondo insulators
journal, March 2020

Surface electronic structure of the topological Kondo-insulator candidate correlated electron system SmB6
journal, December 2013

Heavy surface state in a possible topological Kondo insulator: Magnetothermoelectric transport on the (011) plane of ${SmB}_{6}$
journal, February 2015

Theory of mixed valence: Metals or small gap insulators (invited)
journal, January 1979

Intrinsic Bulk Quantum Oscillations in a Bulk Unconventional Insulator SmB6
journal, November 2020

Contrast Reversal in Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Its Implications for the Topological Classification of SmB ₆
journal, January 2020

SmB ₆ : A Promising Candidate for a Topological Insulator
journal, December 2011

Growth of single crystals from metallic fluxes
journal, June 1992

Low-temperature surface conduction in the Kondo insulator SmB $_{6}$
journal, November 2013

Bulk Fermi Surface of Charge-Neutral Excitations in ${SmB}_{6}$ or Not: A Heat-Transport Study
journal, June 2016

Samarium hexaboride is a trivial surface conductor
journal, February 2018

The electrical properties of dislocations in semiconductors
journal, May 1984

Direct observation of the spin texture in SmB6 as evidence of the topological Kondo insulator
journal, July 2014

Hybridization, Inter-Ion Correlation, and Surface States in the Kondo Insulator ${SmB}_{6}$
journal, February 2013

Quantum Oscillations in Flux-Grown ${SmB}_{6}$ with Embedded Aluminum
journal, April 2019

Isosbestic points in doped $Sm B_{6}$ as features of universality and property tuning
journal, September 2017

Skyrme Insulators: Insulators at the Brink of Superconductivity
journal, August 2017

Large low-temperature Hall effect and resistivity in mixed-valent Sm $B_{6}$
journal, December 1979

Surface and electronic structure of SmB through scanning tunneling microscopy
journal, April 2016

Screened moments and extrinsic in-gap states in samarium hexaboride
journal, April 2018

Surface and bulk components of electrical conductivity in (presumably special topological) Kondo insulator SmB6 at lowest temperatures
journal, September 2015

Understanding low-temperature bulk transport in samarium hexaboride without relying on in-gap bulk states
journal, May 2017

Properties of SmB ₆ Doped with Eu and Gd
journal, March 1970

Misfit dislocations in lattice-mismatched epitaxial films
journal, January 1992

Ground state formation in intermediate valent SmB6
journal, January 2001

Topological surface state in the Kondo insulator samarium hexaboride
journal, March 2014

Surface Hall Effect and Nonlocal Transport in SmB6: Evidence for Surface Conduction
journal, November 2013

Large, high quality single-crystals of the new Topological Kondo Insulator, SmB6
journal, October 2013

Excitons in topological Kondo insulators: Theory of thermodynamic and transport anomalies in ${SmB}_{6}$
journal, March 2017

Inverted Resistance Measurements as a Method for Characterizing the Bulk and Surface Conductivities of Three-Dimensional Topological Insulators
journal, April 2018

Magnetic and Semiconducting Properties of Sm $B_{6}$
journal, February 1969

Bulk Rotational Symmetry Breaking in Kondo Insulator ${SmB}_{6}$
journal, September 2017

Rare-earth compounds with mixed valencies
journal, August 1974

Transport gap in SmB ₆ protected against disorder
journal, June 2019

Imaging emergent heavy Dirac fermions of a topological Kondo insulator
journal, November 2019

Magnetic dichroism in the Kondo insulator ${SmB}_{6}$
journal, January 2019

The optical floating zone technique: A review of experimental procedures with special reference to oxides
journal, September 2008

Electrical Properties of $N$ -Type Germanium
journal, February 1954

Mixed-valence insulators with neutral Fermi surfaces
journal, May 2018

Critical examination of quantum oscillations in ${SmB}_{6}$
journal, November 2017

Comprehensive surface magnetotransport study of ${SmB}_{6}$
journal, April 2020

Effective Mass Theory in Solids from a Many-Particle Standpoint
journal, January 1957

Heavy fermion semiconductors
journal, May 2000

Quantum Oscillation in Narrow-Gap Topological Insulators
journal, January 2016

Electrical Properties of Heavily Doped Silicon
journal, November 1963

Kondo Breakdown and Quantum Oscillations in ${SmB}_{6}$
journal, January 2016

Theory of topological Kondo insulators
journal, January 2012

Magnetic impurities in Kondo insulators: An application to samarium hexaboride
journal, June 2020

Metallic islands in the Kondo insulator ${SmB}_{6}$
journal, November 2020

Kondo Hybridization and the Origin of Metallic States at the (001) Surface of ${SmB}_{6}$
journal, December 2013

Interaction Driven Subgap Spin Exciton in the Kondo Insulator ${SmB}_{6}$
journal, January 2015

One-dimensional topologically protected modes in topological insulators with lattice dislocations
journal, March 2009

Observation of possible topological in-gap surface states in the Kondo insulator SmB6 by photoemission
journal, December 2013

Fermi surface in the absence of a Fermi liquid in the Kondo insulator SmB6
journal, October 2017