Large-scale integration of artificial atoms in hybrid photonic circuits
Abstract
A central challenge in developing quantum computers and long-range quantum networks is the distribution of entanglement across many individually controllable qubits. Colour centres in diamond have emerged as leading solid-state ‘artificial atom’ qubits because they enable on-demand remote entanglement, coherent control of over ten ancillae qubits with minute-long coherence times and memory-enhanced quantum communication. A critical next step is to integrate large numbers of artificial atoms with photonic architectures to enable large-scale quantum information processing systems. So far, these efforts have been stymied by qubit inhomogeneities, low device yield and complex device requirements. Here we introduce a process for the high-yield heterogeneous integration of ‘quantum microchiplets’—diamond waveguide arrays containing highly coherent colour centres—on a photonic integrated circuit (PIC). We use this process to realize a 128-channel, defect-free array of germanium-vacancy and silicon-vacancy colour centres in an aluminium nitride PIC. Photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals long-term, stable and narrow average optical linewidths of 54 megahertz (146 megahertz) for germanium-vacancy (silicon-vacancy) emitters, close to the lifetime-limited linewidth of 32 megahertz (93 megahertz). We show that inhomogeneities of individual colour centre optical transitions can be compensated in situ by integrated tuning over 50 gigahertz without linewidth degradation. The ability to assemble large numbers of nearlymore »
- Authors:
-
- Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States). Research Laboratory of Electronics
- Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); National Science Foundation (NSF); Army Research Laboratory (ARL); USDOD
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1810391
- Report Number(s):
- SAND-2021-2883J
Journal ID: ISSN 0028-0836; 697265; TRN: US2213035
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC04-94AL85000; NA0003525; SC0019140; W911NF-15-2-0067; DMR-1747426; EFMA-1641064; PHY-1734011; DMR-1231319; FA8750-16-2-0141
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Nature (London)
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Nature (London); Journal Volume: 583; Journal Issue: 7815; Journal ID: ISSN 0028-0836
- Publisher:
- Nature Publishing Group
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
Citation Formats
Wan, Noel H., Lu, Tsung-Ju, Chen, Kevin C., Walsh, Michael P., Trusheim, Matthew E., De Santis, Lorenzo, Bersin, Eric A., Harris, Isaac B., Mouradian, Sara L., Christen, Ian R., Bielejec, Edward S., and Englund, Dirk. Large-scale integration of artificial atoms in hybrid photonic circuits. United States: N. p., 2020.
Web. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2441-3.
Wan, Noel H., Lu, Tsung-Ju, Chen, Kevin C., Walsh, Michael P., Trusheim, Matthew E., De Santis, Lorenzo, Bersin, Eric A., Harris, Isaac B., Mouradian, Sara L., Christen, Ian R., Bielejec, Edward S., & Englund, Dirk. Large-scale integration of artificial atoms in hybrid photonic circuits. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2441-3
Wan, Noel H., Lu, Tsung-Ju, Chen, Kevin C., Walsh, Michael P., Trusheim, Matthew E., De Santis, Lorenzo, Bersin, Eric A., Harris, Isaac B., Mouradian, Sara L., Christen, Ian R., Bielejec, Edward S., and Englund, Dirk. Wed .
"Large-scale integration of artificial atoms in hybrid photonic circuits". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2441-3. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1810391.
@article{osti_1810391,
title = {Large-scale integration of artificial atoms in hybrid photonic circuits},
author = {Wan, Noel H. and Lu, Tsung-Ju and Chen, Kevin C. and Walsh, Michael P. and Trusheim, Matthew E. and De Santis, Lorenzo and Bersin, Eric A. and Harris, Isaac B. and Mouradian, Sara L. and Christen, Ian R. and Bielejec, Edward S. and Englund, Dirk},
abstractNote = {A central challenge in developing quantum computers and long-range quantum networks is the distribution of entanglement across many individually controllable qubits. Colour centres in diamond have emerged as leading solid-state ‘artificial atom’ qubits because they enable on-demand remote entanglement, coherent control of over ten ancillae qubits with minute-long coherence times and memory-enhanced quantum communication. A critical next step is to integrate large numbers of artificial atoms with photonic architectures to enable large-scale quantum information processing systems. So far, these efforts have been stymied by qubit inhomogeneities, low device yield and complex device requirements. Here we introduce a process for the high-yield heterogeneous integration of ‘quantum microchiplets’—diamond waveguide arrays containing highly coherent colour centres—on a photonic integrated circuit (PIC). We use this process to realize a 128-channel, defect-free array of germanium-vacancy and silicon-vacancy colour centres in an aluminium nitride PIC. Photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals long-term, stable and narrow average optical linewidths of 54 megahertz (146 megahertz) for germanium-vacancy (silicon-vacancy) emitters, close to the lifetime-limited linewidth of 32 megahertz (93 megahertz). We show that inhomogeneities of individual colour centre optical transitions can be compensated in situ by integrated tuning over 50 gigahertz without linewidth degradation. The ability to assemble large numbers of nearly indistinguishable and tunable artificial atoms into phase-stable PICs marks a key step towards multiplexed quantum repeaters and general-purpose quantum processors},
doi = {10.1038/s41586-020-2441-3},
journal = {Nature (London)},
number = 7815,
volume = 583,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Jul 08 00:00:00 EDT 2020},
month = {Wed Jul 08 00:00:00 EDT 2020}
}
Works referenced in this record:
A single-photon transistor using nanoscale surface plasmons
journal, August 2007
- Chang, Darrick E.; Sørensen, Anders S.; Demler, Eugene A.
- Nature Physics, Vol. 3, Issue 11
Percolation-based architecture for cluster state creation using photon-mediated entanglement between atomic memories
journal, November 2019
- Choi, Hyeongrak; Pant, Mihir; Guha, Saikat
- npj Quantum Information, Vol. 5, Issue 1
Aluminum nitride integrated photonics platform for the ultraviolet to visible spectrum
journal, January 2018
- Lu, Tsung-Ju; Fanto, Michael; Choi, Hyeongrak
- Optics Express, Vol. 26, Issue 9
Strain engineering of the silicon-vacancy center in diamond
journal, May 2018
- Meesala, Srujan; Sohn, Young-Ik; Pingault, Benjamin
- Physical Review B, Vol. 97, Issue 20
A CMOS-integrated quantum sensor based on nitrogen–vacancy centres
journal, July 2019
- Kim, Donggyu; Ibrahim, Mohamed I.; Foy, Christopher
- Nature Electronics, Vol. 2, Issue 7
A tunable waveguide-coupled cavity design for scalable interfaces to solid-state quantum emitters
journal, April 2017
- Mouradian, Sara L.; Englund, Dirk
- APL Photonics, Vol. 2, Issue 4
Multiple intrinsically identical single-photon emitters in the solid state
journal, August 2014
- Rogers, L. J.; Jahnke, K. D.; Teraji, T.
- Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1
Rectangular photonic crystal nanobeam cavities in bulk diamond
journal, July 2017
- Mouradian, Sara; Wan, Noel H.; Schröder, Tim
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 2
Individual control and readout of qubits in a sub-diffraction volume
journal, May 2019
- Bersin, Eric; Walsh, Michael; Mouradian, Sara L.
- npj Quantum Information, Vol. 5, Issue 1
Indistinguishable Photons from Separated Silicon-Vacancy Centers in Diamond
journal, September 2014
- Sipahigil, A.; Jahnke, K. D.; Rogers, L. J.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 113, Issue 11
Optical frequency comb generation from aluminum nitride microring resonator
journal, January 2013
- Jung, Hojoong; Xiong, Chi; Fong, King Y.
- Optics Letters, Vol. 38, Issue 15
Atomic Source of Single Photons in the Telecom Band
journal, June 2018
- Dibos, A. M.; Raha, M.; Phenicie, C. M.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 120, Issue 24
Two-dimensional photonic crystal slab nanocavities on bulk single-crystal diamond
journal, April 2018
- Wan, Noel H.; Mouradian, Sara; Englund, Dirk
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 112, Issue 14
Large-scale broadband digital silicon photonic switches with vertical adiabatic couplers
journal, January 2016
- Seok, Tae Joon; Quack, Niels; Han, Sangyoon
- Optica, Vol. 3, Issue 1
Origin of Surface Conductivity in Diamond
journal, October 2000
- Maier, F.; Riedel, M.; Mantel, B.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 85, Issue 16
Cryo-CMOS Circuits and Systems for Quantum Computing Applications
journal, January 2018
- Patra, Bishnu; Incandela, Rosario M.; van Dijk, Jeroen P. G.
- IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 53, Issue 1
Hybrid Integration of Solid-State Quantum Emitters on a Silicon Photonic Chip
journal, November 2017
- Kim, Je-Hyung; Aghaeimeibodi, Shahriar; Richardson, Christopher J. K.
- Nano Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 12
Silicon-Vacancy Spin Qubit in Diamond: A Quantum Memory Exceeding 10 ms with Single-Shot State Readout
journal, November 2017
- Sukachev, D. D.; Sipahigil, A.; Nguyen, C. T.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 119, Issue 22
Strongly Coupled Single-Quantum-Dot–Cavity System Integrated on a CMOS-Processed Silicon Photonic Chip
journal, February 2019
- Osada, A.; Ota, Y.; Katsumi, R.
- Physical Review Applied, Vol. 11, Issue 2
SRIM – The stopping and range of ions in matter (2010)
journal, June 2010
- Ziegler, James F.; Ziegler, M. D.; Biersack, J. P.
- Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 268, Issue 11-12
Spectral Alignment of Single-Photon Emitters in Diamond using Strain Gradient
journal, August 2018
- Maity, Smarak; Shao, Linbo; Sohn, Young-Ik
- Physical Review Applied, Vol. 10, Issue 2
Experimental demonstration of memory-enhanced quantum communication
journal, March 2020
- Bhaskar, M. K.; Riedinger, R.; Machielse, B.
- Nature, Vol. 580, Issue 7801
Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector on Aluminum Nitride
conference, January 2016
- Zhu, Di; Choi, Hyeongrak; Lu, Tsung-Ju
- CLEO: QELS_Fundamental Science, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics
Scalable focused ion beam creation of nearly lifetime-limited single quantum emitters in diamond nanostructures
journal, May 2017
- Schröder, Tim; Trusheim, Matthew E.; Walsh, Michael
- Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1
Linear programmable nanophotonic processors
journal, January 2018
- Harris, Nicholas C.; Carolan, Jacques; Bunandar, Darius
- Optica, Vol. 5, Issue 12
Coherence Properties and Quantum Control of Silicon Vacancy Color Centers in Diamond (Phys. Status Solidi A 11∕2017)
journal, November 2017
- Becker, Jonas Nils; Becher, Christoph
- physica status solidi (a), Vol. 214, Issue 11
Measurement of subpicosecond time intervals between two photons by interference
journal, November 1987
- Hong, C. K.; Ou, Z. Y.; Mandel, L.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 59, Issue 18
Low-Loss, Silicon Integrated, Aluminum Nitride Photonic Circuits and Their Use for Electro-Optic Signal Processing
journal, June 2012
- Xiong, Chi; Pernice, Wolfram H. P.; Tang, Hong X.
- Nano Letters, Vol. 12, Issue 7
Large-scale nanophotonic phased array
journal, January 2013
- Sun, Jie; Timurdogan, Erman; Yaacobi, Ami
- Nature, Vol. 493, Issue 7431
Quantum Optics with Near-Lifetime-Limited Quantum-Dot Transitions in a Nanophotonic Waveguide
journal, February 2018
- Thyrrestrup, Henri; Kiršanskė, Gabija; Le Jeannic, Hanna
- Nano Letters, Vol. 18, Issue 3
Reducing Phonon-Induced Decoherence in Solid-State Single-Photon Sources with Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics
journal, June 2017
- Grange, T.; Somaschi, N.; Antón, C.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 118, Issue 25
Material platforms for spin-based photonic quantum technologies
journal, April 2018
- Atatüre, Mete; Englund, Dirk; Vamivakas, Nick
- Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 5
Large-scale modular quantum-computer architecture with atomic memory and photonic interconnects
journal, February 2014
- Monroe, C.; Raussendorf, R.; Ruthven, A.
- Physical Review A, Vol. 89, Issue 2
Optical and microwave control of germanium-vacancy center spins in diamond
journal, August 2017
- Siyushev, Petr; Metsch, Mathias H.; Ijaz, Aroosa
- Physical Review B, Vol. 96, Issue 8
On-Chip Strong Coupling and Efficient Frequency Conversion between Telecom and Visible Optical Modes
journal, September 2016
- Guo, Xiang; Zou, Chang-Ling; Jung, Hojoong
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 117, Issue 12
Efficient Extraction of Light from a Nitrogen-Vacancy Center in a Diamond Parabolic Reflector
journal, March 2018
- Wan, Noel H.; Shields, Brendan J.; Kim, Donggyu
- Nano Letters, Vol. 18, Issue 5
Nanoscale optical positioning of single quantum dots for bright and pure single-photon emission
journal, July 2015
- Sapienza, Luca; Davanço, Marcelo; Badolato, Antonio
- Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1
Deterministic delivery of remote entanglement on a quantum network
journal, June 2018
- Humphreys, Peter C.; Kalb, Norbert; Morits, Jaco P. J.
- Nature, Vol. 558, Issue 7709
Heralded entanglement between solid-state qubits separated by three metres
journal, April 2013
- Bernien, H.; Hensen, B.; Pfaff, W.
- Nature, Vol. 497, Issue 7447
Quantum multiplexing
journal, February 2019
- Lo Piparo, Nicolò; Munro, William J.; Nemoto, Kae
- Physical Review A, Vol. 99, Issue 2
Piezoelectric coefficient of aluminum nitride and gallium nitride
journal, November 2000
- Lueng, C. M.; Chan, H. L. W.; Surya, C.
- Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 88, Issue 9
Quantum technologies with optically interfaced solid-state spins
journal, August 2018
- Awschalom, David D.; Hanson, Ronald; Wrachtrup, Jörg
- Nature Photonics, Vol. 12, Issue 9
In situ electron-beam lithography of deterministic single-quantum-dot mesa-structures using low-temperature cathodoluminescence spectroscopy
journal, June 2013
- Gschrey, M.; Gericke, F.; Schüßler, A.
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 102, Issue 25
Interfacing single photons and single quantum dots with photonic nanostructures
journal, May 2015
- Lodahl, Peter; Mahmoodian, Sahand; Stobbe, Søren
- Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 87, Issue 2
On-chip single photon filtering and multiplexing in hybrid quantum photonic circuits
journal, August 2017
- Elshaari, Ali W.; Zadeh, Iman Esmaeil; Fognini, Andreas
- Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1
Quantum Network Nodes Based on Diamond Qubits with an Efficient Nanophotonic Interface
journal, October 2019
- Nguyen, C. T.; Sukachev, D. D.; Bhaskar, M. K.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 123, Issue 18
Deterministic Coupling of Single Quantum Dots to Single Nanocavity Modes
journal, May 2005
- Badolato, A.
- Science, Vol. 308, Issue 5725
Bright solid-state sources of indistinguishable single photons
journal, February 2013
- Gazzano, O.; Michaelis de Vasconcellos, S.; Arnold, C.
- Nature Communications, Vol. 4, Issue 1
Quantum internet: A vision for the road ahead
journal, October 2018
- Wehner, Stephanie; Elkouss, David; Hanson, Ronald
- Science, Vol. 362, Issue 6412
On-chip detection of non-classical light by scalable integration of single-photon detectors
journal, January 2015
- Najafi, Faraz; Mower, Jacob; Harris, Nicholas C.
- Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1
Quantum Nonlinear Optics with a Germanium-Vacancy Color Center in a Nanoscale Diamond Waveguide
journal, May 2017
- Bhaskar, M. K.; Sukachev, D. D.; Sipahigil, A.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 118, Issue 22
8×8 reconfigurable quantum photonic processor based on silicon nitride waveguides
journal, January 2019
- Taballione, Caterina; Wolterink, Tom A. W.; Lugani, Jasleen
- Optics Express, Vol. 27, Issue 19
Quantum nanophotonics with group IV defects in diamond
journal, December 2019
- Bradac, Carlo; Gao, Weibo; Forneris, Jacopo
- Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1
Optically Addressing Single Rare-Earth Ions in a Nanophotonic Cavity
journal, October 2018
- Zhong, Tian; Kindem, Jonathan M.; Bartholomew, John G.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 121, Issue 18
Integrating photonics with silicon nanoelectronics for the next generation of systems on a chip
journal, April 2018
- Atabaki, Amir H.; Moazeni, Sajjad; Pavanello, Fabio
- Nature, Vol. 556, Issue 7701