Assessing Self-Definition and Relatedness in Level of Personality Functioning
Abstract
The two polarities model (TPM) of personality organizes psychological assessment and psychotherapy and connects to personality disorder diagnosis using the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD). The authors developed scales assessing the TPM from an existing self-report measure for level of personality functioning (LPF), a core component of the AMPD. Iterative content analyses of the LPF measure yielded scales for Autonomy and Communion corresponding to dimensions of the TPM. The scales were refined via internal consistency analyses using a measure of psychological attachment and studied in development and validation samples. Associations with relevant external criteria were explored in a series of multiple regressions. Furthermore, the new content-based LPF scales were illustrated with a case vignette. Although the new Autonomy/Communion scales await further validation prior to clinical use, initial evidence suggests that they may bridge the nomological nets of the TPM and AMPD and potentially offer clinical utility in assessment and treatment planning.
- Authors:
-
- Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)
- Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States); Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
- Private Practice, Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
- Rutland Regional Medical Center, Rutland, VT (United States)
- Austen Riggs Center, Stockbridge, MA (United States)
- Center for Compassion Focused Therapy, New York, NY (United States)
- Medical Univ. of South Carolina, Charleston, SC (United States)
- Univ. of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI (United States)
- Long Island Univ., New York, NY (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1808165
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC05-00OR22725
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Journal of personality disorders
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 35; Journal Issue: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 0885-579X
- Publisher:
- Guilford Press
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES; two-polarities model; DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders; level of personality functioning; level of personality functioning scale; content analysis
Citation Formats
Mariotti, Emily C., Waugh, Mark H., McClain, Cara M., Beevers, Lorrie G., Clemence, A. Jill, Lewis, Katie C., Miller, Racheli, Mulay, Abby L., Ridenour, Jeremy M., Huprich, Steven K., Pitman, Seth R., and Meehan, Kevin B. Assessing Self-Definition and Relatedness in Level of Personality Functioning. United States: N. p., 2021.
Web. doi:10.1521/pedi_2021_35_516.
Mariotti, Emily C., Waugh, Mark H., McClain, Cara M., Beevers, Lorrie G., Clemence, A. Jill, Lewis, Katie C., Miller, Racheli, Mulay, Abby L., Ridenour, Jeremy M., Huprich, Steven K., Pitman, Seth R., & Meehan, Kevin B. Assessing Self-Definition and Relatedness in Level of Personality Functioning. United States. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2021_35_516
Mariotti, Emily C., Waugh, Mark H., McClain, Cara M., Beevers, Lorrie G., Clemence, A. Jill, Lewis, Katie C., Miller, Racheli, Mulay, Abby L., Ridenour, Jeremy M., Huprich, Steven K., Pitman, Seth R., and Meehan, Kevin B. Thu .
"Assessing Self-Definition and Relatedness in Level of Personality Functioning". United States. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2021_35_516. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1808165.
@article{osti_1808165,
title = {Assessing Self-Definition and Relatedness in Level of Personality Functioning},
author = {Mariotti, Emily C. and Waugh, Mark H. and McClain, Cara M. and Beevers, Lorrie G. and Clemence, A. Jill and Lewis, Katie C. and Miller, Racheli and Mulay, Abby L. and Ridenour, Jeremy M. and Huprich, Steven K. and Pitman, Seth R. and Meehan, Kevin B.},
abstractNote = {The two polarities model (TPM) of personality organizes psychological assessment and psychotherapy and connects to personality disorder diagnosis using the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD). The authors developed scales assessing the TPM from an existing self-report measure for level of personality functioning (LPF), a core component of the AMPD. Iterative content analyses of the LPF measure yielded scales for Autonomy and Communion corresponding to dimensions of the TPM. The scales were refined via internal consistency analyses using a measure of psychological attachment and studied in development and validation samples. Associations with relevant external criteria were explored in a series of multiple regressions. Furthermore, the new content-based LPF scales were illustrated with a case vignette. Although the new Autonomy/Communion scales await further validation prior to clinical use, initial evidence suggests that they may bridge the nomological nets of the TPM and AMPD and potentially offer clinical utility in assessment and treatment planning.},
doi = {10.1521/pedi_2021_35_516},
journal = {Journal of personality disorders},
number = 6,
volume = 35,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Mar 25 00:00:00 EDT 2021},
month = {Thu Mar 25 00:00:00 EDT 2021}
}
Works referenced in this record:
Construct Validity of the Relationship Profile Test: A Self-Report Measure of Dependency-Detachment
journal, February 2003
- Bornstein, Robert F.; Languirand, Mary A.; Geiselman, Kimberly J.
- Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 80, Issue 1
Development and initial evaluation of a self-report form of the DSM–5 Level of Personality Functioning Scale.
journal, October 2017
- Morey, Leslie C.
- Psychological Assessment, Vol. 29, Issue 10
A Quantitative Approach to Content Validity
journal, December 1975
- Lawshe, C. H.
- Personnel Psychology, Vol. 28, Issue 4
Epistemic Petrification and the Restoration of Epistemic Trust: A New Conceptualization of Borderline Personality Disorder and Its Psychosocial Treatment
journal, October 2015
- Fonagy, Peter; Luyten, Patrick; Allison, Elizabeth
- Journal of Personality Disorders, Vol. 29, Issue 5
Intersect between self-esteem and emotion regulation in narcissistic personality disorder - implications for alliance building and treatment
journal, February 2017
- Ronningstam, Elsa
- Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, Vol. 4, Issue 1
Construct Validity of the Relationship Profile Test: Three-Year Retest Reliability and Links With Core Personality Traits, Object Relations, and Interpersonal Problems
journal, April 2006
- Bornstein, Robert F.; Huprich, Steven K.
- Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 86, Issue 2
The DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders From the Perspective of Adult Attachment: A Study in Community-Dwelling Adults
journal, January 2015
- Fossati, Andrea; Krueger, Robert F.; Markon, Kristian E.
- Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, Vol. 203, Issue 4
Development of a Short Form for the DSM–5 Levels of Personality Functioning Questionnaire
journal, May 2019
- Siefert, Caleb J.; Sexton, Jim; Meehan, Kevin
- Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 102, Issue 4
The Shedler–Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP): Making Personality Diagnosis Clinically Meaningful
journal, September 2007
- Shedler, Jonathan; Westen, Drew
- Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 89, Issue 1
A structural–developmental psychodynamic approach to psychopathology: Two polarities of experience across the life span
journal, July 2009
- Blatt, Sidney J.; Luyten, Patrick
- Development and Psychopathology, Vol. 21, Issue 3
Countertransference when working with narcissistic personality disorder: An empirical investigation.
journal, June 2017
- Tanzilli, Annalisa; Muzi, Laura; Ronningstam, Elsa
- Psychotherapy, Vol. 54, Issue 2
Personality assessment among older adults: the value of personality questionnaires unraveled
journal, June 2014
- Rossi, Gina; Van den Broeck, Joke; Dierckx, Eva
- Aging & Mental Health, Vol. 18, Issue 8
The role of mentalizing and epistemic trust in the therapeutic relationship.
journal, January 2014
- Fonagy, Peter; Allison, Elizabeth
- Psychotherapy, Vol. 51, Issue 3
Expanding the Validity of the Level of Personality Functioning Scale Observer Report and Self-Report Versions Across Psychodynamic and Interpersonal Paradigms
journal, June 2018
- Roche, Michael J.; Jacobson, Nicholas C.; Phillips, Jennifer J.
- Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 100, Issue 6
Reliability and Validity of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5): Predicting DSM-IV Personality Disorders and Psychopathy in Community-Dwelling Italian Adults
journal, September 2013
- Fossati, Andrea; Krueger, Robert F.; Markon, Kristian E.
- Assessment, Vol. 20, Issue 6
An integrated approach to treatment of patients with personality disorders.
journal, January 2015
- Clarkin, John F.; Cain, Nicole; Livesley, W. John
- Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, Vol. 25, Issue 1
Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model.
journal, January 1991
- Bartholomew, Kim; Horowitz, Leonard M.
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 61, Issue 2
Predictors of sustained therapeutic change
journal, January 2010
- Blatt, Sidney J.; Zuroff, David C.; Hawley, Lance L.
- Psychotherapy Research, Vol. 20, Issue 1
The alternative DSM–5 personality disorder traits criterion: A comparative examination of three self-report forms in a Danish population.
journal, January 2016
- Bach, Bo; Maples-Keller, Jessica L.; Bo, Sune
- Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, Vol. 7, Issue 2
A meta-analysis of the relation between patient adult attachment style and the working alliance
journal, August 2012
- Bernecker, Samantha L.; Levy, Kenneth N.; Ellison, William D.
- Psychotherapy Research, Vol. 24, Issue 1
A systematic review of the clinical utility of the DSM–5 section III alternative model of personality disorder.
journal, November 2020
- Milinkovic, Mikaela S.; Tiliopoulos, Niko
- Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, Vol. 11, Issue 6
Integrating Normal and Abnormal Personality Structure: The Five-Factor Model: Integrating Normal and Abnormal Personality Structure
journal, December 2012
- Widiger, Thomas A.; Costa, Paul T.
- Journal of Personality, Vol. 80, Issue 6
A framework for treating DSM-5 alternative model for personality disorder features: A framework for treating DSM-5 alternative model for personality disorder features
journal, April 2018
- Hopwood, Christopher J.
- Personality and Mental Health, Vol. 12, Issue 2
Psychodynamic underpinnings of the DSM–5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorder.
journal, July 2020
- Yalch, Matthew M.
- Psychoanalytic Psychology, Vol. 37, Issue 3
The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds: II. Some Principles of Psychotherapy: The Fiftieth Maudsley Lecture (expanded version)
journal, May 1977
- Bowlby, John
- British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 130, Issue 5
An Interpersonal Analysis of Pathological Personality Traits in DSM-5
journal, May 2012
- Wright, Aidan G. C.; Pincus, Aaron L.; Hopwood, Christopher J.
- Assessment, Vol. 19, Issue 3
Pathological Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder
journal, March 2010
- Pincus, Aaron L.; Lukowitsky, Mark R.
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 6, Issue 1
Psychological assessment with the DSM–5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders: Tradition and innovation.
journal, April 2017
- Waugh, Mark H.; Hopwood, Christopher J.; Krueger, Robert F.
- Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, Vol. 48, Issue 2
Psychometric Characteristics of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems–Short Circumplex (IIP–SC) With College Students
journal, October 2008
- Hopwood, Christopher J.; Pincus, Aaron L.; DeMoor, Rebecca M.
- Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 90, Issue 6
Objective Tests as Instruments of Psychological Theory
journal, June 1957
- Loevinger, Jane
- Psychological Reports, Vol. 3, Issue 3
The contribution of Sidney Blatt's two-polarities model to the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual
journal, April 2017
- Lingiardi, Vittorio; McWilliams, Nancy; Muzi, Laura
- Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, Vol. 20, Issue 1
The Anaclitic-Introjective Depression Assessment: Development and preliminary validity of an observer-rated measure
journal, October 2017
- Rost, Felicitas; Luyten, Patrick; Fonagy, Peter
- Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, Vol. 25, Issue 2
A new Big Five: Fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality.
journal, January 2006
- McAdams, Dan P.; Pals, Jennifer L.
- American Psychologist, Vol. 61, Issue 3
Psychoanalysis—With Whom, for What, and How? Comparisons With Psychotherapy
journal, June 2004
- Blatt, Sidney J.; Shahar, Golan
- Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, Vol. 52, Issue 2
Mentalization and criterion a of the alternative model for personality disorders: Results from a clinical and nonclinical sample.
journal, May 2020
- Zettl, Max; Volkert, Jana; Vögele, Claus
- Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, Vol. 11, Issue 3
Personality Constructs and Paradigms in the Alternative DSM-5 Model of Personality Disorder
journal, June 2018
- Mulay, Abby L.; Cain, Nicole M.; Waugh, Mark H.
- Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 100, Issue 6
Beyond the diagnostic traits: A collaborative exploratory diagnostic process for dimensions and underpinnings of narcissistic personality disorder.
journal, January 2014
- Ronningstam, Elsa
- Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, Vol. 5, Issue 4
Randomized Controlled Trial of Outpatient Mentalization-Based Treatment Versus Structured Clinical Management for Borderline Personality Disorder
journal, October 2009
- Bateman, A.; Fonagy, P.
- American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 166, Issue 12
Mechanisms of Change Through the Lens of Two-Polarities Models of Personality Development: State of the Art and New Directions
journal, April 2017
- Luyten, Patrick; Lowyck, Benedicte; Blatt, Sidney J.
- Psychoanalytic Inquiry, Vol. 37, Issue 3
The adult attachment interview and the relationship questionnaire: Relations to reports of mothers and partners
journal, March 1999
- Crowell, Judith A.; Treboux, Dominique; Waters, Everett
- Personal Relationships, Vol. 6, Issue 1
Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome.
journal, January 2001
- Lambert, Michael J.; Barley, Dean E.
- Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, Vol. 38, Issue 4
A Systems Approach to Priority Setting of Interventions in Groups
journal, July 1975
- Kernberg, Otto F.
- International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Vol. 25, Issue 3
What Do We Know When We Know a Person?
journal, September 1995
- McAdams, Dan P.
- Journal of Personality, Vol. 63, Issue 3
Construct Validity of the Relationship Profile Test: Correlates of Overdependence, Detachment, and Healthy Dependency in Low Income Urban Women Seeking Medical Services
journal, October 2009
- Bornstein, Robert F.; Porcerelli, John H.; Huprich, Steven K.
- Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 91, Issue 6
Conceptions of Narcissism and the DSM-5 Pathological Personality Traits
journal, April 2013
- Wright, Aidan G. C.; Pincus, Aaron L.; Thomas, Katherine M.
- Assessment, Vol. 20, Issue 3
Fostering change in personality configurations: Anaclitic and introjective patients in psychoanalysis.
journal, January 2016
- Werbart, Andrzej; Levander, Sonja
- Psychoanalytic Psychology, Vol. 33, Issue 2
Empathic: An Unappreciated Way of Being
journal, June 1975
- Rogers, Carl R.
- The Counseling Psychologist, Vol. 5, Issue 2
An evaluation of DSM–5 Section III personality disorder Criterion A (impairment) in accounting for psychopathology.
journal, October 2019
- Sleep, Chelsea E.; Lynam, Donald R.; Widiger, Thomas A.
- Psychological Assessment, Vol. 31, Issue 10
A Brief but Comprehensive Review of Research on the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders
journal, August 2019
- Zimmermann, Johannes; Kerber, André; Rek, Katharina
- Current Psychiatry Reports, Vol. 21, Issue 9
Hypermentalizing, attachment, and epistemic trust in adolescent BPD: Clinical illustrations.
journal, January 2017
- Bo, Sune; Sharp, Carla; Fonagy, Peter
- Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, Vol. 8, Issue 2
Validity of the DSM–5 Levels of Personality Functioning Scale–Self Report
journal, February 2018
- Hopwood, Christopher J.; Good, Evan W.; Morey, Leslie C.
- Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 100, Issue 6
Toward a Model for Assessing Level of Personality Functioning in DSM–5 , Part I: A Review of Theory and Methods
journal, July 2011
- Bender, Donna S.; Morey, Leslie C.; Skodol, Andrew E.
- Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 93, Issue 4
Interpersonal relatedness and self-definition in normal and disrupted personality development: Retrospect and prospect.
journal, January 2013
- Luyten, Patrick; Blatt, Sidney J.
- American Psychologist, Vol. 68, Issue 3
Comparative Content Analysis of Self-Report Scales for Level of Personality Functioning
journal, January 2020
- Waugh, Mark H.; McClain, Cara M.; Mariotti, Emily C.
- Journal of Personality Assessment
Mentalization based treatment for borderline personality disorder
journal, February 2010
- Bateman, Anthony; Fonagy, Peter
- World Psychiatry, Vol. 9, Issue 1
The Therapeutic Alliance in the Treatment of Personality Disorders
journal, January 2005
- Bender, Donna S.
- Journal of Psychiatric Practice, Vol. 11, Issue 2
Development and Initial Validation of a Brief Mental Health Outcome Measure
journal, December 1999
- Blais, Mark A.; Lenderking, William R.; Baer, Lee
- Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 73, Issue 3
The DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders and Clinical Treatment: a Review
journal, September 2019
- Rodriguez-Seijas, Craig; Ruggero, Camilo; Eaton, Nicholas R.
- Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry, Vol. 6, Issue 4
Introduction of the DSM-5 levels of Personality Functioning Questionnaire.
journal, November 2018
- Huprich, Steven K.; Nelson, Sharon M.; Meehan, Kevin B.
- Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, Vol. 9, Issue 6
Adolescent Personality Pathology and the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders: Self Development as Nexus
journal, January 2020
- Sharp, Carla
- Psychopathology, Vol. 53, Issue 3-4
Alliance Building and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Alliance Building and Narcissistic Personality Disorder
journal, June 2012
- Ronningstam, Elsa
- Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 68, Issue 8
The Mentalizing Approach to Psychopathology: State of the Art and Future Directions
journal, May 2020
- Luyten, Patrick; Campbell, Chloe; Allison, Elizabeth
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 16, Issue 1
Borderline personality disorder diagnosis in a new key
journal, December 2019
- Mulay, Abby L.; Waugh, Mark H.; Fillauer, J. Parks
- Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, Vol. 6, Issue 1
Expanding the Role of Levels of Personality Functioning in Personality Disorder Taxonomy: Commentary on “Criterion A of the AMPD in HiTOP”
journal, March 2019
- Meehan, Kevin B.; Siefert, Caleb; Sexton, James
- Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 101, Issue 4
Alliance ruptures, impasses, and enactments: A relational perspective.
journal, January 2014
- Safran, Jeremy D.; Kraus, Jessica
- Psychotherapy, Vol. 51, Issue 3
An interpersonal perspective on Criterion A of the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders
journal, June 2018
- Pincus, Aaron L.
- Current Opinion in Psychology, Vol. 21